APES Review APES Review
Chapters 3-4Chapters 3-4
Producer, 1° Consumer, 2° Consumer, 3º Consumer,
Decomposer?
Producer, 1° Consumer, 2° Consumer, 3º Consumer,
Decomposer?
Alfalfa in a meadow Fungi secreting enzymes in fallen tree Coyote capturing herbivorous mouse
Alfalfa in a meadow Fungi secreting enzymes in fallen tree Coyote capturing herbivorous mouse
Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Water
Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Water
Which 2 cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?
In which 2 are humans affecting the natural greenhouse effect?
Which 2 are directly related to acid deposition?
Which 2 cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?
In which 2 are humans affecting the natural greenhouse effect?
Which 2 are directly related to acid deposition?
All species interacting with one another and their nonliving
environment?
All species interacting with one another and their nonliving
environment?
Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Habitat Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Which is NOT an organism?Which is NOT an organism?
Monarch butterfly Trapdoor spider Nucleus of a cell American elm Orchid
Monarch butterfly Trapdoor spider Nucleus of a cell American elm Orchid
Which is the least inclusive group?
Which is the least inclusive group?
Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Life on Earth depends on 3 interconnected factors.
Name them.
Life on Earth depends on 3 interconnected factors.
Name them.
Most of the solar energy that passes through the atmosphereMost of the solar energy that
passes through the atmosphere Is degraded into longer wavelength infrared
radiation Is converted to gamma radiation Is deflected off hard surfaces Is absorbed by the ozone Is absorbed by organisms
Is degraded into longer wavelength infrared radiation
Is converted to gamma radiation Is deflected off hard surfaces Is absorbed by the ozone Is absorbed by organisms
Which is NOT true of the Greenhouse Effect?
Which is NOT true of the Greenhouse Effect?
It is vital to continued life on Earth asw e know it
It helps warm the troposphere It is caused by the interaction of gaseous
molecules that are excited by IR It can be affected by the concentrations of
the atmospheric gases.
It is vital to continued life on Earth asw e know it
It helps warm the troposphere It is caused by the interaction of gaseous
molecules that are excited by IR It can be affected by the concentrations of
the atmospheric gases.
Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland
biome?
Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland
biome?
Number of species Species of the grass Size of the population Number of organisms Amount of precipitation
Number of species Species of the grass Size of the population Number of organisms Amount of precipitation
The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one
trophic level to another is
The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one
trophic level to another is Energy flow Gross primary productivity Ecological efficiency Biological diversity Range of tolerance
Energy flow Gross primary productivity Ecological efficiency Biological diversity Range of tolerance
Deforestation in the tropical rainforest biome reduces
transpiration and therefore changes local climate by affecting the
Deforestation in the tropical rainforest biome reduces
transpiration and therefore changes local climate by affecting the
Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Phosphorus cycle Sulfur cycle Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Phosphorus cycle Sulfur cycle Carbon cycle
Pyramid energy flow has only a 10% efficiency, while 90% of the energy is
lost as heat.
This is explained by the
Pyramid energy flow has only a 10% efficiency, while 90% of the energy is
lost as heat.
This is explained by the
Law of limiting factors Law of conservation of matter First Law of Thermodynamics Greenhouse effect Second Law of Thermodynamics
Law of limiting factors Law of conservation of matter First Law of Thermodynamics Greenhouse effect Second Law of Thermodynamics
Name the 5 processes involved in the N2 Cycle.
Name the 5 processes involved in the N2 Cycle.
Nitrogen Fixation (lightning, industry, bacteria- N2 to NH3/NH4 for uptake by plants)
Ammonification (bacteria change waste into NH3) Nitrification (NH3 to NO2, NO3 --used by plants) Assimilation (plants make proteins) Denitrification (bacteria decay NH3/NH4 into
NO2/NO3 into N2--occurs in water ocean, lakes, bogs)
Nitrogen Fixation (lightning, industry, bacteria- N2 to NH3/NH4 for uptake by plants)
Ammonification (bacteria change waste into NH3) Nitrification (NH3 to NO2, NO3 --used by plants) Assimilation (plants make proteins) Denitrification (bacteria decay NH3/NH4 into
NO2/NO3 into N2--occurs in water ocean, lakes, bogs)
Which of the following statements about the C cycle is
true?
Which of the following statements about the C cycle is
true? CO2 gas makes up 36% of troposphere. H2 and N2 cycle almost in step with C. CO2 may react with seawater to from CO and CH4
CO2 may form carbonate ions upon reacting with seawater ( after dissolving in water)
CO2 gas shows increased solubility in water when temperature increases
CO2 gas makes up 36% of troposphere. H2 and N2 cycle almost in step with C. CO2 may react with seawater to from CO and CH4
CO2 may form carbonate ions upon reacting with seawater ( after dissolving in water)
CO2 gas shows increased solubility in water when temperature increases
Which of the following has the least direct effect on terrestrial
ecosystems?
Which of the following has the least direct effect on terrestrial
ecosystems? Temperature Dissolved oxygen Precipitation Nature of the soil Amount of plant nutrients in the soil
Temperature Dissolved oxygen Precipitation Nature of the soil Amount of plant nutrients in the soil
What are the 2 major ways humans have impacted the C
cycle?
What are the 2 major ways humans have impacted the C
cycle?
Deforestation (How does this impact?) Burning fossil fuels (How does this
impact?)
What effect is this having on the climate?
Deforestation (How does this impact?) Burning fossil fuels (How does this
impact?)
What effect is this having on the climate?
Which ecological pyramid can’t be inverted?
Which ecological pyramid can’t be inverted?
Numbers pyramid - Biomass pyramid - Energy pyramid -.
Numbers pyramid - Biomass pyramid - Energy pyramid -.
