APA Formatting: APA Formatting: Preparing for Final ReviewPreparing for Final Review

FSE Resources

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.)

APA help / tutorials:

• http://nova.campusguides.com/apa• http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc (Academic Resources)

• http://www.apastyle.org/• http://blog.apastyle.org/

Disable Auto-Formatting in Word

Before you type a word:• Go to Format• Lines and Page Breaks• Uncheck first 4 boxes

It is OK to turn off Widow/Orphan control.

2.

.

In Word 2007, 1) select No Spacing, 2) adjust font & size1.

In Word 2003, the font size default isalready set to Times New Roman 12

Margins2

• 1½ inch left margin for dissertation.

• For the finaldissertation report, use a rulerTip: Try setting bottom margin at 0.95 inches.

• Tables and appendices MUSThave correct margins!

See ARC document, Tips for Correct Marginshttp://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/word/margins.doc

What Students Need to KnowAbout APA

Use the most recentversion of the ARCtemplate!

Laura Lucio Ramirez

An Applied Dissertation Submitted to the Fischler School of Education

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Doctor of Education

Nova Southeastern University2012

Pagination

• Use roman numerals in first section for Acknowledgments, Abstract, and TOC – at bottom in the middle of the page

Pagination in Body of Paper

• Page numbers go inupper right-hand corner

• Use a section break to divide the paper into sections to change from romannumerals at bottom to numbers in upper right

Pagination in Word 2007

• Page numbers go inupper right-hand corner

• Use a section break to divide the paper into sections to change from romannumerals at bottom to numbers in upper right

Abstract page is single-spaced

Table of Contents

• Do NOT use a row of periods in the TOC!Need to use a “dot leader”.

• Use the FSE template!

1

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions.  APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references (see Publication

Manual, p. 323).

Major headings are centered. The first word of the heading is capitalized as well as all major words. Articles, short

prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, however, are not

capitalized (Falcao, 2005).

Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

alike need to pay attention to using subheadings. For example,

• Page #s • Double spaced• Indented• Left justified• No underlining• Bolding for some headings.

APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

No running headers

Headings --APA (6th ed.) , p. 62

Use Level 1 Headings

Level 2 – Flush Left, Bold, Upper andLower Case Side Heading

Level 3 is indented, italicized, uses lowercase, and ends with a period.

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions.  APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Issues to Consider

Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

Formatting of Paper

There are exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to

be considered. Students and teachers need to know how to use

1

APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

Issues to Consider

Title

Level 2

APA Headings

Level 1

Formatting of Paper

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions.  APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Issues to Consider

Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

Formatting of Paper

There are exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to

be considered. Students and teachers need to know how to use

1

APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

Issues to Consider

Title

Level 2

APA Headings

Level 1

Formatting of Paper

APA headingsshould not

be confused with Word’s formatting

levels.

Formatting definitionsDefinition of Terms For the purposes of this study, the following terms are defined. Information literacy. This phrase refers to a set of standards approved by … Outcomes. For the purposes of this applied dissertation, outcome refers to …. Assessment. This term refers to …

This is not numbered so do not use a colon.

Note bolding and period after word or phrase being defined when using Level 3 format. Use complete sentence(s) for the definition of the term or phrase.

Italicized -- APA, p. 91

Level 2

Level 3

Appendices

• Must have correct margins andall pages in appendices must be numbered

• Each appendix must have an individual cover page

• Do not include any appendices that are not mentioned in the text.

• Appendices are numbered chronologically in the same order as they are first mentioned in the dissertations.

• Do not include IRB information• If there is only one appendix,

just use Appendix, not Appendix A

Repeated References to a Specific Source

• Citing author’s name in the narrative and when used in parenthetical text citations:

Long (2009) conducted a correlational study. Long found a relation between media specialists with a transformational leadership style and a collaborative instructional relationship with teachers. The findings supported .... (Long, 2009).

APA manual, pp. 175-176

When Citing a Source With Several Authors

Example: Bhatt, Jenson, Casey, and Vandenputty

(2011) found…. Bhatt et al. (2011) concluded that…. However, Bhatt et al. experienced some problems with…. The findings were statistically significant (Bhatt, et al., 2011).

