APL Equipment Guide

Your APL Equipment Guide

The Perfect Fit For All Your Different Needs

APL, with more than 150 years’ experience in

transportation services, is one of the largest

container transportation companies in the world.

Each year, our customers entrust us to move two

million containers around the world. With a large

and comprehensive container fleet ranging from

standard dry cargo containers to refrigerated and

special containers, our customers can be assured

that they will find the best solution to their cargo

transportation needs.

From equipment design to maintenance and repair,

we take great care in ensuring that our equipment

gives our customers the best possible cargo

protection across their entire supply chain.

While equipment design and equipment

serviceability are important factors in ensuring

cargo protection, there are other factors that are

equally critical. This Equipment Guide aims to help

our valued customers maximize cargo protection

and minimize cargo damages and losses, all by

ensuring the perfect fit for their cargoes.

CONTENTS

The APL Advantage 03

The APL Equipment Fleet 04Features of APL Containers 06

Standard Containers 0820’ Standard Steel Container 1040’ Standard Steel Container 1040’ High Cube Steel Container 1245’ High Cube Steel Container 1248’ High Cube Steel Container 14

Special Containers 1620’ Open Top Container 1840’ Open Top Container 1820’ Collapsible Flat Rack Container 2040’ Collapsible Flat Rack Container 2020’ Tank Container 22

Refrigerated Containers 2420’ Muffler Grade Stainless Steel Reefer 2640’ High Cube Muffler Grade Stainless Steel Reefer 2640’ High Cube Aluminum Reefer 28

Chassis & Generator Set 3020’ Chassis 3240’ Chassis 3240’/45’/48’ Extendable 3245’/48’/53’ Extendable 32Reefer Generator Set – Nose Mount 34Reefer Generator Set – Chassis Side-Mount 34

APL Containers Decoded 35

Selecting The Container For A Perfect Fit 38

Packing, Stowing And Securing For Maximum Protection 40Packing Of Goods 42Stowing Loads In The Container 44Securing Loads In The Container 45

Glossary 46

APL – your global shipping expert

APL is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Neptune Orient

Lines Limited (NOL) Group, a public listed global

transportation company engaged in shipping and other

related business. APL is a world leader in transportation

services with more than 150 years of experience in

ocean transportation. With over 4,000 employees in

more than 200 locations in over 80 countries, and

moving more than two million containers annually,

APL is the global shipping expert that you can rely

on to move your business forward. Reputed for our

high service standards, we work closely with you to

determine your needs and tailor the services to meet

your transportation requirements.

Comprehensive global coverage and network

APL ensures that your transportation needs are

always met globally. Covering over 10,000 locations

in 140 countries across six continents, APL provides

worldwide container transportation and logistics services

through an integrated network combining high quality

intermodal services with cutting-edge technology.

Wide range of state-of-the-art equipment

APL has a comprehensive range of equipment to meet

your specific needs. Our fleet consists of different sizes

of dry cargo steel containers up to 48-foot, aluminum

and stainless steel refrigerated containers, open top

containers, flat rack containers, containers specially

designed for garment shipments, tank containers and

more. At APL, you will always find the equipment that

fits perfectly with your transportation needs.

Apart from the excellent customer service and support

that are synonymous with APL, you will also benefit

from our large yet young container fleet comprising

the industry’s most technologically advanced refrigerated

containers and the industry’s highest quality standard

dry steel containers. As a matter of fact, APL is a leader

in the research and development of temperature-

controlled containers. APL’s equipment fleet includes

the latest muffler grade stainless steel refrigerated

container in both 20-foot and 40-foot sizes with

dehumidification and cold treatment capabilities.

Fast, efficient and reliable

APL quickly and reliably moves your shipments on its

intermodal system – a combination of vessel, stacktrain

and truck transportation. With APL’s excellent schedule

integrity, frequent arrivals and departures and highly

competitive transit times, we can help you respond faster

to the changes in your business needs and environment.

Best-of-class IT tools

APL’s global network is well-supported by the industry’s

most advanced technology systems and a comprehensive

suite of online services. With our award-winning

Web portal, HomePort®, you can easily prepare, review,

submit and print your Bills of Lading online. So with

APL’s entire logistics and transportation resources

at one single location, you can enjoy quick and easy

access to the information you need.

If you don’t have Web access, you can still track the

status of all your active shipments from origin to

destination, and obtain real-time details via email.

We also offer EDI solutions for customers who want

better integration with their systems. Available 24 hours

a day, our e-commerce suite puts you in better control

of your shipments, from planning to tracking and

payment with just the click of the mouse.

The APL Advantage

The APL Advantage 03

The APL Equipment Fleet

APL offers a comprehensive fleet of high

quality equipment. This section provides you

with a detailed description of the various

types of equipment in APL’s fleet and a guide

to help you select the best solution for your

specific needs.

Whichever equipment you select, you can be

assured that your cargoes are in safe hands.

That’s because we attend to the smallest detail

even at the equipment design stage, to bring

you equipment of the highest standards in

the industry.

Features Of APL Containers

Forklift Pockets

06

Left Door LockThere are no seal holes on the lockinghandle catches of all left doors toeliminate the security risk of putting theseal on the wrong locking handle catch.

Right Door LockSeal holes present

Forklift PocketsAvailable on 20’ containers, theseenable handling of empty containersby forklift trucks.

Left Door LockNo seal holes

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above.

If assistance is required, please contact your local APL customer service representative.

Features Of APL Containers 07

Door Overlap PlateThis serves to safeguard against thedoor from being prised open by force.

Door Overlap Plate

Garment Hanger BarsEach bar has a safe cargo capacityof 350kg when evenly distributed.These allow textiles to be transportedunfolded on clothes hangers.

Gooseneck TunnelA regular feature with containersizes 40’ and above, this centers thecontainer to the gooseneck chassisfor a more secured transportation.

Gooseneck Tunnel Garment Hanger Bar


S t a n d a r d C o n t a i n e r s

Standard containers are also known as general

purpose containers. These can fit most of your

common needs. A majority of the standard

containers in APL’s fleet are made of steel.

