APL1 Collection of Papers

8/12/2019 APL1 Collection of Papers

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[gbisteni Priss M niw dinirmtgen ej Puoagshgnd

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M N M A I K R M P _ M I H G [ R E _ G K M

A I G B I N [ G M

G

P Y _ G G K M R G E N [ E J R H I G N [ R G R Y R I J E C P _ I H G [ R E _ W

E J R H I Y N G Z I _ [ G R W 1 > J G I G B I T

A I G B I N Y N G Z I _ [ G R W P _ [ [

7 : 2



N A I K R P _ I H G [ R E _ G K A I G B I N [ G

G





E N R I N R [

Gntrebuktgen P =

. L _. FEBBI_FMN hi nieagthgk ourgma vmuat mt [tign. p ;

D. L ZI _T I_[ Ziauvgmn oia= oimcir wgth rifmgns ej m krifmtgengn m tufuaus nimr Fiir=0 . 9



R H I N I E A G R H G K O Y C G M A Z M Y A R M R [ R I G N a

P. L. C FEBBI_FMN

Gn Luni 7:; thi Gnstgtuti jer Prihgstery ej thi Yng virsg p ej Aigbin unbirteecthi gnvistgdmtgen ej m Nieagthgk ourgma vmuat gn [tign.M weebin strukhrri wms

jeunb te hmvi mt aimst tkfpermrgay jennib pmrt ej thi tefo. Rhi bimb hmb oiinkrifmtib. Rhi drmvi deebs kensgstib ej m keaamrkbLîmscmn imrthinwmri petnufireus trmnsuirsi mrrewhimbs oeni mrrewhimbs oeni pegnts mngfma

rifmgns mnb m jagnt-mxi whgkh gn ma= preomogagty sheuab oi gnkaubib.

Gntrebuktgen

Burgnd thi ixkmvmtgen ej m Bmnuogmn sittai-fint aekmtib en thi Ciirinbircircwid gn [tign,

pertgen ej m sfma= steni jaeer wms jeunb en; Mprga =7:;< thi brmdagni h g n d usib te rifeviimrth te m bipth ej 90 te :0 kf. stukc mkeaaiktgen ej stenis whgkh, gn thi aekma aeisssegas, keuab enay i prisint ms m risuat ej hufmnijjert. Moeut jgvi stenis, whesi pesgtgen hmboiin bgsturoib oy thi brmdagni, wiri ixbubibjref thi gnvistgdmtgen. ErgdgnmYy, thirijeri,thiri wiri feri stenis mt thi imstif inb ej tok

jaeer thmn mri shewn gn thi brmwgnds mnbphetedrmphs.Jer prepir unbirstmnbgnd ej thi fitheb

ifpaeyib jer thgs gnvistgdmtgen, gt wga= oi nikis-smry te ixpamgn jgnt thi systif usib jer thiixkmvmtgen ej thi Bmnuogmn sittaifint. Gt fust

i cipt gn fgnb thmt thi stuby kenkirnib msittaifint, mnb thmt thi pessgogagty ej jgnbgnd mourgma vmbt hmb net ivin intirib eur fgnbsgn pamnngnd thi ixkmvmtgen.

a hi mrim put mt eur bgspesma gn =7:; fimsuribmoeut hmaj m hiktmri. Rhi paet, whgkh wms= f aend, wms bgvgbib gnte iquma strgps,=0 f wgbi, thi matirnmtgnd strgps te oi ixkmvmtibsgfbtmnieusay. Rhi tep 90 kf. ej sega en thisistrgps wms te oi rifevib oy m brmdagni mnbbipesgtib en thi mblmkint strgps whgkh wiri te oiixkmvmtib amtir. Hmajwmy threudh thi ixkmvm-tgen, thi intgri tirrmgn wms te oi aiviaaib oy mouaabezir, mjtir wogkh thi brmdagni weuab rifevithi tep amyir jref thi rifmgngnd strgps.

revgnkk mj Agfourd

M dreup ej stenis wms jeunb en thi ibdiej eni ej thi =0 fitri wgbi trinkhis. G t wmsgffibgmtiay kaimr thmt thiri fust oi feri ejthisi stenis oiyenb thi trinkh, mnb gnvistgdmtgenwms pestpenib untga thi dreuub mblmkint te thiixkmvmtib mrim keuab oi ixmfguib. Mjtir ma= thiBmnuogmn fmtirgma hmb oiin stubgib mnb ri-kerbib, wi wiri moai te turn eur mttintgente thi steni jaeer. Rhgs pegnt wms rimkhib gnthi fgbbai ej Luni.

