APA Style

The APA STYLE

In-text citations

1. Author named in your sentence :

According to Brookfield (2001), nearly 12% of the Amazonian rain forest in Brazil has been shaped or influenced by thousands of years of indigenous human lecture.

Note: Use signal phrase

In-text citations...cont.

2. Author named in parenthesis:

The Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the Colombian Amazon attempted in 2001 to take legal action to ban such fumigation over indigenous lands. Their efforts were not supported

by the Colombian government (Lloyd & Soltani, 2001, p.5.).


3. Two to five authors:

As Kaimowitz, Mertens, Wunder, and Pacheco (2004) report in “Hamburger Connection Fuels Amazon Destruction. “ there are three key factors behind the burgeoning demand for Brazilian beef and the resulting burning of the Amazon rain forest for pasture land.


If you put the names of the authors in parenthesis, use an ampersand (&) instead of and.

There are three key factors behind the burgeoning demand for Brazilian beef and the resulting burning of the Amazon rain forest for pasture land (Kaimowitz, Mertens, Wunder, & Pacheco, 2004, p.3).


After the first time you cite a work by three or more authors, use the first author's name plus et al. Always use both names when citing s work by two authors.

Another key factor is concern over livestock in other countries (Kaimowitz et al., 2004, p.4).


4. Six or more authors:

As Barbre et al. (1989) have argued, using personal narratives enables researchers to connect the individual and social.


5. Organization as an author:

According to a report issued by the Intern-American Association for Environmental Defense (2004), a significant population of Colombia's indigenous people live within these protected parklands.

Public service announcements were used to inform parents of these findings (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991).


6. Unknown author: When no author or editor is given, use the first one or two important words of the title. Use quotation marks for titles of articles or chapters and italics for titles of books or reports.

The transformation of women's lives has been hailed as “the single most important change of the past 1,000 years” (“Reflections,” 1999, p.77)


7. Two or more authors with the same last name: If the authors of two or more sources have the same last name, always include their first initial, even if the year of publication differs.

M. Smith (1988) showed how globalization has restructured both cities and states.


8. Two or more sources cited at one time: When you are indebted to two or more sources, cite the authors in the order in which they appear in the list of references, separated by a semicolon.

Other years see greater destruction from large-scale economic and industrial initiatives, such as logging (Geographical, 2000; Kaimowitz et al., 2004, p.2).


9. E-mail, letters, conversations: To cite information received from unpublished forms of personal communication , such as this, give the source's initials and last name, and provide as precise a date as possible.

According to ethnobotanist G. Freid (personnal communication, May 4, 2004), the work of research scientists in the Brazilian Amazon has been greatly impeded in the last 10 years because of the destruction of potentially unrecorded plant species.


10. Indirect source: When referring to a source that you know only from reading another source, use the phrase as cited in, followed by the author of the source you actually read and its year of publication.

According to the Center for International Forestry Research, an Indonesia-based NGO (as cited in Purgh, 2004), an area of land the size of Uruguay was deforested in the years 2002 and 2003 alone.


11. Electronic source: Cite an electronic source the same way you would a print source, with the author's last name and the publication date. If the document is a PDF file with stable page numbers, cite the page number as you would a print source. If the source has paragraph numbers instead of page numbers, use para. Or ¶ instead of p.

Applications of herbicides have caused widespread damage to biodiversity, livestock, and crops, and have caused “thousands” of peasants and indigenous peoples to flee these lands (Amazon Alliance, 2004)


12. Two or more sources in one sentence: Include a parenthetical reference after each fact, idea, or quotation you have borrowed.

By one estimate, nearly 12% of Amazon rain forest in Brazil has been shaped or influenced by thousands of years of indigenous human culture (Brookfield, 2001); the evidence is as basic as the terra preta do Indio, or “Indian black soil. “ for which the Brazilian region of Santarem is known (Rough Guides, para. 2).


13. Sacred or classical text: Cite these within your text onlym and include the version you consulted as well as any book, part, or section numbers that are standard for all versions.

The famous song sets forth a series of opposites, culminating in “a time of love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace” (Eccles. 3:8, King James Bible).

APA Style: References

BOOKSBOOKS

1. Book with one author:

Brookfield, H. (2001). Exploring agrodiversity. New York: Columbia University Press.

2. Book with two or more authors:

Goulding M., Mahar, D., & Smith, N. (1996). Floods of fortune: Ecology and economy along the Amazon. New York: Colombia University Press.

3. Organization as an author: To credit a subdivision like “Economics Department”. Put its name after the name of the parent organization. When the publisher is the same as the author, use Author instead of repeating the organization's name as publisher.

Deutsche Bank, Economics Department. (1991). Rebuilding eastern Europe. Frankfurt, Germany: Author

4. Two or more works of the same author: List the works in publication order, with the earliest one first.

Wilson, S. (Ed.). (1997). The indigenous people of the Carribean. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Wilson, S. (1999). The emperor's giraffe and other stories of cultures in contact. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

5. Book with editor(s): Add (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the name. If a book lists an author and an editor, treat the editor like a translator.

Lifton, K. (Ed.). (1998). The greening sovereignty in world politics, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

6. Selection in an edited book or anthology. The selection's author, year of publication, and title comes first, followed by the word In and information about the edited book.

Wilmer, F. (1998). Taking indigenous critiques seriously: The enemy 'r' us. In K. Lifton (Ed.), The greening of sovereignty in world politics (pp. 55-60). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

7. Translation: After the title of the translatio, put the name(s) of the translator(s) in parentheses followed by the abbreviation Trans.