Standard containers are designed and constructed

for transportation of general cargo on sea, rail

and land. They are able to withstand extreme

temperatures ranging from -40°C (-40°F) to 70°C

(158°F) without affecting their strength and

water-tightness.

APL provides standard containers in the following

sizes: 20’, 40’, 45’ and 48’. Among APL’s fleet,

20’ and 40’ ISO standard containers have a height

of 8’6”. Apart from that, APL also operates a large

number of high cube containers with expanded

cubic capacity for transporting voluminous and

lightweight cargo. High cube containers are

available in 40’ and 45’ with a height of 9’6”, and

48’ in 9’61/2”. It’s worth noting that APL‘s 48’

containers are specially designed to be 6” wider

than the standard containers to give you a higher

cubic capacity.

40’ Standard Steel Container Description Metric U.S.

Cubic Capacity 67.700 cubic meters 2,391 cubic feet

Payload (Weight) 26,760 kg or 28,760 kg 58,996 lb or 63,405 lb

Tare Weight 3,720 kg or 3,740 kg 8,201 lb or 8,245 lb

Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg or 32,500 kg 67,197 lb or 71,650 lb

20’ Standard Steel Container Description Metric U.S.





10

40’ standard steel containers are closed weather-tight containers that

can be used to transport any general cargo. Most of APL’s 40’ containers

have a payload capacity of 28,760 kg with a gross weight of 32,500 kg.

This exceeds the payload capacity of 26,760 kg (gross weight of 30,480 kg)

required by ISO standards. Almost all 40’ containers have a recess at the

bottom called the gooseneck tunnel*. 22 or more APL standard garment

hanger bars* can be installed on most APL-owned 40’ containers.

Dimensions

Description Metric U.S.

Internal Length 12.032 m 39’6”

Internal Width 2.352 m 7’9”

Internal Height 2.392 m 7’10”

External Length 12.192 m 40’0”

External Width 2.438 m 8’0”

External Height 2.591 m 8’6”

Door Opening Width 2.340 m 7’8”

Door Opening Height 2.280 m 7’6”

Lashing Rings Ten on each top and bottom rails,capacity 2,000 kg;Three on each corner post,capacity 1,500 kg

20’ standard steel containers are closed weather-tight containers that

are suitable for any general cargo. 20’ standard steel containers operated

by APL have a payload capacity of up to 28,160 kg, close to the payload

capacity of most 40’ standard steel containers. This makes 20’ standard

steel containers especially suitable for high-density, heavyweight cargo.

In addition, 11 or more APL standard garment hanger bars* can be installed

on most APL-owned 20’ containers. Forklift pockets* are also available

on almost all 20’ containers.

Dimensions





External Length 6.058 m 19’101/2”





Lashing Rings Five on each top and bottom rails,capacity 2,000 kg;Three on each corner post,capacity 1,500 kg

*Please refer to Features of APL Containers on pages 06 and 07.

Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in containermust conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,please contact your local APL customer service representative.

Standard Containers 11

40’ High Cube Steel Container Description Metric U.S.







Payload (Weight) 28,280 kg 62,350 lb

Tare Weight 4,740 kg 10,450 lb

Max Gross Weight 33,020 kg 72,800 lb

12

40’ high cube containers are suitable for all general cargo transportation.

40’ high cube containers are almost identical to the 40’ standard containers,

except that they have more cubic capacity as they are one foot taller. Thus,

40’ high cube containers are especially suitable for voluminous cargo. The

ISO standard payload capacity is 26,760 kg with a gross weight of 30,480 kg.

Most of APL’s 40’ high cube containers have a payload capacity of 28,550

kg with a gross weight of 32,500 kg, which surpasses the ISO requirement.

Almost all 40’ containers have a recess at the bottom called the gooseneck

tunnel*. 22 or more APL standard garment hanger bars* can be installed

on most APL-owned 40’ high cube containers.

Being 9’6” tall (high cube) and 45’ long, 45’ high cube containers

have a capacity of 86.5 cubic meters, 18.8 cubic meters more than the

standard 40’ container. They are especially suitable for voluminous

lightweight cargo. Almost all 45’ containers have a recess at the bottom

called the gooseneck tunnel*. 24 or more APL standard garment hanger

bars* can be installed on most APL-owned 40’ high cube containers.

Dimensions










Lashing Rings 10 on each top and bottom rails, capacity 2,000 kg;Three on each corner post,capacity 1,500 kg

Dimensions










Lashing Rings 12 on each top and bottom rails, capacity 2,000 kg;Three on each corner post, capacity1,500 kg








Max Gross Weight 30,480 kg^ 67,197 lb^

^Tested to 31,000 kg / 68,340 lb

14

The 48’ high cube steel container has the highest cubic capacity of all -

98.8 cubic meters. They are especially suitable for voluminous lightweight

cargo. Almost all 48’ containers have a recess at the bottom called the

gooseneck tunnel*. 48’ high cube containers are mostly confined to usage

in North America for land transportation. However, APL is the only ocean

carrier to offer 48’ containers for international shipments. Currently these

containers are offered for services from Yantian, South China to all destinations

in the U.S. This is accomplished via APL’s extensive intermodal network.

Dimensions







External Height 2.908 m 9’61/2”



Lashing Rings 12 on each top and bottom rails, capacity 2,000 kg;Three on each corner post,capacity 1,500 kg





S p e c i a l C o n t a i n e r s

In APL’s container fleet, there are a number of

special containers including open top containers,

flat rack containers and tank containers. These

containers enable your customers to select the

best fit solution for your special needs.

40’ Open Top Container Description Metric U.S.





20’ Open Top Container Description Metric U.S.





Open Top Containers

18

Dimensions







Roof Opening Length 11.600 m 38’1”

Roof Opening Width 2.140 m 7’0”

Open top containers are especially suitable for transporting overheight

cargo, i.e. cargo taller than 2.54m (8’5”). They are available in two sizes:

20’ and 40’. Cargo can be loaded by crane from the top-side. Overheight

cargo can also be loaded from the door-side since the door header can be

swung open.