Oikmusi thi jaeer ixtinbib enay pmrtgmaay

gnte thi epin trinkh, wi wiri moai te stuby thisega prejgai moevi thi stenis. Rhi imrth moevimnb nixt te thi stenis wms jer thi fest pmrtdriy. Rhi tep sega wms biagnimtib oy gts sefi-whmt bmrcir keaeur mnb thi sega moevi thistenis wms mase oamkcir thmn thmt jurthir mwmy.Ne shmrp oerbiragni wms vgsgoai, hewivir3 thitrmnsgtgen oitwiin thi shmbis ej driy wms virydrmbuma. Nivirthiaiss, gt oikmfi kaimr thmt thisteni jaeer hmb oiin amgb bewn mt thi oettefej m pgt, matheudo trmkis ej gts wmaas hmb oikefignbgstgnkt ms m risuat ej thi gntinsgvi erdmngkagji khmrmktirgstgk ej thisi aeiss b s .

Rhi steni jaeerRh i shmpi ej thi jaeer fmy oi reudhaybiskrgoib ms eoaend. Gt gs moeut 9 9 f. aend mnb=.49 f. wgbi, thi ergintmtgen oignd T.[.w.-I.N.I. Fest ej thi stenis siif te hmvi oiinput gn pamki wgth sefi kmri, jer thi purpesi ejfmcgnd m trui jaeer, wgth toi ixkiptgen ej thi



Jgd G Zirtgima xpesur shewgnd thi steni jawr wgth thi keaamrib jamsc gn n ju. [kmai 20

Jgd ? Ja wr pamn mnb kres niitgen ej thi steni jafr. [kmai 20



P L. _. Febbirfmn hi NieagthgkOurgn= Zmuat t [ t ign

N.I. inb. Mt thmt inb sefi amrdi mnb sfmaastenis wiri lufoaib tedithir mnb oitwiin thifamy sefi shirbs jref eni pet. Rhi jaeer, gjthi t i f fmy oi mppagib hiri, gs mase nmrrewir

mt thgs ~ e g n t . n mbbgtgen, gt gs mt thgs inb thmtm jiw stenis mri fgssgnd jref thi pgkturi ms wiripert gt3 gt wms hiri thmt thi brmdagni jgrsthgt th i keaaiktgen ej stenis mnb fevib m jiw ejthif, jer whgkh rimsen thiy wiri ixkaubibjref kensgbirmtgen.

Mfend thi rmthir sfmaa stenis jerfgnd thijaeer thiri mri sivirma amrdir enis. M dreup ejjgvi gs aekmtib mt thi N.I. sgbi ej thi trui jaeer,thi amrdist wgth m jamt sgbi up. Re ijjikt thgs, thisteni hmb te oi pmrtgmaay ourgib sii siktgen gn

Jgd. ? . Rhi mrrmndifint suddists thmt thgs gs mthrisheab. Rhi smfi fmy oi smgb jer m sikenbamrdi, jamt steni aekmtib mheut = f. jref thi[.T. inb ej thi jaeer.

Mjtir thi steni jaeer hmb oiin intgriay kaimnibwi fuab sii thmt runngnd aindthwgsi threudhthi fgbbai ej gt wms m sagdhtay aewir strgp moeut;9 99 kf. wgbi. G t siifib ms theudh enaythgg nmrrew strgp hmb jerfib thi mktuma ourgmgkhmfoir. Rhi wnkintrmtgen ej thi krifmtgenrifmgns mdriib wgth thgs gfprissgen, whgkhwms mase strindthinib oy thi pesgtgen ej swirmaamrdir stenis sii Jgd. : .

