APA Referencing

Martin McMorrow Centre for Teaching & Learning

Whangaparoa College June 2011

Online Resources

Academic English Podcast

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Academic Writing Guides and Videos

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Handy Guide to APA Referencing etc

http://tinyurl.com/CTLresources

http://tinyurl.com/slcvideos

Part 1: Using sources appropriately

Part 2: Basics of APA referencing

Part 3: Resources to help you reference correctly

Overview

Part 1:

Using sources appropriately

In your first year Massey, you’ll be writing assignments like this ...

What do you believe are the key management skills and functions that a manager working for Apple would need to master? How would communication complement these key skills? (2500 words)

To what extent was Italian neo-realism a coherent and radical approach to film-making? Refer to relevant aspects of two different films to support your argument (2000 words).

What are the ingredients of academic writing?

You need to define and explain the basic concepts and different components of the theory (eg What are management functions? What is Italian neo-realism?) using information from 2 or more books and academic journal articles

You need to give facts, figures and examples (eg from credible articles and the website of the Apple Organisation or from two Italian neo-realist films)

You need to take a position on the question and develop an original and credible argument.

theory

practice

personal interpretation

Extract from a student’s essay

Apple is involved in design, development and marketing of personal computers, media devices, and portable digital music players. The company also produces a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Its headquarters is in Cupertino, California and it employs 46,600 employees. The company's strong brand makes it able to command a premium pricing and create significant demand for its products.

Extract from a report downloaded from a Massey University Library database

Apple or "the company" is engaged in design, development and marketing of personal computers, media devices, and portable digital music players. The company also sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications ... It is headquartered in Cupertino, California and employs 46,600 employees.... The company's strong brand enables it to command a premium pricing and create significant demand for its products such as iMac, iPod, iPhone and iPad.

Would it still be plagiarism if the student put a reference at the end?

Apple is involved in design, development and marketing of personal computers, media devices, and portable digital music players. The company also produces a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Its headquarters is in Cupertino, California and it employs 46,600 employees. The company's strong brand makes it able to command a premium pricing and create significant demand for its products (Datamonitor, 2010).

Yes. The student still gets zero for the assignment, and a disciplinary warning, because, apart from some feeble changes of vocabulary etc, they’ve essentially copied the text. Referencing isn’t a licence to cut and paste! If the lecturer wanted you to copy, they would have said so!

What are you supposed to do?

1. Pick out the main ideas from the original source

2. Make very brief notes

3. Put away the original source

4. Think about your main purpose in the paragraph and write an introductory sentence

5. Expand each of your notes into one sentence

6. Link the sentences so that they ‘flow’

Example of Note-taking – brief, numbered main ideas & complete reference added below

Key company facts: HQ in Cali / 46, 600 employees

Main products: PC, media, portable music, apps etc

Brand: strong demand and premium pricing (MB – world’s top brand – 84% rise in 2010-11)

Datamonitor. (2011, May 6). Apple Inc: Company report. Retrieved from BusinessSource Complete Database

References

Millward Brown. (2011). BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands 2011.Retrieved from http://www.millwardbrown.com/BrandZ/Default.aspx

Apple Inc. is a California-based company, employing 46, 600 people. Its principal products are computing and portable media and communication devices, which it designs, develops and markets. The strength of its brand means that Apple is able to combine relatively high pricing with strong demand (Datamonitor, 2011). Its remarkable success is highlighted by the fact that it was recently identified as the world’s most valuable brand, having increased in value by an impressive 84% in the last financial year (Millward Brown, 2011).

Notes expanded into original sentences – supported by references

With a smarter strategy for writing and referencing, the student could have used the same facts and figures to get an A instead of a Fail!