Numerous lashing rings are available on the four corner posts, top-side rails

and bottom-side rails for securing the cargo. If the cargo needs to be

protected from rain, tarpaulin sheets can be provided to cover the top of

the container. Forklift pockets* are available on many 20’ open top containers.

Gooseneck tunnels* are available on most 40’ open top containers.

Commodities commonly shipped in the open top container include machinery,

industrial boilers, tractors, steel pipes, steel bars and cables.

Dimensions







Roof Opening Length 5.500 m 18’1”

Roof Opening Width 2.220 m 7’3”

Cargo being loaded by crane from

top-side of an open top container

Cargo being hauled in an open-top container

Special Containers 19



40’ Flat Rack Container Description Metric U.S.




20’ Flat Rack Container Description Metric U.S.




Collapsible Flat Rack Containers

20

Dimensions








Although flat rack containers are primarily meant for overwidth (width

greater than 2.35m or 7’8”) and heavyweight cargo, both overwidth and

overheight cargo can be loaded on flat rack containers due to its open

construction. The specially reinforced bottom construction can sustain the

high pressure of heavyweight cargo. Numerous high load capacity lashing

rings are installed on the corner posts, top-side rails and bottom-side rails

for lashing and bracing of the cargo.

Commodities commonly shipped in the flat rack container include machinery,

industrial boilers, tractors, parts packed in cases, steel tubes, steel pipes,

steel bars and cables.

Dimensions









A flat rack container carrying cargo that is too tall and too wide for a standard container


20’ Tank Container

Tank Container

22


Cubic Capacity 24,000 liter 6,340 gallon



Working Pressure 4 bar 58.0 psi

Test Pressure 6 bar 87.0 psi

Vacuum Pressure 0.42 bar 6.1 psi

Barrel/Head Thickness 4.6/4.5 mm 0.181” / 0.177”

APL operates a 24,000-litre ISO tank container fleet. Our tank container

fleet is separated for two transportation purposes: tank containers

for liquid chemical products and tank containers exclusively for liquid

foodstuff. All APL tanks are of the highest quality design and construction,

and conform strictly to the latest international approvals.

Commodities commonly shipped in the tank container include harmful

and/or hazardous chemicals and liquid foodstuff.

Dimensions






Tank containers being hauled



Refr igerated Containers

Refrigerated containers are used to transportcargo that requires protection from heat or cold,temperature control or ventilation. A wide varietyof the commodities can be shipped in refrigeratedcontainers, including fresh fruits and vegetables,fresh and frozen meats, poultry and seafood juices,dairy products and eggs, frozen prepared foods,fresh juices and concentrates, confectionery products,live plants and flowers, chemical and biologicalproducts.

APL’s fleet of reefer containers are amongst the mostadvanced in the industry – all to ensure that yourcargo arrives at its destination in optimum condition.

While APL has been a pioneer in the research anddevelopment of reefer containers since its advent,

it still maintains one of the youngest and mosttechnologically advanced reefer fleets in the industry.

Almost all APL reefers are equipped withdehumidification systems, where relative humiditycan be set between 65% and 95% and can becontrolled according to cargo requirements.

In addition, most of our reefers are equipped withCold Treatment capability, which preserves yourfruits better and eliminates the need for fumigationand the use of certain insecticides. APL has beenknown to successfully complete certain landmarkshipments with this capability.

Commodities shipped using Cold Treatment are

typically fruits from fruit flies infested areas. Theyinclude lychee, longan, starfruit, grapes, kiwi fruit,apple and pear.

APL also has some of the most technologicallyadvanced reefer containers in the industry that areequipped with modified atmosphere technology andcontrolled atmosphere technology.

Modified atmosphere technology purges mostgases out of a container before a new mixture ofgases – at the optimum levels and amounts for thecommodity being shipped – is injected into thecontainer after it has been sealed. It is effectivein slowing respiration and retarding the productionof ethylene in horticultural commodities, thuslengthening the shelf life of these commodities.

Controlled atmosphere technology uses computersystems to monitor and control the atmosphere inthe container and make adjustments during the trip.These systems also record changes in the atmosphericcomposition during a container’s journey and provideprintouts for quality-control purposes.

Commodities commonly shipped in containers usingmodified atmosphere technology and controlledatmosphere technology include stone fruit, avocado,cherry, asparagus and brussels sprouts.

All APL refrigerated containers are approved by ATO(Agrotechnology & Food Innovations B.V.).

20’ Muffler GradeStainless Steel Reefer


Cubic Capacity 28.300 cubic meters 999 cubic feet




40’ High Cube Muffler GradeStainless Steel Reefer






26

Refrigerated Containers

Dimensions










Cooling Unit 8,820 kcal/h at 35F

Controlled Atmosphere Yes

Modified Atmosphere Yes

Dehumidification Yes

APL’s muffler grade stainless steel reefer containers provide high cubic

capacity and high resistance to damage and contamination.

20’ reefer containers are suitable for high density, heavyweight cargo

and are equipped with forklift pockets* for handling of empty containers

by forklift trucks.

40’ reefer containers are equipped with the gooseneck tunnel* to center

the container on the gooseneck chassis for more secured land transportation.

They are especially suitable for voluminous lightweight cargo.

Dimensions















Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in containermust conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,please contact your local APL customer service representative. For more detailed information on APL’s reefer capabilities, “The APL Reefer Guide - Fresh Connections”is available upon request.

Refrigerated Containers 27

40’ High Cube Aluminum Reefer Description Metric U.S.





28

Dimensions














APL’s aluminium reefer containers provide high payload for customers.

These 40’ refrigerated containers are equipped with the gooseneck tunnel*

to center the container on the gooseneck chassis for more secured land

transportation. They are especially suitable for voluminous lightweight cargo.

Refrigerated Containers 29


Please note that in certain exceptional cases, the containers operated by APL may have specifications that differ from the descriptions above. Also, cargo in containermust conform to the dimensional regulations and laws stipulated by the host country, thus payload capacity may be affected. For more information or assistance,please contact your local APL customer service representative. For more detailed information on APL’s reefer capabilities, “The APL Reefer Guide - Fresh Connections”is available upon request.