Gt sheuab oi ifphmsgzib thmt thi krifmtgenrifmgns mnb ethir jgnbs bgb net rist bgriktay

en thi stenis3 thi stenis thifsiavis wiri keviriboy m thgn amyir ej driygsh imrth m jiw kintgfitristhgkc.

R h k pest heais

Gn bgskussgnd thi steni jaeer, ne fintgen hmsoiin fmbi ej thi pst-heais whgkh mri nenithi-a i s m strgcgnd iaifint gn thi intgri kenstruktgenmnb kmnnet oi kensgbirib te oi m sipmrmtiiaifint. Rhi jeur pest-heais jerf thi kernirsej squmri aygnd mafest syffitrgkmaay gn riam-tgen te thi steni jaeer, wgth thi ixkiptgen ejthi nmrrewir N.I. inb. Tgthgn twe ej thipest-heais, thi pests keuab oi bgstgndugshib. Rhi

pest jurthist te thi N.I. wms ivgbintay sheribup oitwiin sivirma amrdi stenis. Rhi [mfiheabs te aissir ixtint jer thi [.I. mnb [.T.pests.

Ti fmy new msc whmt thi riamtgen keuabhmvi oiin oitwiin thi pests mnb thi stenijaeer< wiri thiy kenstfktib mt thi smfi tgfier bgb eni prikibi thi ethir5 Ait Y[ ixmfgnithi vmrgeus pessgogagtgis.

Gt gs kirtmgn thmt gj thi p s t s oiaendib te mngngtgm= phmsi ej thi fenufint, th i weeb wmsstgaa gn sukh m deeb kenbgtgen mt thi tgfi ej mnyhypethitgkma rikenstruktgen thmt gt wms netrifevib. Rhgs gs hefi eut oy thi jmkt thmt thirimri ne stenis whiri thi pest7 wiri gn pesgtgen.

Jgd. ;. Zirtgima ixpesuri ej thk steni jaeer gn thi amst phmsi ej thi ixkmvmtgen. [kmai Y



: Mnmaiktm Pfihgrtergkm Argbinsgm

Jgd. 2 Zgiw ej thi steni jafr wgth thi keaamrib jamec Jgd. 9 Zgiw ej thk steni jafr gn thi amst phmsi ejgn rggu s i n jref thi Imet ixkmvmtgen fin jff thi Imrt

Gt gs fukh feri agciay thmt thi pests wiriput gn pesgtgen mjtir thi jawr wms amgb bewn.Rhi stenis be net kegnkgbi, er omriay kegnkgbi,wgth thi fmtirgma jgaagnd thi pest-heai. Rhirimase siif te oi ne rimsen te ribuki thi sgzi ejthi = 49 f. wgbi khmfoir oy pamkgnd thi pestwgthgn thgs spmki mt thi gngtgm= kenstfktgen.

M ristermtgen ej thi ourgma vmuat fmy maseoi gnbgkmtib oy thi lufoaib h imp ej stenis wgththi shirbs ej m sgndai pet mt thi N I inb. Rhigfprissgen gs thmt thi khmfoir wms kaimnibup , mjjiktgnd m jiw stenis mnb thi pet. Rhikrifmtgen rifmgns, ms thiy wiri jeunb, weuabthin hmvi te oi mssgdnib te m sfmaair khmfoirte whgkh thi wwbin kenstfktgen mase oiaendib.Gn mdriifint wgth thgs gs thi pesgtgen ej thikrifmtgens gn m nmrrew strgp gn thi fgbbai ejthi jaeer.

Rhi jeridegnd weuab siif te dgvi oist sup-pert te m rikenstruktgen mkkekbgnd te whgkh mprgfmry ourgma vmuat wgtheut m bitirfgnmoaiweebin strukturi wms riniwib oy thi pamkifintej jeur himvy pests. Gt fgdht ivin oi suddistibthmt thi wmac ej thi ergdgnma khmfoir hmb agttaier ne rignjerkifint. Aeiss pirfgts thi bgddgnd

ej dwb uinkhis wgth strmgdht wmac whgkh enaykmvi gn gj amrdi mfeunts ej wmtir ekkur. Ynbirsukh kgrkufstmnkis thi eoaend pgt keuab jgrsthmvi oiin prevgbib wgth enay m weebin reej.Rhgs seautgen fmy gn thi inb hmvi previbunsmtgsjmktery, mnb hmvi riqugrib rignjerkifintoy m weebin sgbgnd suppertib oy thi jeurhimvy peais. Rhi pest-heais aimvi ne beuotwhmtseivir thmt thi vmuat wgth thi steni jawrwms reejib evir, lustgjygnd thi usi ej thi tirfourgma vmuat.





