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Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

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Apathy and persons living with Parkinson’s disease: a mul9dimensional conceptualisa9on and approach Ratko Radakovic Email: [email protected]
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Page 1: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Apathy  and  persons  living  with  Parkinson’s  disease:  a  mul9dimensional  

conceptualisa9on  and  approach  

Ratko  Radakovic  Email:  [email protected]  

Page 2: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Outline  •  History  of  apathy  •  Defini=on  of  apathy  

–  Apathy  and  Depression  •  Mul=dimensional  apathy  •  Dimensional  Apathy  Scale  •  Study  

–  Background  &  Aims  –  Method  –  Results  –  Conclusions  

•  Summary  •  Future  direc=ons  

Page 3: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

History  of  apathy  •  Greek  stoic  philosophy  

•  Apatheia      a-­‐  (without)  -­‐pathos  (passion)  

•  Apatheia  considered  a  virtue,              impar=ng  more  objec=vity  

•  The  defini=on  has  transformed  vastly  from  its  original,  philosophical  roots  

Zeno  of  Ci=um  

What  is  apathy  

Page 4: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

History  of  apathy  

•  Greek  Monk  Evagrius  Pon=cus  – Acedia    A  state  of  dejec=on  leading  to  loss  of  interest  in  

aspects  of  life    

“Spiritual  Apathy”      

Page 5: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

History  of  apathy  

•  Hippocrates’  The  Sacred  disease  (from  Marin,  1991):  

“Those  who  are  mad  through  phlegm  are  quiet,  and  neither  shout  nor  make  a  disturbance;  those  maddened  through  bile  are  noisy,  evildoers,  and  restless,  doing  something  

inopportune”  

Page 6: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Defini9on  of  apathy  •  We  all  feel  apathe=c/demo=vated  à  selec=ve  apathy!  

•  Defined  as:  

–  “a  state  of  primary  mo=va=onal  impairment”                            Marin  (1990)  

•  Marin  (1996)  expanded  further  to  include  the  defini=on  as  reduced  mo=va=on  towards  goal-­‐directed  behaviours  –  e.g.  “I  have  no  plans  to  do  things”,  “I  don’t  want  to  do  anything  today”,  “Emo=onally  indifferent  to  things”  

What  is  apathy  

Page 7: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Apathy  and  Depression  

Emo=onal    neutrality    Indifference  

Emo=onality    

Low  Mood  Interest  

Apathy   Depression  

Page 8: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Mul9dimensional  apathy  

•  Apathy  is  commonly  regarded  as  one-­‐dimensional  BUT  is  in  fact  mul=dimensional  

 

Mul9dimensional  Apathy  

Page 9: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

•  Marin  –  Behavioural,  Cogni=ve,  Emo=onal  

•  Cummings  et  al.  –  Emo=on,  Ini=a=ve,  Enthusiasm  

•  Stuss  et  al.  –  Affec=ve,  Behavioural,  Cogni=ve,  “Social  apathy”  

•  Robert  et  al.  –  Emo=onal  Blun=ng,  Lack  of  Ini=a=ve,  Lack  of  Interest  

•  Sockeel  et  al.  –  Intellectual  Curiosity,  Ac=on  Ini=a=on,  Emo=onal,  Self  Awareness  

•  Starkstein  and  Leetjens  –  Goal  directed  behaviour,  goal  directed  cogni=on  

•  Levy  and  Dubois  –  Auto  Ac=va=on,  Emo=onal  Affec=ve,  Cogni=ve  Iner=a  

Mul9dimensional  apathy  

Page 10: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Mul9dimensional  apathy  Mul9dimensional  Apathy  

One  Dimension  

Four  Dimensions  

Three  Dimensions  

? ??

???

Page 11: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Mul9dimensional  apathy  

•  Lille  Apathy  Ra=ng  Scale  (Sockeel  et  al.,  2006)  – Not  an  adequate  measure  of  mul=dimensional  apathy  (Radakovic  et  al.,  2015)  

 

Caveats    uncorroborated  apathy  domains  and  not  

comprehensive  measurement      

 

Mul9dimensional  Apathy  

Page 12: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Mul9dimensional  apathy  Dimensional  Apathy  Scale  (DAS)  

Radakovic  &  Abrahams  (2014),  Radakovic  et  al.  (2015)  

Executive Apathy

Emotional Apathy

Initiation Apathy

I  can’t  finish  things  

I  don’t  care  I  can’t  think    of  new  things  

Page 13: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Mul9dimensional  apathy  Mul9dimensional  Apathy  

Page 14: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Mul9dimensional  apathy  Motor  neurone  disease  

•  DAS  measures  apathy  independent  of  motor  symptoms  in  motor  neurone  disease  

•  Motor  neurone  disease  is  characterised  by  

Initiation Apathy

Radakovic  et  al.  (2015)  

Page 15: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Background  

•  Parkinson’s  disease  (PD)  – Apathy  is  observed  between  30%  and  51%  (Kirsch-­‐Darrow  et  al.,  2006;  Dujardin  et  al.,  2007;  Pedersen  et  al.,  2009)  

•  Theorised  three  dimensional  substructure  of  apathy  (Pagonabarraga  et  al.,  2015)    – Can  be  measured  by  the  Dimensional  Apathy  Scale  