Bhatt et al. (2011) checked for…. Bhatt et al. challenged previous findings on…. Triangulation of data confirmed… (Bhatt et al., 2011).

APA manual, pp. 175-176

List all 2-5 authors first time in paper. Use et al, and include the year.

Do not include year.

Always include date in parenthetical citations.

Include month the first time in the next paragraph.

When Citing Source With Several Authors

• Cite all the authors the first time in text.

• Use et al. thereafter. • Include year in all parenthetical text

citations and in the first text citation in the paragraph.

• For subsequent citations in text within the same paragraph, leave off the year.

APA manual, pp. 175-176

Citing Two Group Studies When First Author Has Same Last

Name

• Rice, Batson-George, and Ramdial (2010)

• Rice, Hutchens, and Seiler (2010)

• Rice, Batson-George, et al. (2010)• Rice, Hutchens, et al. (2010)

• Rice et al. (2008)

APA manual, p. 175

Two sources with same first name and same year of publication:

Use as many surnames as needed to distinguish the studies:

Additional surnames are not needed for other years:Notice the commas used when there is more than one surname with et al.

No comma when there is only one surname with et al.

Authors With Last Surname

When two authors have same surname, cite the initials in the text even if the years of publication are different.

R. Jones (2008) and M. Jones (2011) found that….

… as the tweets demonstrated (Obama, B., 2011; Obama, M., 2012).

APA manual, Sec. 6.1.4, p. 176

Personal Communication

Text and reference citation for retrievable content:

(Jones, 2012) Jones, E. (2012). Fast track findings. Retrieved from http://www.areq.edu

Text citation used for unretrievable content: (E. Jones, personal communication, June 23,

2012)

APA manual, Sec. 6.1.4, p. 176

• Use figures for numbers 10 and above: 343 students in 26 classes

• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out: A total of six experiments went awry.

Exceptions• Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison: 3 of 15 students The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people.

Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes

The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work. 3 months ago 2 weeks later 11:30 a.m.

• Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money April 16, 2007 2-year-olds reimbursed $5

• Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the sentence.

Two hours is more than enough time.

Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table Table 5 Session 3 Grade 7

• Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartilesTwenty-four percent replied but 76% did not.

Numbers, cont.

More exceptions:

APA manual, pp. 111-114

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 112f)

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 112f)

• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 113, 4.34) but

In 12th grade, the students … (APA, p. 111, 4.31)

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p.112f)

• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 113, 4.34) but

In 12th grade, the students … (APA, p. 111, 4.31)

(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 112f)

• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 113, 4.34 ) but

In 12th grade, the students … (APA, p. 111, 4.31) (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th

grade)

Twelfth grade presents….

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 112f)

• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 113, 434) but

In 12th grade, the students … (APA, p. 113, 4.31) (Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)

Twelfth grade presents….

• The first-grade students … (hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 98) but

The 12th-grade students

1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria. or2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria.

1. The seventh grade went on a field trip. or2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. or2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test. or3. Students in grades four and five took the test.

Compound-Adjectives

• Role playing• High anxiety• Seventh grade

• Role-playing technique

• High-anxiety situations

• Seventh-grade students

but

• Type II error• Post hoc comparisons• randomly assigned participants

APA manual, pp. 98 - 100

Commas

• Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed

home.

Use commas:

APA (6th ed.), pp. 88-89

Commas

• Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed

home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.

Use commas:

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Commas

• Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses

Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features.

Use commas:

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Commas

• Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.• Series of three or more

Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses

Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features.

Use commas:

But:

• Comma are not used to separate a compound predicate Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

Seriation

• Numbered lists – separate paragraphs• Lowercase letters – within paragraph

or sentenceFSE does not use:

• Bulleted lists – separate paragraphs• Bulleted lists – within paragraphs or

sentence

Formatting research questions

Method The methodology of this applied dissertation followed the following three steps: 1. The sample and participants were identified. …. 2. Assessment measures were selected…. 3. Implementation took place over a period of one school year….Paragraph seriation – Indented. The second line wraps back to margin. APA manual, pp. 63-64

Numbered list for conclusions, steps in a process, chronology,or priority.