Chassis And Generator Set

As an established container transportation company,

APL has a range of equipment to complement the

main container sets by ensuring the perfect fit and

maximising security of your cargoes.

Different chassis are constructed to haul containers

of different sizes. Generator sets can be equipped

with the chassis to provide power to the reefer

containers they carry. There are four types of chassis

in APL’s equipment fleet: 20’ chassis, 40’ chassis,

40’/45’/48’ extendable chassis, and 45’/48’/53’

extendable chassis.

20’ Chassis Description Metric U.S.

Kingpin Location 0.460 m 18”

Tandem Setting 1.370 m 54”


40’ Chassis Description Metric U.S.


Tandem Setting 1.370 m 54”


40’/45’/48’ Extendable Description Metric U.S.


Tandem Setting 1.370 m – 2.760 m 54” – 108”


Chassis

45’/48’/53’ Extendable Description Metric U.S.


Tandem Setting 1.37 m – 3.670 m 54” – 144”


32

Dimensions


Length 7.010 m 23’0”

Width 2.440 m 8’0”

Height 1.320 m 4’7”

Landing Gear Location 2.130 m 84”

Dimensions


Length 12.500 m 41’0”

Width 2.440 m 8’0”

Height 1.220 m 4’0”


Dimensions


40’ Length 12.400 m 40’9”

45’ Length 13.920 m 45’9”

48’ Length 14.850 m 48’9”

Width 2.440 m 8’0”

Height 1.220 m 4’0”


Chassis & Generator Set

Dimensions


45’ Length 13.940 m 45’9”

48’ Length 14.850 m 48’9”

53’ Length 16.380 m 53’9”

Width 2.440 m 8’0”

Height 1.220 m 4’0”


33

For more information or assistance, please contact your local APL customer service representative.

Reefer Generator Set– Nose Mount


Operating temperature -40°C to 54°C -40°F to 130°F

Fuel tank capacity 473 liters 125 gallon

Capacity 25.4 kw 34 bhp

Weight 834kg 1860 lb

34

Generator set

Reefer Generator Set– Chassis Side-mount


Operating temperature -40°C to 54°C -40°F to 130°F

Fuel tank capacity 283 liters 75 gallon

Capacity 25.4 kw 34 bhp

Weight 685 kg 1510 lb

For more information or assistance, please contact your local APL customer service representative.


APL Containers Decoded

Container Weightand Cubic Capacityinformation

APL Containers Decoded

Container Prefix(e.g. “APZU” = Standard,

“APHU” = High Cube,“APRU” = Reefer)

Container Number

ISO Check Digit

Consolidated Data Plate indicating standards thatthe container conforms to:

• TIR Custom Seal

• Container Safety Convention

• Approved Continuous Examinations Program

• Timber Component Treatment

• Data Plate (containing container specifications)

“Super Heavy” mark(only for containerswith high gross weight)

ISO Container Size and Type Code:

• 1st character indicates length(e.g. “L” = 45’, “4” = 40’, “2” = 20’)

• 2nd character indicates height and width (e.g. “5” = High Cube, “2” = Standard)

• 3rd character indicates equipment type(e.g. “G” = General Purpose, “R” = Reefer)

• 4th character indicates equipment sub-type

36

ISO Container Size and Type Code

Warning mark

ISO Check DigitContainer NumberContainer Prefix

“Super Heavy” mark(only for containerswith high gross weight)

UIC mark. It meansthat this container isfit for Europeanrailway (for 8’6” highcontainers only)

Height indication

Caution mark on height

Additional notations on APL High Cube Containers

APL Containers Decoded 37

UIC mark

“Super Heavy” mark

Selecting The ContainerFor A Perfect Fit

Not only will selecting the right container for

your shipments reduce your costs and save you

time, it also offers maximum protection for your

shipments. The following flowchart details a

recommended guide to help you select the right

type of container for your cargo.

Start

Liquid Cargo?

Overwidth Cargo?> 2.35m (7’8”)

Overheight Cargo?> 2.54m (8’5”)

Temperature ControlRequired?

Standard Container

Tank Container

Flat Rack Container

Open Top Container

Refrigerated Container

20’ Standard Container

40’ Standard or40’ High Cube Container

40’ High Cube,45’ High Cube or

48’ High Cube Container

Chemical GradeTank Container

Food GradeTank Container

20’ Reefer Container

40’ High CubeReefer Container

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

HeavyweightCargo

Liquid Chemical

Liquid Foodstuff

Heavyweight Cargo

Lightweight Cargo

General Cargo

Lightweight &Voluminous Cargo

Selecting The Container For A Perfect Fit 39

Packing, Stowing And SecuringFor Maximum Protection

APL Equipment Fleet

Packing, stowing and securing are important processes inprotecting cargo during transportation as cargo damage oftenoccurs due to improper packing and stowing. Generally, whendeveloping packaging of products, manufacturers place muchemphasis on ensuring that the packaging promotes the productsand its benefits in the best possible light to the customer.However, often times, very little thought goes into developingpackaging that can also serve to protect the product during thestorage and transportation cycle. As cargo damage often occursduring transportation, it is therefore critical to design packagingthat not only promotes, but importantly, protects the product.

Packing, stowing or securing that may appear safe understatic conditions can become inadequate during land andsea transportation. This is because cargoes in containers aresubject to a number of different stresses apart from normalstatic stress. For example, acceleration or deceleration duringroad transportation exerts horizontal pressures on the sides ofthe cargo. During sea voyages, a container ship may result inrolling, pitching or swaying due to rough weather conditions.These ship movements may exert a combination of forces onthe cargo it carries. In addition, vertical acceleration during porthandling will increase stack pressure on cargoes in the containers.Proper packing, stowing and securing of the loads in the containerwill offer maximum protection of the goods against all possibleforms of stresses (see diagram below). As a matter of fact, cargothat is properly secured before transportation will not onlybe protecting itself, but will also protect the container andthe personnel handling the cargo.