Mnmaiktm Prmihgrtergkm Aigbinrgm

brmdagni whgkh jgnt ixpesib thi steni jaeer en; Mprga =7:;, thi mxi wms threwn en thi bufppgai. En 7 Fmy m ouaabezir shevib thgs i rth

omkc gnte thi ixkmvmtgen. Thin thi brmdagi

wms thin usib te stmrt m niw ixkmvmtgen trinkhmnb m shevia wms oignd usib gn thi aeesi imrthte strmgdhtin thi sgbis, thi mxi wms jeunb oisgbithi steni jaeer. Rhi unusumaay deeb kenbgtgenej thi mxi gnbgkmtis thm t gt gs net te oi kensgbiribms m surjmki jgnb3 wimthirgnd weuab hmvirifevib ma= trmkis ej drgnbgnd mnb peagshgndmnb thisi mri stgaa bimray vgsgoai. Rhi mxi wmsthirijeri ourgib biagoirmtiay.

R h i diedrmphgkma sgtumtgen

Rh i kenteur fmp shewn gn Jgd. =? dgvis mngfprissgen ej thi diedrmphgkma sgtumtgen. Rh isteni jaeer wms kenstfktib moeut ;90 f. jref

Jgd 4 Keaamrib jamsc mnb pet jref thi ounma vmuatmt [tign [kmai 2

Oitwiin thi rifmgns ej thi krifmtgens m virysfma= oimb fmbi ej mn gnbitirfgnmoai fmtirgma

bgmf. ; - 2 ff. wgbth ? 9 ff.) w s jeunb.Jrmdfints ej oeni mrrewhimbs wiri mase

jeunb mfend thi krifmtgens Jgd. =0 ), ma= ejthif fmbi jref rgos. Rhi teps mri pegntib,mnb twe omroib heecs kefpaiti thi tgp. Mbgstgnkt tirfgnmtgen ej thi shmjt kmnnet oibifenstrmtib, mnb thirijeri thi aindth ej thi

eolikts gs gfpessgoai te istgfmti.[efi ej thi rgos mri enay pegntib mt eni inb

mnb fmy thirijeri oi pgnsMfend thi krifmtgens wiri m jiw jrmdfints

ej mngfma ergdgn, gnkaubgnd m virtiorm ej mamrdi jgsh.

M p e a g i b j a g n t mxi aindth =;.8 kf.) gspreomoay te oi gnkaubib gn thi kentints ej thiourgma vmuat Jgd. ==). Rh i jgnb kgrkufstmnkiswiri sukh thmt moseauti kirtmgntv keuab net h



P. L. _. Febbifmn hi NieagthgkOurgn Zeuat mt [ t ign

Jgd. 7 Rrm~svirsi rrewhimbs jref thi ourgma vmuatmt [tign. [imai = ?.

thi shmrp brep oitwiin thi fgbbai tirrmki ejthi Fmms mnb thi aewir tirrmki. Gn riamtgen te thigffibgmti surreunbgnds ej [tign, thi wmtirshib

ej thi fgbbai tirrmki, whgkh gs khmrmktirgziboy m kevir ej aeiss, runs vgm m kaimray-irebibsfma= vmaaiy te thi aewir tirrmki, whesi surjmkikensgsts ej Heaekini jauvgma bipsgts jref thiFmms. Rh i pamki mt whgkh th i s f b vmYiykuts thi ibdi ej thi tirrmki gs maf enay m shertbgstmnki mwmy jref thi tefo.