Net Primary ProductivityNet Primary Productivity
A. is rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis
B. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration
C. is rate of photosynthesis plus rate of respirationD. can be thought of as basic food source for
decomposers in an ecosystemE. is rate of plant biomass production through
photosynthesis minus energy used for plant respiration
A. is rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis
B. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration
C. is rate of photosynthesis plus rate of respirationD. can be thought of as basic food source for
decomposers in an ecosystemE. is rate of plant biomass production through
photosynthesis minus energy used for plant respiration
Which is true? 1, 2, or all 3?Which is true? 1, 2, or all 3?
Longer food chains have greater net primary productivity than shorter ones
Shorter food chains support a much smaller number of organisms than longer ones
Longer food chains experience a greater loss of usable energy than do shorter food chains
Longer food chains have greater net primary productivity than shorter ones
Shorter food chains support a much smaller number of organisms than longer ones
Longer food chains experience a greater loss of usable energy than do shorter food chains
Which are necessary for evolution of a population by
natural selection?
Which are necessary for evolution of a population by
natural selection?
Trait must be heritable (must have genetic basis)
Must be variability for trait in the population
Must be equivalent reproductive success with all individuals of population.
Trait must be heritable (must have genetic basis)
Must be variability for trait in the population
Must be equivalent reproductive success with all individuals of population.
Why is protecting keystone species a key goal of many
conservation biologists?
Why is protecting keystone species a key goal of many
conservation biologists?
They are economically beneficial They are critical to human survival They play critical ecological roles in the
community They are endangered species They are exciting to study
They are economically beneficial They are critical to human survival They play critical ecological roles in the
community They are endangered species They are exciting to study
Biodiversity is measured by using
Biodiversity is measured by using
Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Functional diversity
1, 2, 3, or all 4?
Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Functional diversity
1, 2, 3, or all 4?
Natural selection occurs when individuals of a population have various adaptations which lead to
Natural selection occurs when individuals of a population have various adaptations which lead to
Differential reproduction Survival of the strongest Mutations Background extinction Geographic isolation
Differential reproduction Survival of the strongest Mutations Background extinction Geographic isolation
Broad niches are characteristic ofBroad niches are characteristic of
Generalist species Extinct species Natural species Competitive species Specialist species
Generalist species Extinct species Natural species Competitive species Specialist species
Speciation can occur throughSpeciation can occur through
Geographic isolation Background extinction Reproductive isolation
1, 2, or all 3?
Geographic isolation Background extinction Reproductive isolation
1, 2, or all 3?
An example of current evolution by natural selection is
An example of current evolution by natural selection is
Skeletal remains in fossil records Genetic resistance of some strains of
bacteria to antibiotics Human opposable thumbs Plate tectonics Climate change
Skeletal remains in fossil records Genetic resistance of some strains of
bacteria to antibiotics Human opposable thumbs Plate tectonics Climate change
The current scientific estimation of how long life has been on
Earth is
The current scientific estimation of how long life has been on
Earth is 4.5 million years 600 million years 3.7 billion years 500 billion years 7 trillion years
4.5 million years 600 million years 3.7 billion years 500 billion years 7 trillion years
Species can become extinct by which of the following
mechanisms?
Species can become extinct by which of the following
mechanisms?
Background extinction Artificial selection Mass depletion
1, 2, or all 3?
Background extinction Artificial selection Mass depletion
1, 2, or all 3?
A species ecological niche isA species ecological niche is
Where it lives Its pattern and role in the ecosystem Its place on the trophic pyramid Its genetic resistance a measure of evenness
Where it lives Its pattern and role in the ecosystem Its place on the trophic pyramid Its genetic resistance a measure of evenness
Some specialist species provide early signs that ecosystems are
changed or damaged
Some specialist species provide early signs that ecosystems are
changed or damaged Foundation species Indicator species Keystone species Non-native species Endemic species (native to one area only)
Foundation species Indicator species Keystone species Non-native species Endemic species (native to one area only)
According to the theory of island biogeography, what features most affect
the equilibrium of immigration and extinction?
According to the theory of island biogeography, what features most affect
the equilibrium of immigration and extinction?
Island size and distance from the mainland Island size and climate Ocean currents and distance from the
mainland Island size and mutation rate
Island size and distance from the mainland Island size and climate Ocean currents and distance from the
mainland Island size and mutation rate
Species DiversitySpecies Diversity
Is a combination of species richness and evenness
Is a combination of genetic diversity and biodiversity
Is the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions
Is a measure of breadth of a niche
Is a combination of species richness and evenness
Is a combination of genetic diversity and biodiversity
Is the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions
Is a measure of breadth of a niche
Species richness isSpecies richness is
The abundance of individuals with a species The number of different species within a
community The amount of food types a species
consumes The diversity of species within a
community
The abundance of individuals with a species The number of different species within a
community The amount of food types a species
consumes The diversity of species within a
community
Which has the highest number of species?
Which has the highest number of species?
Tropical rainforest Short-grass prairie Savannah Boreal forest Temperate forest
Tropical rainforest Short-grass prairie Savannah Boreal forest Temperate forest
Native, Invasive, Foundation, Keystone or Indicator Species?Native, Invasive, Foundation,
Keystone or Indicator Species? Trout require clean water with high DO so their
presence tells us that these conditions are present in the stream. Trout are _____
Zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on boat hulls. They then take over niches from local species and change ecosystems. Zebra mussels are ______
American alligators dig depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season of the Everglades. They are _____
Trout require clean water with high DO so their presence tells us that these conditions are present in the stream. Trout are _____
Zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on boat hulls. They then take over niches from local species and change ecosystems. Zebra mussels are ______
American alligators dig depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season of the Everglades. They are _____