Another main cause of damage to cargo is condensation incontainers. Condensation in containers occur as a result of vastdifferences in temperatures at origin and destination locationsand even in transit. For example, cargo, packed in cardboardcartons and loaded in South-East Asia, where the ambienttemperature is 25ºC/77ºF and relative humidity is 90% canhave substantial amount of water trapped in the cardboardpackaging or carried as water vapour in the air. Moving it toNorthern Europe, where the ambient temperature is 10ºC/50ºFand relative humidity is 65%, means that the carton will giveoff substantial amounts of water, which inevitably, condenseson the roof of the container and drips down onto the cartonsas the temperature cools. This results in a large quantity of wet-damaged cartons and ruined products. Therefore, proper packingof these cartons with protective films and shrink-wraps canminimize damage caused by condensation in containers.

A good loading practice consists of the following three steps:

1. PackingThe way goods are packed should be suitable for containerloading, for example, palletized loads with dimensions that fitwell in the container to be used. They should also be packedto minimize damage caused by condensation in containers.

2 . StowingAppropriate stowing of loads inside the container.

3 . SecuringAppropriate load securing to prevent load movements withinthe container.

Packing, Stowing And Securing For Maximum Protection 41

Forms Of Stress

Storage

ClimaticStresses

MechanicalStresses

BioticStresses

ChemicalStresses

StaticStresses

DynamicStresses

ShippingStresses

Handling Transportation

1. Packing Of Goods

Examples Of Properly Packed Loads

42

If goods are stored in cartons, crates and boxes, they should bebundled into appropriate sizes by using receptacles. These sizesshould enable easy loading and unloading. If possible, theyshould be packed in the palletized units that enable them tobe handled by a forklift truck.

• When goods are palletized, any part of the goods should bewithin the bonds of the pallet, since parts exceeding thebonds of the pallet will easily incur damages during handlingand transportation.

• The surface of the package should be leveled to allow stacking.

• If the sides are not perfectly flushed with the pallet base,gaps between pallets should be filled using additional measures.

• Cargoes other than cartons and boxes such as drums, barrels,etc, should be packed using similar principles. Surfacesshould be leveled to allow stacking. Sides should be flushedto prevent damages to the goods placed next to them.Otherwise, additional dunnage - cushioning material likewood planks, plastic foam, or paper boards - should beused to ensure proper protection against damages. Thesides of the load should provide enough friction to preventit from sliding against other loads.

These load units are generally well-packed,the surfaces are level and they can bestacked. The sides are perfectly flushedwith the pallet base

Not properly secured with shrink-wrap or tieddown, resulting in high likelihood of damage

Drums are not firmly attached to the palletPallet is not loaded flushedUnit cannot be stacked

Examples Of Badly Packed Loads


a

a

Packages here are not aligned to the width of thepallet ; they should always be loaded flusheda

Without the additional use of appropriate corner rails or cover boards, the strapsa alone will not be able to hold the plastic receptacles in place for long

a

b

c

c

b

a

a

a

a

Irregular shaped unit hinders packing andstacking and leads to unstable loads

a

• Proper planning should be done before stowing. Stowing

should be planned in a way that the cargo weight is

distributed as evenly as possible, and total weight to be

within the maximum payload limit.

• The center of gravity of the stowed cargo should be at

or below the half-height point of the container. In other

words, heavy cargo should be stowed at the bottom of the

container for better stability. The center of gravity should

be at or close to the half-length position of the container

for safer container handling.

• When necessary, dunnage such as wood planks, plastic

foam and paper boards should be used to protect against

mechanical damage, such as the damage caused by

the container corner post, or corrugation of the container

2. Stowing Loads In The Container

wall or by the uneven surfaces of the load next to it.

• When stacking cargo on top of each other, interlayerdunnage can be used to create a level surface for properstacking.

• When transporting moisture-sensitive cargo, desiccants canbe used to protect the cargo from damp. Roof dunnageand floor dunnage should be used to dissipate moistureand to avoid accumulation of damp or sweat. In addition,wrapping moisture-sensitive cargo using plastic sheet, oiledpaper and tarpaulins can effectively reduce the risk of thecargo being damaged by container sweat or cargo sweat.

• Bottom and intermediate dunnage must be arranged in away that it can easily be handled by fork, chains and othercargo handling equipment without causing damages.

Interlayer dunnage madeof plywood boards todistribute load forces

Floor dunnage

Proper Use Of Dunnage

Examples Of Incorrect Use Of Dunnage

Interlayer dunnage is used as alevelling aid. However, a paper cartonwill be crushed under the weight ofan entire pallet

44

Missing interlayerdunnage

Risk of damage isincreased when dunnageis used on edge

dunnage

• Goods should be packed in the container to achieve a tightfit, so that the possibility of cargo sliding and moving due tothe movement of the container or ship is minimized. If packagesdo not fill the entire width or length of the container,appropriate securing mechanisms should be deployed at thesides or in the door area.

• Gaps between goods or packages should be filled usingdunnage such as wood planks, paper boards or airbags. Ifgaps are relatively big, use wood bracing to secure your cargo.

• Alternatively, lashing can be used to achieve a tight fit. Lashing

3. Securing Loads In The Container

at appropriate angles and using lashing materials of appropriatestrength is critical to effective securing. Many lashing ringsare available on the corner posts, top and bottom side railsof all APL-owned dry containers.

• Depending on the shape and weight of the cargo, horizontal,longitudinal, transverse lashing or a combination of themcan be considered for effective securing of cargo.

• Before applying the proper lashing, all possible stresses anddifferent types of movements that the container or ship issubjected to should be considered.