Strategic planning is “the process of establishing an organisational mission and formulating goals, corporate strategy, marketing objectives, marketing strategy and amarketing plan” (Pride et al, 2006, p. 31)

Strategic planning is a comprehensive approach to marketing, which aims to align overall corporate strategy with the more specific goals of strategic business units and the plans which are intended to realise these goals (Pride et al, 2006)

References are needed for both summaries and quotations

Quotation

Summary My own words

source of ideas

source of ideas AND words

• You can control the level of detail – normally you’ll just pick out the main points, but at other times you’ll want to explain or comment on something in more detail than the original source

• Your overall style will be more consistent and easier to read

• Using your own words means you’re showing your own understanding

Good reasons to summarise your source

Good reasons to quote directly from your source

•The original language is special. For instance, it’s a technical term, a definition of a technical term or an especially memorable phrase

So, a 1500 word essay would typically include 2 - 4 short quotes – including a definition of the main topic words

But don’t let their words speak for you. If you quote, add a comment of your own to indicate its relevance and your understanding

In order to avoid such problems, managers need to understand and practise ethical values in every area of business. Ethics may be defined as “a system or code of conduct based on moral duties and obligations which indicate how we should behave” (Josephson, 1995, p. 83). Such a system will give managers a way of deciding what is right and wrong, so that their decisions can be consistent with their ethical values – in other words, qualities such as fairness and honesty, which they believe are an essential part of a good life (Josephson, 1995).

Example quote and comment

Try to ‘sandwich’ your quotes and summaries between your own claims and interpretations

Efficient management of human resources, likewise, requires knowledge and ability to implement macroeconomic principles. For instance, according to the Principle of Comparative Advantage, “everyone does best when each concentrates on the activity for which he or she is relatively most productive” (Frank & Bernanke, 2001, p. 23). This suggests that the underlying purpose of human resources ought to be to ensure that employees are trained, motivated and managed so that they can spend most of their time contributing to the company’s mission at the highest skill level they are capable of. In other words, human resources management needs to be proactive, rather than reactive.

claim

quote

interpretation

According to the model presented by Quester, Macguiggan, Perrault and McCarthy (2004, p. 108), brand preference is a dynamic process consisting of five different stages. This model provides a highly useful basis for evaluation of marketing strategy. For instance, Benneton, in the 1990’s, embarked on a highly controversial global campaign, which certainly raised their level of brand recognition. Their failure to translate this recognition into matching sales (Benneton sales woe, 1997), may be because the whole campaign was narrowly targeted at one single level of brand preference.

Use academic and non-academic sources for different purposes

real-world example – journalistic source

theory – academic source

• Avoid copying, except for definitions and specially interesting expressions

• Aim to summarise and synthesise ideas from your sources and comment in your own words

Summary of Part 1

• in-text references

• end-of-text references for books

• end-of-text references for other sources

Part 2: Basics of APA referencing

• author(s) + year of publication• Direct quotations need quotation marks and page number(s)

Observational learning can be defined as “the phenomenon whereby people develop patterns of behavior by observing the actions of others”

(Mowen & Minor, 1998, p. 147).

Author’s surname(s) Year of publication

Page / Section number

In-text references

book journal article etc

website newspaper article etc

The same basic principle for ALL sources

first mention – include all surnames Blah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard, Thomas & Varnham, 2001).

Second, third, fourth mentions – et al.

Blah, blah, blah, blah (Hubbard et al., 2001).

In-text references – more than two authors

According to Dunbar and Holmes (2003), cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred …..Dunbar and Holmes (2003) claim that cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred …..

Cognitive behavioural therapy is increasingly preferred to more traditional medical interventions in such cases (Dunbar & Holmes, 2003).

3 ways to introduce in-text references Most of the time, you’ll put the reference in brackets, just after you’ve finished with the information.

But sometimes you can include the author(s) in your sentence and then just put the year in brackets.

Author(s) + (year) + verb + that ...

claim argue

explain

point out provide evidence

suggest

For the third one, you’ll need to choose an appropriate verb

References

Adler, N. (2006). The arts and leadership: Now that we can do anything, what will we do?. Retrieved April 11, 2007 from: http://www.pianoone.com/pdf/AMLE-Journal-Article-by-Nancy-Adler.pdf

Crookes, G., & Schmidt, R. (1991). Motivation: Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning, 41, 461-512 . DOI:10.1082/0284-9721.19.2.932

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum.

