APES1. Get out notebook paper – NO

SPIRAL FRINGE2. Everything else away except a

writing utensil.

Nonrenewable Energy

Ch. 15

What types of energy do we use?

1. Direct SOLAR ENERGY2. Indirect SOLAR ENERGY3. COMMERCIAL ENERGY

1. DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY

Photovoltaic Cells Solar Thermal

2. INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGYBiofuelsWind turbinesHydroelectric dams

3. COMMERCIAL ENERGY• From

nonrenewable resources

• Extracting/burning nonrenewable resources (FOSSIL FUELS)

Energy Use: World & US

Energy UseWORLD• 85% Nonrenewable• Use of coal • Use of oil• Nuclear leveled off• Developing

countries depend on biomass (fulewood, charcoal) for heating/cooking – can’t afford fossil fuels

US• 93% Nonrenewable• World’s largest

energy user• 5% of world’s

population uses 25% of world’s energy

FOSSIL FUELS *• Composed of partially

decayed organism remains

• Nonrenewable• Form too slowly to

replenish• NOT sustainableEX: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Fossil Fuels• OIL, NATURAL GAS, & COAL• Oil and gas are less dense than

coal • Move upward through porous rock

and become trapped

Formation of Fossil FuelsFormation of Coal- Over time, plants die, covered by water and sediment - Heat and pressure convert material into carbon rich ore (COAL) and sedimentary rock.   Formation of OilDeath and buildup of microscopic aquatic organisms. Heat and Pressure convert material to hydrocarbons (OIL) without oxygen in sediments that prevent decay.  Formation of Natural Gas Same as oil, just produced at higher temperatures than oil.

FOSSIL FUELSDeveloped countries consume 8x MORE energy than developing countries

What is Net Energy and why is it important?

Net energy is the amount of high-quality energy available from an energy resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available.

Basic Science: Net Energy is the only energy that really counts

• First law of thermodynamics:– It takes high-quality energy to get

high-quality energy– Pumping oil from ground, refining

it, transporting it

• Second law of thermodynamics– Some high-quality energy is wasted

at every step

Net Energy RatioEnergy Produced : Energy Used to Produce it

Conventional Oil = HIGH net energy ratio

Fig. 15-3a, p. 373

Space HeatingPassive solar 5.8

Natural gas 4.9

Oil 4.5

Active solar 1.9

Coal gasification 1.5

Electric heating (coal-fired plant) 0.4

Electric heating (natural-gas-fired plant) 0.4

Electric heating (nuclear plant) 0.3

Fig. 15-3b, p. 373

High-Temperature Industrial Heat

Surface-mined coal 28.2

Underground- mined coal 25.8

Natural gas 4.9

Oil 4.7

Coal gasification 1.5

Direct solar (concentrated) 0.9

Fig. 15-3c, p. 373

Transportation

Natural gas 4.9

Gasoline (refined crude oil)

4.1

Biofuel (ethanol) 1.9

Coal liquefaction 1.4

Oil shale 1.2

Net Energy• Energy sources with

low/negative net energy cannot compete in open markets with alternatives that have higher net energy yields

EX. Nuclear power

Need subsidies from taxpayers

Reducing Energy Waste Improves Net Energy Yields and Can Save Money

• 84% of all commercial energy used in the U.S. is wasted– 43% after accounting for second

law of thermodynamics

Drive efficient cars, not gas guzzlers

Make buildings energy efficient

In 2008: Energy Use in US Comprised of

Oil 40%Natural Gas 23%Coal 20%Nuclear Power 8%Hydropower 3%Biomass 3%Geothermal, 1%Solar & wind

We depend heavily on oil• Petroleum or crude oil • Composed of various hydrocarbons• Produced by decomposition of dead organic

matter from plants/animals

Oil Recovery

We depend heavily on oil• Peak production:

time after which production from a well declines– Global peak

production for all world oil

Oil Extraction & Refining

• By boiling point temperature

Lowest Boiling Point Gases

Gasoline

Aviation fuel

Heating oil

Diesel oil

Naphtha

Heated crude oil

Grease and wax

Furnace Asphalt

Highest Boiling Point

PetrochemicalsRaw materials used in manufacturing such as - Organic chemicals- Pesticides- Plastics- Synthetic Fibers- Paints

How long might conventional supplies of oil last?

SHORT ANSWER = ???????• Rapid increase of use since 1950

• Largest consumers in 2009– United States, 23%– China, 8%– Japan, 6%

How long might conventional supplies of oil last?

