APHG 1st Semester Final Study Guide

Chapters 1-6

Place chapter 1

• The uniqueness of a location

Reference map

• focus on accuracy in showing the

absolute locations of places, using a

coordinate system that allows for the

precise plotting of where on Earth

something is.

Thematic map

• tell stories showing the degree of some

attribute or the movement of a

geographic phenomenon

Absolute location

• The location of a place using a coordinate system, using degrees, minutes, and seconds. Very precise.

• Absolute locations do not change

Relative location

• the location of a place in relation to

other human and physical features

• are constantly modified and change

over time.

Expansion diffusion

• when an innovation or idea develops

in a hearth and remains strong there

while also spreading outward

Contagious diffusion

• a form of expansion diffusion in which

nearly all adjacent individuals and

places are affected. Ex: Silly Bandz

Hierarchical diffusion

• a pattern in which the main channel

of diffusion is some segment of those

who are susceptible to (or adopting)

what is being diffused. Ex: Crocs

footwear.

Relocation Diffusion

• Occurs most frequently through migration

• Involves the actual movement of individuals

who have already adopted the idea or

innovation, and who carry it to a new,

perhaps distant, locale, where they proceed

to disseminate it

Chapter 2

• Population density: a country’s total

population relative to land size

• Assumes an even distribution of

population to the land • Total population / total land area

• Slovenia - pop= 2,000,000 land area = 7,819 square miles

• What is the arithmetic density?

• Answer: 2,000,000/7819= 256 people per square mile.

Ecumene

• – the portion of the earth’s surface

occupied by permanent human

settlements.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children born to a woman of

childbearing age

Natural Increase

• Births – Deaths

• Does not factor immigration (in-

migration) or emigration

(outmigration) into the equation

Demographic Transition

• A model based on western Europe’s experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries going through industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain. Followed by the convergence of the birth and death rates at a low overall level.

© H.J. de Blij, P.O. Muller, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Expansive population policies

• Encourage large families and raise the

rate of natural increase

Eugenic population policies

• Designed to favor one racial or

cultural sector of the population

over others

Restrictive population

policies

• Govt policies designed to reduce the overall

rate of natural increase. e.g., One-Child Policy in China

– Limitations: Sweden

– Contradictions: Roman Catholic doctrine

Chapter 3 Migration

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cyclic Movement

• Involves journeys that begin at our

home base and bring us back to it

Periodic Movement

• Involves a longer period of time away

from the home base than cyclic

movement

• You eventually return home

• Migrant labor

• Transhumance,

• College attendance

• Military service

Forced Migration

• Atlantic slave trade: the largest and

most devastating forced migration in

the history of humanity

Voluntary Migration

• People relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.

Distance decay

• Prospective migrants are likely to have more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones.

• Since interaction with faraway places generally decreases as distance increases, prospective migrants are likely to feel much less certain about distant destinations than about nearer ones.

Chain migration

• People migrate to areas where

relatives live.

refugee

• People who have fled their country

because of political persecution and

seek asylum in another country.

Guest worker

• A legal immigrant who has a work visa. Usually short term.

Chapter 4 Culture

Folk culture

• is small, incorporates a homogeneous

population, is typically rural, and is

cohesive in cultural traits.

Popular culture

• is large, incorporates heterogeneous

populations, is typically urban, and

experiences quickly changing cultural

traits

local culture

• is a group of people in a particular place who see

themselves as a collective or a community, who

share experiences, customs, and traits, and who

work to preserve those traits and customs in order

to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves

from others

• Local cultures desire to keep popular culture out,

keep their culture intact, and maintain control over

customs and knowledge

cultural appropriation

• the process by which other cultures

adopt customs and knowledge and

use them for their own benefit.

Commodification

• is the process through which

something that previously was not

regarded as an object to be bought or

sold becomes an object that can be

bought, sold, and traded in the world

market.

placelessness

• the loss of uniqueness of place in the

cultural landscape to the point that

one place looks like the next.

• Ex. Murrieta and Temecula.

Chapter 5 Identity: Race, Ethnicity,

Gender, and Sexuality.

identity

• “how we make sense of ourselves.”

Identifying against

• define the “Other person,” and then

we define ourselves in opposing terms

Succession

• New immigrants to a city often move

to low-income areas being slowly

abandoned by older immigrant

groups.

Sense of place

• A state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

Ethnicity

• Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture.

gendered

• In terms of place. Whether the place was designed for men or women.

Chapter 6 Language

Standard language

• The variant of a language that a country’s political and intellectual elite seek to promote as for the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.

Dialects

• Variants of a standard language along

regional or ethnic lines

• Differences in vocabulary, syntax,

pronunciation, cadence, and pace of

speech

Isogloss

• geographic boundary within which a

particular linguistic feature occurs

Sound shift

• is a slight change in a word across

languages within a subfamily or through a

language family from the present backward

toward its origin

• Ex.: Italian, Spanish and French as

members of the Romance language

subfamily – think of numbers in these

languages

Proto-Indo-European language

• An ancestral indo European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which would link modern languages from Scandinavia to north Africa an from north America through parts of Asia to Australia.

Nostratic

• Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European.

lingua franca

• is a language used among speakers of

different languages for the purposes of

trade and commerce

• Can be a single language or a mixture

of two or more languages.

Pidgin language

• When people speaking two or more

languages are in contact and they

combine parts of their languages in a

simplified structure and vocabulary.

Creole language

• is a pidgin language with a more

complex structure and vocabulary

that has become the native language

of a group of people.