Dornyei, Z. (1994). Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. Modern Language Teaching Journal, 78 (iii), 273 - 284. DOI:10.1038/0446-2087.12.3.245

Dornyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner. Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dornyei, Z., & Otto, I. (1998). Motivation in action: A process model of L2 motivation. Thames Valley University, Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, 4, 43-69.

Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution. Boston: Harvard Business School Press

Reference list is in alphabetical order according to author’s surname – and then by date if you have more than one by that author!

end-of-text references - list

The Massey University Library Entry for the book normally includes the 5 details you need

Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press

surname, initial

(year) title citypublisher

Hubbard, J., Thomas, C., & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New Zealand business students (2nd ed). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education.

For more than one author, include all names with initials (followed by . and ,)

end-of-text references - books

UK, NZ etc city, country

Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin

Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press

USA, Au, Can city, state initials

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Milton, QLD: McGraw-Hill

end-of-text references – city of publication

The name of the article as well as the name of the journal

The volume and issue numbers of the journal

The page numbers of the article

And EITHER give the doi number OR put ‘Retrieved from + the name of the database

end-of-text references – journal articles

Silverblatt, A. (2004). Media as social institution. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(1), 35-42.

author’s nameyear title

journal name

volume & issue number page numbers

doi:10.1080/09585190802707433

DOI number

Bennis, W. (2009). Obama Optimism. Leadership Excellence, 26(3), 3-4. Retrieved from Business Source Complete

Where there’s no doi number on the article, put ‘Retrieved from + name of database’

Statistics New Zealand. (2009). Mapping trends in the Auckland region. Retrieved from: http://www.stats.govt.nz/Publications/PopulationStatistics/mapping-trends-in-the-auckland-region.aspx.

end-of-text references – internet sources

• author, year + page for quotes - for in-text

• use organisation or title if no author

• ‘as cited in’ for secondary sources

• big 5 for end-of-text book references

• extra info needed for journals etc

•take care with punctuation and order

Summary of part 2

3: Referencing Resources

Online support for APA referencing

Get it right CD

Referencing programmes

Different referencing styles

APA (American Psychological Association)

Different referencing styles

MLA (Modern Languages Association)

Business, Education, some Social Sciences and Humanities

English, media studies, some language studies

In-text: (Hamel, 2000, p. 23)

In-text: (Hamel 23)

End of text: Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution.Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press

End of text: Hamel, Gary. Leading the revolution.Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006

http://tinyurl.com/MLA-referencing

OxfordHistory, philosophy, classics

References are numbered and listed in the order they appear in your essay. These need to be included in footnotes as well as a reference list

Footnote: 11. Gary Hamel, Leading The Revolution, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001

End of text: 11. Hamel, G. Leading The Revolution, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001

http://tinyurl.com/historyreferencing

Endnote ($30 from library)

http://tinyurl.com/endnoteguide

Referencing Programmes

http://www.refworks.com/

Refworks (US $100 one year’s access)

http://www.zotero.org/

Zotero (free – works with firefox browser)

Use the references tab in the toolbar

Microsoft Word 2007

Click ‘insert citation’ + add new sourceTake care with names (Hamel, Gary) and type of source

Datamonitor. (2011, May 6). Apple Inc: Company report. Retrieved from BusinessSource Complete Database

Frank, R., & Bernanke, B. (2001). Principles of macroeconomics. Burr Ridge, Il: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Hubbard J., Thomas, C. & Varnham, S. (2001). Principles of law for New Zealand business students. Auckland, New Zealand: Prentice Hall

Millward Brown. (2011). BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands 2011.Retrieved from http://www.millwardbrown.com/BrandZ/Default.aspx

Parry J., Black, C., & Bennett, A. (2000). Fundamentals of finance. Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education.

Quester, P., McGuiggan, R., Perreault, W. , & McCarthy, J. (2004). Marketing: Creating and delivering value. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia

References

© 2011

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