Page 16: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Aims  

•  To  explore  the  mul=dimensional  apathy  in  persons  living  with  PD  (PwPD)  and  their  caregivers/rela=ves/friends  (CRFPD)  

•  To  determine  the  rela=onship  of  mul=dimensional  apathy  with  clinical  variables,  motor  dysfunc=on  and  ac=vi=es  of  daily  living  in  PwPD  

Radakovic  et  al.  (In  Prep)  

Page 17: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Methods  •  Postal  ques=onnaire  study  

•  54  PwPD  recruited  in  to  study,  response  rate  of  72.2%  

 •  Total  of  34  PwPD  and  of  their  30  PDCRFs  par=cipated  

•  34  gender-­‐age-­‐educa=on  matched  healthy  controls  and  of  their  30  informants  par=cipated  

Page 18: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Methods  

•  Ques=onnaires  – Apathy  Evalua=on  Scale  (AES)  – Geriatric  Depression  Scale-­‐  Short  form  (GDS15)  – Dimensional  Apathy  Scale  (DAS)  –  Execu=ve,  Emo=onal  and  Ini=a=on  Subscales  

•  Addi=onal  measures  – Lawton  Instrumental  Ac=vi=es  of  Daily  Living  – Hoehn  &  Yahr  scale  

Page 19: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Results-­‐  Mul9dimensional  apathy  PwPDs  vs  CRFPDs  

•  Comparing  PwPDs’  and  CRFPDs’  ra=ngs  on  apathy  subtypes  (DAS)  – No  significant  difference  observed  

•  Comparing  Controls  and  Informants  ra=ngs  on  apathy  subtypes  (DAS)  – No  significate  difference  observed  

Page 20: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Results-­‐  Mul9dimensional  apathy  PwPD  vs  Control  

0.0  

2.0  

4.0  

6.0  

8.0  

10.0  

12.0  

14.0  

Execu=ve   Emo=onal   Ini=a=on  

Control  

PwPD  

*

*

Executive Apathy

Initiation Apathy

Page 21: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Results-­‐  Mul9dimensional  apathy  CRFPD  vs  Informant  

0.0  

2.0  

4.0  

6.0  

8.0  

10.0  

12.0  

14.0  

Execu=ve   Emo=onal   Ini=a=on  

Informant  

CRFPD  

*

Executive Apathy

Page 22: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Results-­‐  Mul9dimensional  apathy  Other  variables    

•  Most  common  were   Executive Apathy

Initiation Apathy

Page 23: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Results-­‐  Mul9dimensional  apathy  Comparison  to  other  diseases    

*

*

*

Page 24: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Conclusions  

•  Persons  living  with  PD  showed  a  lack  of  mo=va=on  for  planning,  organising  and  anending  (Execu9ve  apathy)  – With  a  self  reported  lack  of  mo=va=on  to  self  generate  thoughts  or  ac=ons  (Ini9a9on  apathy)  

– No  awareness  problems  observed  in  rela=on  to  demo=va=on  

•  Slightly  reduced  everyday  func=oning  when  apathy  is  present  

Page 25: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Summary  

•  Apathy  is  complex  and  mul=dimensional,  with  impact  on  everyday  func=oning  

•  Three  dimensional  apathy  is  well-­‐established  and  measurable  

•  Characteris=c  apathy  profiles  dependent  on  disease  

Page 26: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Future  

•  Increase  recogni=on  of  apathy  as  complex  and  mul=dimensional  

•  Bener  detec=on  of  apathy  subtypes  can  lead  to  improved  design  of  interven=ons  or  management  

•  Underlying  neural  substrates  of  apathy  subtypes  and  how  they  relate  to  func=oning  

Page 27: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

Thank  you  for  listening!  And  a  great  thanks  to  all  who  par=cipated  in  the  study.  

@ratkorad

Special  thanks  to:  Prof.  Sharon  Abrahams  Prof.  John  M.  Starr  Dr  Richard  Davenport  Anne  Rowling  Regenera=ve  Neurology  Clinic  

Page 28: Apathy and persons living with Parkinson's disease

References  Marin,  R.  (1990).  Differen=al  diagnosis  and  classifica=on  of  apathy.  American  Journal  of  Psychiatry,  147(7),  22–30.  Radakovic,  R.,  &  Abrahams,  S.  (2014).  Developing  a  new  apathy  measurement  scale:  Dimensional  Apathy  Scale.  Psychiatry  research,  219(3),  658–663.  Radakovic,  R.,  Stephenson,  L.,  Colville,  S.,  Swingler,  R.,  Chandran,  S.,  &  Abrahams,  S.  (2015).  Mul=dimensional  apathy  in  ALS:  valida=on  of  the  Dimensional  Apathy  Scale.  Journal  of  Neurology,  Neurosurgery  &  Psychiatry.  Advanced  online  publica=on.  Levy,  R.  (2012).  Apathy:  A  pathology  of  goal-­‐directed  behaviour.  A  new  concept  of  the  clinic  and  pathophysiology  of  apathy.  Revue  neurologique,  168(8),  585–597.  Levy,  R.,  &  Dubois,  B.  (2006).  Apathy  and  the  func=onal  anatomy  of  the  prefrontal  cortex-­‐basal  ganglia  circuits.  Cerebral  Cortex,  16,  916–928.    


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