• Proven oil reserves– Identified deposits that can be extracted

profitably with current technology

• Unproven reserves– Probable reserves: 50% chance of recovery– Possible reserves: 10-40% chance of recovery

• Proven and unproven reserves will be 80% depleted sometime between 2050 and 2100

Proven & Unproven Reserves in N. America

What are our options? 1. Look for more oil2. Use less oil 3. Waste less oil 4. Use other energy sources

See figure 18, P. S49, Supplement 8 in NEW BOOK

Crude Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Fig. 15-5, p. 376

Fig. 15-6, p. 377

Trade-OffsConventional Oil

Advantages

DisadvantagesAmple supply

for several decades

Water pollution from oil spills and leaks

High net energy yield but decreasing

Environmental costs not included in market price

Low land disruption

Releases CO 2 and other air pollutants when burned

Efficient distribution system

Vulnerable to international supply interruptions

APES• Get out math “cheat sheet” &

Ch. 15 notes

OPECOrganization of Petroluem Exporting Countries• 13 countries have at least 60% of the

world’s crude oil reserves – Saudi Arabia: 20%– United States: 1.5%

• Global oil production leveled off in 2005

3 caveats when evaluating future oil supplies

1. Potential reserves are not proven reserves

2. Must use net energy yield to evaluate potential of any oil deposit

3. Must take into account high global use of oil

Natural Gas• Mixture of gases• 50 -90% Methane (CH4)• Versatile with high net energy

Natural Gas Uses• Heat space & water• Produce electricity

What are the advantages & disadvantages to using Natural

Gas? Conventional natural gas is more plentiful than oil, has a high net energy yield and a fairly low cost, and has the lowest environmental impact of all fossil fuels.

Formation of Natural Gas• Same as oil, just produced at

higher temperatures• Conventional natural gas – lies

above most reservoirs of crude oil

Conventional Natural Gas

– Pipelines– Liquefied petroleum gas

(LPG)– Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

• Low net energy yield• Makes U.S. dependent

upon unstable countries like Russia and Iran

What are the advantages & disadvantages of using coal?

Conventional coal is plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost, but it has a very high environmental impact.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of coal?

Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal could be plentiful, but they have lower net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional coal has.

Coal• Solid fossil fuel • Burned in power plants

(inefficient)

Coal is a plentiful, but dirty fuel

• World’s most abundant fossil fuel– US = 28% of proven reserves

• Environmental costs of burning coal– Severe air pollution

• Sulfur released as SO2

• Large amount of soot• CO2

• Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials

Coal Formation

Increasing moisture content Increasing heat and carbon content

Peat (not a coal)

Lignite (brown coal)

Bituminous (soft coal)

Anthracite (hard coal)

Heat Heat Heat

Pressure Pressure Pressure

Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content

Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas

Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content

Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas

Stepped Art

Fig. 15-14, p. 382

Stages in Coal Formation

How do coal power plants produce energy?

Fig. 15-15, p. 382

CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Electrical Energy Produced for Energy Sources

Fig. 15-17, p. 383

Fig. 15-18, p. 384

Coal

Advantages Disadvantages

Ample supplies in many countries

Severe land disturbance and water pollution

Fine particle and toxic mercury emissions threaten human health

High net energy yield

Emits large amounts of CO2 and other air pollutants when produced and burned

Low cost when environmental costs are not included

Trade-Offs

The clean coal & anti-coal campaigns

• Coal companies and energy companies fought– Classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant– Classifying coal ash as hazardous waste– Air pollution standards for emissions

• 2008 clean coal campaign– But no such thing as clean coal

• “Coal is the single greatest threat to civilization and all life on the planet.” – James Hansen

Solutions for “Clean Coal”

• 60 Minutes : Clean Coalhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z94VIGaXxho&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgO

EQLqPkuY&feature=fvwrel

Solutions for “Cleaner Coal”

• Install Scrubbers (Desulfurization systems)

• Used to clean power plant exhaust

• Chemicals in scrubber react with pollution causing it to precpitate out

• EXPENSIVE, but EFFECTIVE

Solutions for “Cleaner Coal”

Legislation to reduce emissions- 1990 Clean Air

Act Amendments

- Cut emissions and require installation of scrubbers

Solutions for Clean Coal• Clean Technology “Clean Coal”• EX. Fluidized Bed Combustion • mix hot air w/coal and limestone at

lower temps • NOx produced • Sulfur PPTs out • Scrubbers not needed • Still emits CO2 gas

Burning Coal More Cleanly

Fluidized-Bed Combustion

Fig. 15-32 p. 364