Horizontal lashing with longitudinal component

Diagonal lashing with horizontal longitudinal andtransverse components and vertical components

Horizontal lashing with transverse component

Vertical lashing with slighthorizontal transverse components

Cross lashing with horizontaland vertical components

Effective Lashing


View from the top

View from the top

View from the top

Lateral view Lateral view

Glossary

Glossary 47

actual gross weightThe sum of the container weight plus the payload containedin it.

actual payloadMaximum allowable weight of payload (actual weight minustare weight).

actual weightGross shipping weight.

box palletA pallet with at least three fixed, removable, or collapsiblevertical sides.

break bulkCargo transported not in a container. It may be in loosepackages or in loose form, such as machinery.

break bulk cargoSee break bulk.

cargo sealThe metal device inserted into the handle assembly on thedoor of the container to prevent or to detect entry. The sealhas a number that is recorded. In addition, this number isoften noted on the bill of lading. The sophistication of sealscan range from a simple, numbered plastic tag - called anentry seal and used on an empty container - to an electronicseal that immediately indicates through global electronicpositioning technology when and where it has been broken.

cargo tonnageThe weight ton in the United States is the short ton, 2,000pounds, or the long ton, 2,240 pounds. In British countriesit is the English long ton, or gross ton, of 2,240 pounds. InFrance and other countries having the metric system, theweight ton is 2,204.62 pounds. The measurement ton isusually 40 cubic feet, but in some instances a larger numberof cubic feet is taken as a weight ton. Most ocean freightis taken at weight or measurement (W/M), ship's option.

cargo weightThe weight of the cargo. Cargo weight plus tare weightequals gross weight.

carrying temperatureA narrow, prescribed range of temperatures in a containerduring transit that maintains the ideal temperature in theproduct and protects the product from harm. This informationis displayed on a label attached to the container.

chassisA wheeled carriage onto which a container is mounted forover-the-road conveyance. More specifically, it is a skeletalframe, semi-trailer which is equipped with license, lights,reflectors, brakes, etc., to meet the legal operating codesand requirements of the jurisdictions within which it operates.This unit has locking devices that secure the container tothe frame.In the case of container yard operations, it is a skeletal trailer,generally without a license for use on the public roads, formoving containers within a yard.Also, the part of a motor vehicle that includes, the frame,suspension system, wheels, steering mechanism etc., butnot the engine or the body.

containerWhen used in an intermodal industry context, this refers toa steel or aluminum box into which goods or a commodityare packed for shipment.

container contaminationA container is considered contaminated when residue ofprevious cargo cannot be cleaned by normal sweeping orby normal steam cleaning. The remedy may then be:• structural repair,• removal of contaminated floor boards,• partial or full refurbishment,• chemical cleaning,• fumigating,• decontamination, or• deodorizing.

container damageDefined by one or more physical defects on a container thataffects the cargo carrying capabilities of the unit. This couldhave been caused by a single or a series of events, such asimpact, abrasion, or contamination.Damaged containers are inspected and repaired to the ICIIstandards.

container loadA load sufficient in size to fill a container either by cubicmeasurement or by weight.

container load planA list and a graphic picture of the inside of a containershowing where and how the cargo is stowed and the loadingsequence.

containerizable cargoCargo that will fit into a container and result in an economicalshipment consistent with delivery requirements.

Glossary

48

controlled atmosphereA term used in reference to a refrigerated container to indicateit is a type that permits the temperature within the containerto be controlled.The reason that this is important is so a gas such as nitrogencan be maintained in a stable condition within the container.Nitrogen reduces the spoilage rate of fruits and vegetables.

corner postA vertical structural member at each of the four corners ofa container. These are made onto a square unit by top andbottom horizontal posts. The vertical and horizontal membersare connected at the corner castings, thereby forming an endframe or corner structure.

cubic capacityHas two meanings:• the carrying capacity of a container in terms of cubic

measurement, and• the cubic space available for the stowage of cargo.

cubic feet per minuteUnit of measurement for the movement of a volume of gasor liquid per unit of time.

cubic footA measurement of 12 inches by 12 inches by 12 inches or1,728 cubic inches.

cubic meterA measurement of 1 meter by 1 meter by 1 meter. Abbreviated:CBMCM

D20Dry 20-foot container.

D40Dry 40-foot container.

deadweight tonnageThe number of long tons (see ton) of cargo, stores, water,and fuel a vessel can transport. Relative to cargo, the weightsfor stores, water, and fuel are not significant. You can useDWT as a quick reference for the cargo carrying capacity ofa ship.

deadweight cargoCargo of such a nature that one long ton is stowed in lessthan 70 cubic feet.

dry cargoWhen used in a tariff, this means cargo other than liquidcargo or cargo requiring temperature control.

dunnageMaterial used in stowing or bracing cargo to preventmovement.

FEUAbbreviation for the International Standards Organizationdesignated "Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit."

flat rackSee flat rack container.

flat rack containerA special container for cargo too long or wide for standardcontainers.

floor loadingStatic weight of cargo and the dynamic force of handlingequipment, such as a forklift, for a particular container.

forklift pocketsOpenings in the sides of containers for the insertion of forksby a forklift.

forklift truckA three or four wheeled mechanical unit with forks at thefront designed for lifting, carrying, and stowing cargo, pallets,or containers.

forty-foot equivalent unitAbbreviated FEU. Refers to container size standard of 40 feet.1 40-foot container equals 2 TEU. This equivalency standardwas set by the ISO.

full container loadA container loaded, completely or almost, to its maximumweight limit or cubic content.

gallonOne U.S. gallon equals 231 cubic inches or 0.1337 cubic feet.

gensetGenerator used to supply power to a refrigerated container.

GOHGarment on hangar. Indicates a container that has beenconverted from a dry box to a garment container.

gooseneckOn a drop-frame chassis, the gooseneck is the upper level atthe front of the chassis together with the structure connectingit to the lower level behind it. The gooseneck on the chassisstructure fits into the gooseneck tunnel recess of containersbuilt with this feature. This provides the securing and stabilityfor the container at the front. The rear of the container issecured with the normal twistlock assembly.

gooseneck tunnelThe recess in the front portion of a container understructureinto which the gooseneck structure of a chassis fits.