The arabic numerals followed by

a period.

Paragraph Seriation

The ACRL Information Literacy Comprehensive Standards address the ability of students (a) to determine the nature and extent of the information need, (b) to access information efficiently and accurately, and (c) to evaluate information critically.

Items are not indented. Use lowercase letters in parentheses. Do not italicize.

A colon is not used when the list is not numbered

Seriation for items in a sentence or paragraph

APA, p. 64Seriation in paragraph

The ACRL Information Literacy Comprehensive Standards address the ability of students (a) to determine the nature and extent of the information need, (b) to access information efficiently and accurately, and (c) to evaluate information critically.

Use commas to separate 3 or more elements. If there are no internal commas, use commas. If there are internal commas, use semicolons.

Seriation in paragraph

Seriation for items in a sentence or paragraph

APA, p. 64

Slang vs Key or Linguistic Term

• The students felt “slammed” by the email.

• The term school media specialist is defined in this study to include only librarians with MLS degrees and state certification.

• The letter b was used to …

Use quotation marks for slang, coined, or ironic terms. p. 91

Italicize linguistic examples and technical or key terms. p. 91

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)Fischler School of Education (FSE)Nova Southeastern University (NSU)

Abbreviations

APA manual, pp. 107-108, 176-177

Once defined, you must use the abbreviation throughoutthe rest of your paper. NOTE: If possible, do not start a sentence with an abbreviation or acronym.Parenthetical Nonparenthetical (in the text)Use Latin Use English(e.g., ) for example, (i.e., ) that is,(, etc. ) , and so forth

Statistical Abbreviations and Symbols

• Italicize letters used as statistical symbols: f – frequency Mdn – median

n – number in a subsample N – number in a sample

p – probability P – percentage, percentile t – computed value for t test• Symbols for vectors and matrices are bolded. V, ∑

APA manual, pp. 118-121

Capitalizing Proper Names of School/ University Departments and Courses

• Department of Education, Valparaiso University

• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000• Educational Assessment 101

APA manual, pp. 96-97

Proper names

Capitalizing Proper Names of School/ University Departments and Courses

• Department of Education, Valparaiso University

• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000• Educational Assessment 101

but• an education department• a doctoral orientation• an educational assessment course

APA manual, p. 102

Trade names

Other Proper Names

• In the third week, the class will be…but

• In Week 3, the class will be …

• In the second chapter, read the section …but

• In Chapter 2, read the section on ….

Only One Space after Most Punctuation

• Between initials in citation in reference list

Brown, J. D. (2003, March 8).

• Periods at the end of a sentence: (Fischler style guide)

Students’ scores improved. The study demonstrated that …

Exceptions• Internal periods in abbreviations

i.e., e.g., 9 a.m., U.S.A.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 87-88

Checklist

• Follow FSE formatting and checklist rules. Use current template!

• Check margins – exactly one inch at the bottom.• Seriation and APA headings formatted correctly• Search and replace

– Check spacing– Correct use of the word data – Check that statistical symbol is italicized– Compound adjectives– Acronyms

• Match between text and reference citations, TOC and pages,and references to appendices and order of the appendices.

• Remove hyperlinks and superscript -- for example: 3rd ed.• Formatting of tables and figures• Reference citations correctly formatted

Ahah! What about using citation software?

References

Citation format?

No Short Cut for Learning the APA Rules

EndNote X2

See http://nova.campusguides.com/endnote

Recommendation:Hire an Editor for Final

Review

dissertation

Considerations for Selecting an Editor:

• The university does not assume responsibility for a student's contractual agreement with a private editor or typist or for the quality of the editor's or typist's work.

• Fully communicate with editor about the services included, turn-around time, and costs.

• Don’t send your only copy of manuscript to the editor.

Still confused?

Refer to the APA Style Library Guidehttp://nova.campusguides.com/apa

or

Schedule a library consultation inperson or by phone

http://www.nova.edu/library/help/askbyappt.html

Thanks!