رایانه پیشرفته: واحد درسی

94مهر مجید حیدریان: نگارش

APA: موضوع

Writing for the

behavioral and

social sciences

Y O U R L O G O 4

3

Ethical and legal standards in publishing

4

Ensuring the accuracy of scientific knowledge

1 |1Writing for the behavioral and social sciences APAY O U R L O G O 5

03

In this chapter, we discuss several consideration that authors should weigh before writing for publication, it includes article type and ethical and legal standards which be examined in following.

01

Research is complete when the results are shared with scientific community; it is accomplished in formal and informal ways.

02

The scientific journal is the repository of accumulated knowledge of a field. There are information about history of a topic and allow investigator to avoid needlessly repeating work and contribute something new.

2 | 1 APATypes of articles

66

articles Empirical studies

Literature reviews Methodological

articles

Theoretical articles

Other types of articles

Case studies

2 | 2 APAEmpirical studies

7

General features: Original research,

analyzing data and test the hypotheses, distinct

sections;

Introduction: development the problem

under investigation, including its historical

antecedent, and statement of purpose of

the investigation;

Result:

report of the finding and analyses; Discussion:

summary, interpretation, and

implication of results.

Method:

description of the procedures used to

conduct the investigation;

Empirical studies are reports of original research. These include secondary analyses that test hypotheses by presenting novel analyses of data not considered or addressed in previous reports.

2 | 3 APALiterature reviews

8

11111111111111111

General features: syntheses and meta-analyses of research,

evaluation of published research in a field,

combine the results of studies, tutorials

Introduction:

define and clarify problem;

Results:

identify relations, contradictions, gaps, and

inconsistencies in the literature;

Discussion:

suggest the next

step or steps in solving the problems.

Method: summarize previous

investigations to inform the reader of

the state of research;

Literature reviews, are critical evaluations of material that has already been published. By organizing, integrating and evaluating previously published material, authors of literature reviews consider the progress of research toward clarifying a problem.

2 | 4 APATheoretical articles

9

General features:

expand, refine, analyze or create a theory

present empirical information.

to advance a theory.similar to literature

review in structure.

examine internal consistency and external validity of theory

2 | 5 APAMethodological articles

10

1

2

3

4

General features

: present new methodological approaches

modification of existing methods

focus on methodological and data analytic approaches and introduce empirical data only as illustrations of the approach,

provide sufficient details to applicability of methods

5 compare the methods and presented, highly technical materials.

2 | 6 APACase studies

In writing case studies, authors carefully consider the

balance between providing important illustrative

material and using confidential case material

responsibly.

Case studies are reports of case materials obtained while working with an individual, a group, a community, or an organization.

Case studies illustrate a problem; indicate a means for solving a problem; and/or shed light on needed research, clinical applications, or theoretical matters.

2 | 7 APAOther types of articles

Brief reports

comments and replies on previously articles

obituaries

letters to the editor

monograph

60

book reviews

3 | 1 APAEthical and legal standards in publishing

13

These standards are designed to achieve three goals:

one two three

To ensure the accuracy of scientific knowledge,

To protect the rights of research participant,

To protect intellectual property rights.

The guidance is drawn from the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” which contains standards that address the reporting and publishing of scientific data and it is known as APA Ethic code. These codes are not statistic and may be revised and updated over time.

4 | 1 APAEnsuring the accuracy of scientific knowledge

Any scientific method can be repeated and verified so psychologist do not fabricate and falsify data. Also modifying results, including visual images to support a hypothesis or omitting troublesome observation from reports to present a more convincing story is prohibited. If any error or problem find out in published article then a correction notice can be published.

4 | 2 APAEnsuring the accuracy of scientific knowledge

Articles must be accessible for requester and author must share

this information promptly and the request should be borne by the

requester. Also all the information about participants’ identity

must be deleted and if there is any sponsor must be addressed as

well. If any researcher request for data article, author can share

data by a written agreement and specific conditions.

Data and other information related to the research must retain for a minimum of five years after publication, because of any question arise related to article or others are to attempt replication.

5 |1 APADuplicate and piecemeal publication of data

Article must be independence of separate research efforts. Both duplicate and piecemeal publications

of data constitute threats to these goals.

Duplicate publication is the publication of the same data or ideas in two separate sources.

Piecemeal publication is the unnecessary splitting of the finding from one research effort into multiple articles.

6 | 1 APADuplicate publication

Previously published research: Authors must not submit to an APA journal a manuscript describing work that has been published previously, whether in English or another language. Similar content and form of a manuscript must not submit. Manuscript previously published in abstracted form or in periodical with limited circulation and availability does not include duplicate publication. But brief report in APA will not publish anywhere else because they include sufficient descriptions of methodology to allow for replication and archival record of them.

Acknowledging and citing previous work. 1.The amount of duplicated material must be small.2.The text must clearly acknowledge in the author note and other relevant sections of article.3.Any republished tables and figures must be clearly marked as printed or adapted, and original source must mention in a footnote to the table or figure.4.The original publication must clearly and accurately cited

6 | 2 APAPiecemeal publication

60% 80%

Piecemeal publication.

It is the unnecessary splitting of the finding

from one research effort into multiple

articles. It causes misleading, distortion of

scientific literature and weakens the article

importance.

Reanalysis of published data.

In large scale and longitudinal projects publishing in a

single journal may be inappropriate and it must publish

in several different articles. But author must notice to

report pervious results and cite accurately to facilitate

future researches.

Y O U R L O G O 18

...شماحـسـن تـوجــه سپاس فراوان از