Glossary 49

gross ton2,240 pounds. See short ton.

gross tonnageThis is not a measurement of weight as we traditionally thinkof it. It is a measurement of the amount of vessel space: aton is 100 cubic feet. A ship's gross tonnage is all the cubicfeet in its enclosed spaces: cargo holds, engine room, anddeck house divided by 100. See net tonnage.

gross weightAs a measurement, gross means the item you are evaluatingconsists of the overall total exclusive of deductions.When, for example, referring to an in-gate operation this isthe total weight of the equipment - such as tractor, includingfuel and driver - and chassis and cargo.But, if you were referring to the gross weight of the containeronly, this would be a combination of the container tareweight plus the cargo weight.

groundingRemoving the container from the stack train and putting iton a chassis.

half height containerAn open top container, sometimes fitted with removablecovers, that is 4'3''/1.30m high.

high cubeA container that exceeds 8 feet 6 inches in height.

in transitIn passage.

inflatable dunnageFlexible bags usually made from vinyl material; can be inflatedwithin the void spaces of a stow to prevent movement ofthe cargo.

insulated containerA container insulated on the walls, roof, floor and doors, toreduce the effect of external temperatures on the cargo.

International Standards OrganizationAn organization founded in the late 1940's and headquarteredin Geneva, Switzerland. Through the participation of itsmembers, it establishes many world standards; for example,ISO 9002 as a business practice.In the intermodal area, the ISO is best known for establishingin the mid 1960's the standard for the size of a container,including all its components, such as the specifications forthe corner casting.This reversed the situation where, by the time there were20,000 containers worldwide in 1965, there were 11different sizes.The resulting uniformity coordinated and established by theISO permitted the evolution from containerization tointermodalism.

ISOSee International Standards Organization.

known damageDamage discovered before or at the time of delivery of ashipment.

known lossA loss discovered before or at the time of delivery of ashipment.

KTKilo or metric ton. Equals 2,204.6 pounds.

ladenMeans the same as "loaded (aboard a vessel)."

lashTo hold goods in position by the use of securing devicessuch as wire rope, lines, chains and straps.

lashing fittingA cargo securing device in the floor fixed to the interior sidepanels of a container that provide for the lashing or securingof cargo.

lashing pointSee lashing fitting.

lashing rodA stout metal rod used in on-deck container stowage thatsecures containers to the deck. It ties a container cornercasting to a fitting on the deck or on the lashing bridge.Used in conjunction with the interbox connector, this stabilizesthe stacks on deck. This is necessary to compensate for theeffects of ship movement in the open sea.

loadTo load a vehicle or container.The freight in a vehicle or container. A container filled withfreight that is moved from the customer-designated originto the customer-designated destination.To load a program into a computer after the program hasbeen translated into machine code. Any procedure for gettinga computer or other device ready to operate by providingthat device with the magnetic tape or disks that it needs tofunction.

long ton2,240 pounds.See also ton.

mAbbreviations for:A meter, or 39.37 inches.

max.Maximum.

50

maximum cubeA level of cube utilization that closely approximates the statedcubic capacity of a container.

maximum gross weightWeight of a container and its payload.

maximum payloadMaximum cargo that can be loaded into a container eitherby weight or volume.

MBM1,000 board feet.1 MBM equals 2,265 C.M.

meter1 meter equals 39.37 inches. Also spelled metre.

metreAn alternative spelling of meter.

metric ton2,204.6 pounds; or 40 cubic feet - used in water transportationrate-making. The same as a measurement ton. Also see ton.

min.Minimum.

min. wt.Minimum Weight.

modified atmosphereAbbreviated MAMOS. A blend of gases tailored to a specificload of cargo that replaces the normal atmosphere withina container.

MTMeasurement ton. See metric ton.

net short ton2,000 pounds.

net tare weightThe weight of an empty cargo-carrying piece of equipmentplus any fixtures permanently attached.

net tonMetric ton.

net tonnageNet tonnage measures volume of airspace. Like deadweighttonnage, it is used to rate a ship's cargo carrying capacity.To determine NT, the cubic footage of all non-cargo spaces- crew accommodations, machinery and navigation areas,the engine room, and the fuel and water tanks - are measured.This measurement is divided by 100 to convert it to net tons.This figure is then subtracted from the gross tonnage figure.The result is net tons of cargo carrying capacity in cubicmeasure.See also gross tonnage.

net weightWhen referring to goods, this is the weight of the productexclusive of all packaging.

noseFront of the container.

NTNet ton.

obnoxious cargoCargo that can by its nature contaminate its container, thevessel, or other cargo, for example: hides or fish meal.

open topSee open top container.

open top containerA container fitted with a solid removable roof, or with atarpaulin roof that can be loaded or unloaded from the top.

optimum cubeThe highest level of cube utilization that can be achievedwhen loading cargo into an ocean-freight container.

overheight cargoCargo extending above the height of an open top container.

palletA standard size platform on which packages can be stackedand then unitized - for example, with bands or plastic wrap- for easy movement by a forklift truck. See pallet wrappingmachine.In Europe, the 1,200mm by 1,000mm pallet is in general use.The U.K. equivalent is 48 inches by 40 inches.Growing in popularity is the 48 inch by 48 inch pallet.

palletized cargoIndividual items of cargo loaded on a pallet.

payloadIn general, this is the revenue-producing or useful load ameans of transportation can carry.Translated to intermodal language, it is a container's maximumpermitted cargo weight, not including cargo securing devicesand dunnage.

reeferRefrigerated container, equipment or cargo.

reefer cargoIndustry language for the term "refrigerated cargo," whichis cargo requiring temperature control.See refrigeration.

reefer containerIndustry language for the term "refrigerated container."

Glossary 51

refrigerated containerSee refrigeration.

refrigerationIn its simplest terms, refrigeration is simply the removal ofheat from one medium to another by use of inert gas. In thecase of refrigerated containers, it is removal of heat frominside the box - the cargo and surrounding air - to outsidethe box. The inert gas most commonly used is named R-12.

relative humidityA percentage of the amount of moisture in air relative tosaturated air at the same temperature.