Jarausch, K.H., & Gransow, V. (1994). Uniting Gerrmany: Documents and debates. 1944-1993 (A Brown B. Cooper, Trans.). Providence, RI: Berg.

8. Article in a reference work: Some encyclopedias and similar reference works name the authors of individual selections. Begin with the author's name, if given. If no author is given, begin with the title.

Arawak. (2000). In The Columbia encyclopedia (p.2533). New York: Columbia University Press.

9. Entire dictionary or reference work:

The American Heritage dictionary of the English language (4th ed.). (2000). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Hinson, M. (2004). The pianist's dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

10. Unknown editor or author: Start with the title. When alphabetizing, use the first important word of the title(excluding articles such as The, A, or An).

Give me liberty. (1960) New York: World.

11. Edition other than the first: After the title, put the edition number in parentheses, followed by a period.

Smyser, W.R. (1993). The German economy: Colossus at crossroads (2nd ed.). New York: St.

Martin's Press.

12. One volume of a multivolume work: If the volume has its own title, put it before the title of the whole work. No period separates the title and parenthetical volume number.

Handl, G. (1990). The Mesoamerican biodiversity legal project. In Yearbook of international

environmental law. (Vol. 4). London: Graham & Trotman.

13. Republished book:

Le Bon, G. (1960). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. New York: Viking. (Original work published 1895)

PERIODICALS

14. Article in a journal paginated by volume: Do not put the article title in quotation marks, and do not use pp. Before the page numbers. Italicize the title of thr periodical and the volume number.

De Cunha, M.C., & de Almeida, M. (2000). Indigenous people, traditional people and conservation in the Amazon. Daedelus, 129, 315.

15. Article in a journal paginated by issue: Include the issue number (in parentheses) Notice that the issue number is not italicized as part of the journals title.

Epstein, J. (2002). A voice in the wilderness. Latin Trade, 10(12), 26.

16. Abstract:

Burnby, J.G.L. (1985, June). Pharmaceutical connections: The Maw's family [Abstract]. Pharmaceutical historian, 15(2), 9-11.

17. Article in a magazine: After the year, add the month for magazines publsihed monthly or the month and day for magazines publsihed weekly. Note that the volume number is also included.

Gross, P. (2001, February) Exorcising sociobiology. New Criterion, 19, 24.

18. Article in a newspaper: Use p. or pp. With the section and page number. List all page numbers, separated by commas, if the article appears on discontinuous pages: pp. C1, C4, C6. If there is no identified author, begin with the title of the article.

Smith, T. (2003, October 8). Grass is green for Amazon farmers. The New York Times, p. W1.

OTHER PRINT AND AUDIOVISUAL SOURCES

19. Government document. When no author is listed, use the government agenct as the author:

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1976) Historical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970.

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Press.

20. Unpublished dissertation or dissertation abstract:

Weinbaum, A.E. (1998). Genealogies of “race” and reproduction in transatlantic modern

thought (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 229.

21. Film, DVD, videotape, CD-ROM, recording: Begin with the cited person's name and, if

appropriate, a parenthetical notation of his or her role. After the title, identify the medium in brackets, followed by the country and name of the distributor:

Towner, R. (1989). City of eyes. [Record]. Munich: ECM.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

22. Online article or abstract from a database: When you use material from databases such as UpToDate, Clinical Key, ProQuest, InfoTrac, include a retrieval date and the name of the database in addition to the standard information about author, year, title, and publisher.

Epstein, J. (2002). A voice in the wilderness. Latin Trade, 10(12), 26. Retrieved March 15, 2004, from EbscoHost

Research Databases.

Haas, R. (1994). Eastern Europe: A subsidy strategy for ecological recovery. Global Energy Issues 6(3), 133-138.

Abstract ` retrieved April 22, 2001, from Lexis-Nexis database.

22. Online article from a journal previously published in print: To cite an electronic version of an article from a print journal, use the standard format for a periodical article and add [Electronic version] after the article title. If the article appears not to have been altered from the print version, you need not include the URL. If the article has been altered from the print version, include the retrieval date.

Cook, B.G., & Cook, L. (2004). Bringing science into the classroom by basing craft on research

[Electronic version]. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37, 240-247.

23. Online article from a journal published only online: Include the retrieval date and the URL.

Amazon Alliance. (2004). Columbia: US acknowledge funding for fumigations in national parks and protected areas.

Amazon Update, 98. Retrieved April 7, 2004, from http://www.amazonalliance.org/upd_jan04_en.html

http://www.amazonalliance.org/upd_jan04_en.html

24. Article in an online newspaper:

Feller, B. (2005, May 6). GM, Ford get “junk” rating. The Detroit News Online. Retrieved May 6, 2005, from

http://www.detnews.com/2005/autoinsider/0505/06/A01-173553.htm

25. Document on a website: If the document is an entire article or report, include the basic information for an online document. If you have used a graph, chart, map, or image, give the source information.

Lloyd, J., & Soltani, A. (2001, December). Report on: Plan Columbia and indigenous peoples. Retrieved April 2, 2004, from http://www.amazonwatch.orgamazon/CO/uwa/reports/plancol_march20_pdf.

http://www.amazonwatch/

References:

Maimon, E.P., Peritz, J.H., & Yancey, K.B. (2007) A writer's resource: A handbook for writing and research.

(2nd ed.) New York: McGraw Hill.

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