RFRReefer.

sealMetal strip and lead fastener used for locking freight car orcontainer doors. Seals are numbered for recording purposes.A seal is generally affixed after Customs exams have beencompleted, and prior to the container being loaded on thefirst conveyance.See cargo seal.

set point temperatureThe point, or points, at which the thermostat in a refrigeratedcontainer is set, that will maintain the ideal pulp temperaturein the product.

settingA notation on the transport document, known as a bill oflading in the case of ocean carriage, stating the temperatureat which the cargo must be maintained. This term is mostcommonly used in relation to a refrigerated container.Also known as air delivery temperature.

setting/air delivery temperatureSee setting.

short tonAbbreviated ST. 2,000 pounds.See also ton.

skidRefers to planks placed under a box, crate or piece of machineryto enable the piece to be easily handled by a mechanicallifting device.Battens, or a series of parallel runners, fitted beneath boxesor packages to raise them clear of the floor to permit easyaccess of forklift blades or other handling equipment.

skip sheetA flat piece of cardboard that replaces a pallet.

special commoditiesHighly perishable commodities that require special handlingto arrive at their destination in optimum condition. Someexamples are fish, meat, photographic film, fruit, and somecandies.

special containerA container designed to carry overheight (open-top container),overwidth (flat rack container) or liquid (tank container)cargo.

stackContainers stowed more than one high and in a orderly wayin one place in a Container Yard, CFS, depot, or on a vessel.

standard tonSame as short ton. See also ton.

stowThe placing and securing of cargo or containers on a vesselor on an aircraft.This also includes placing and securing cargo in a container.

stow planA diagrammatic picture of the vessel's cargo hatches showingthe location of cargo or containers.

stowageA marine term referring to loading freight into ships' holds.

stowage factorThe ratio of a cargo's cubic measurement to its weight,expressed in cubic feet to the ton or in cubic metres to thetonne. It is an expression of the total quantity of cargo whichcan be loaded in a space.

stowage instructionsDetails given by the shipper or his agent about the waycargo is to be stowed.

stowage planSee stow plan.

stuffTo load a container.

stuffingLoading cargo into a container. Also known as vanning.

superimposed loadThe static and dynamic load forces imposed downwardexternally and vertically on the structure of a container.

tank containerA specially constructed container for transporting liquidsand gases in bulk.

tare weightThe weight of equipment that is empty, that is, not carryingcargo. For example, an empty FEU of steel constructionweighs between 6,000 to 8,380 pounds/2,860 to 3,800kilograms.See also cargo weight and gross weight.

tarpaulinWaterproof fabric used for covering the top of an open topcontainer.

temperature recorderA waterproof device to permanently record the insidetemperature of operating refrigerated containers. The devicemay be computerized, mechanical, or both. The chart ontowhich the information is inscribed mechanically is called thePartlow chart. Mr. Partlow was the inventor.

TEUAbbreviation for the International Standards Organizationdesignated "Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit".

toleranceA weight allowance made to reconcile weight variations ofcertain commodities.

tonA measurement of weight:• A short ton, used for rough calculations, is 2,000 pounds.

This "abbreviated" ton is used in cargo operations,particularly when working with break bulk cargo. It isuseful for doing mental quick calculations.

• A long ton, also known as gross ton, used for more precisecalculations, is 2,240 pounds. The genesis of the long tongoes back to the 13th century, when merchant ships carriedlarge cargoes of wine in giant casks, which were called"tuns." The number of tuns a ship could carry was a roughgauge of her capacity.By the 15th century, England had established a standardfor the wine-filled tun: a capacity of 250 gallons, whichconverted to 2,240 pounds. In the 17th century, long afterwine ceased to be a major cargo, usage brought aboutthe modern spelling of ton.

A measurement of cubic volume:• Measurement ton is 40 cubic feet.

Cargo can be taken at either weight or cubic volume.

tonnageThis term is used in various contexts in the maritime industryto describe:• the cubic capacity of a vessel,• the displacement of a vessel in tons of water,• the total weight of the cargo, or• a fee charged per ton of cargo at a port, pier, dock or

canal.

tonneAnother way to spell the word ton.

twenty-foot equivalent unitAbbreviated TEU. Refers to container size standard of 20feet.2 20-foot containers equal 1 FEU. This equivalency standardwas set by the ISO.

two-way palletA pallet so designed that the forks of a fork lift truck canbe inserted from 2 sides only.

unit loadPackages loaded on a pallet in a crate or any other way thatenables them to be handled at one time as a unit.

unitizationLoading 1 or more large items of cargo onto a single pieceof equipment, such as a pallet.The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into 1large shipping unit for easier handling.

unitizeTo consolidate several packages into 1 unit; to strap, band,or otherwise attach the several packages together.

unitized cargoSee unitize.

unitized loadA number of cartons or other pieces of cargo that are loadedonto a container as a single unit, typically either on a platformcalled a pallet, or a slipsheet. This type of handling faciliateshandling by a load truck.

unstuffUnloading a container.

vanningSee stuffing.

WA tonne of one thousand kilogrammes.See also ton.

weight cargoA cargo on which the transportation charge is assessed onthe basis of weight.

weight limitsOnce a container loaded with cargo has been put on achassis and this unit has been attached to a tractor, thereis another consideration: the limitations of the weight-bearing capacity of the road system between the beginningand end of the over-the-road segment.In the U.S., these limitations are called "bridge laws," asthey are usually based on the weight that can be supportedby a bridge.

weights and measuresMeasurement ton = 40 cubic ft.Net ton, or short ton = 2,000 lbs.Gross ton/long ton = 2,240 lbs.Metric ton/kilo ton = 2,204.6 lbs.Cubic meter = 35.314 cubic ft.

52

APL provides this information as a service to our customers. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the informationprovided, APL cannot accept responsibility for the material contained herein since it is designed to be of general applicability and does not consider the

specific requirements and circumstances of individual customers.

The information contained in this guide is proprietary to APL Co. Pte Ltd and the information contained herein should not be disseminated or distributedeither in whole or in part without prior written consent or approval from APL Co. Pte Ltd.

Copyright 2004, APL Co. Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.

www.apl.com

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