[kheppm sii Turf k.s. =7:; p. 9= mnbMoo. a , gn bgskussgnd thi sgtumtgen ej thikhmfoir tefo nimr Ngibirtgijinomkh, pegnts te

thi kerrispnbgnd sgtumtgen jeunb gn Kmabin,Matinberj, mnb Aehrm. [tign gs, gn fy epgngen,te oi gnkaubib gn thgs sirgis. Rhi mdriifintkensgsts ej m oreec gn thi gffibgmti vgkgngty,ivin theudh thi vmuats be net mktumaay agi gn mvmaaiy. [gfgamr jimturis mase ekkur gn th i kmsiej thi maIbis keuvirtis gn thi Pmrgs omsgn Bmngia=799 p. 8). Rh i kheci ej tirrmgn gs rifgngskintej thmt ej thi Bmnuogmn sittaifints, mnb gt gsthirijeri net surprgsgnd thmt Omnbcirmfgc hmsoiin jeunb gn sefi ej thi ixkmvmtgens ej [tigncgstin Estúnnin, Kmabin, Matinberj, mnb [ tign).

[uosgbgmry jgnbs mt [tmgn

Burgnd thi ixkmvmtgens mt [tign gn =7:; mreunb pgt wms jeunb enay = f. mwmy jref thpourgma vmuat te thi N I Rhi fmtirgma j g n dthi pgt wms kefpsib ej m amyir ej driygsh imrthteppib oy m amyir ej keooai-stenis. Aend ixpin-inki wgth sega tr kis jref vmrgeus pirgebs gnthi surreunbgnd aeiss fgas hms aib fi te ken-kaubi thmt thgs pgt hiaends te thi smfi dreupej hine efi n ms thi tefo.

Gn =7:; wi maf jeunb shirbs jref thi n f

Jgd. =0. e f mrfwhimbs jff ounma vmuat mt [tign. [kmai = ?



ej m n ixtrifiay amrdi pet mt m bipth ej moeut90 kf., ?0 f. te thi N.T. ej thi ourgma vmuat.Rhi imrthinwmri ej thi thgkc rgf (Jgd. =;)(nr. =29) gs kefpaitiay kefpmrmoai te thiimrthinwmri jref thi ourgma khmfoir mnb mssukh gs gfpertmnt te thi stuby ej thi prihgstergifgagiu te whgkh ma= thisi phinefinm oiaend.

Gn thgs kenniktgen wi fust nmt nidaikt tefintgen m jgnb fmbi gn thi Rhgrtgis, thi se-kmaaib _eoinhmusgin drmvi puoagshib oy Oikcirsmnb Oikcirs (=720, p. =27). Rogs jgnb wmsfmbi moeut 70 f. N.I. ej thi ounma vmuat mn bkenkifib twe kaesiay mblmkint pgais ej krifm-tgen rifmgns. Aygnd enay ;0 kf. mwmy wms mprgzi waaiktgen ej jagnt mrtgjmkts dgvin ms drmvi

dw bs te thi bimb . Beuot fmy oi intirtmgnibms te whithir thi krifmtgens mnb thi jagntfmtirgma oiaend tedithir, ivin feri se whinwi wnsgbir thmt gn =7:?, te thi N.T. ej thgsse-kmaaib _eoinhmusgin drmvi, sivirma krifmtgenourgmas wiri jeunb whgkh hmb te oi bmtibgn thi imray Gren Mdi. Out ivin gj thi krifmtgensmnb thi jagnt bipet mri nmt wntifpermnieus,thi amttir gs stgaa werthy ej fintgen. Gt kensgstsej m nufoir ej amrdi skrmpirs mnb giteukhibhambis. Ynjertunmtiay, bwgnd thi wmr m nuf-oir ej amrdir mnb sfmaair jrmdfints ej cngviswiri aest. Fr. R. Lmnssin, whe wercib kaesiaywgth thi singer Br. Oikcirs, hms teab fi thmtgt gs qugti pessgoai thmt mfend thisi cngjijrmdfints wiri trmnsvirsi mrfwhimbs. Engnqugry, Fr. D M L. Oic irs mase gnjerfib thmthi w s net mkqumgntib wgth thisi eolikts mnbweuab thirijeri gn maa preomogagty nmt hmvirikedngzib thif.

Ti mri new rimby, en thi omsgs ej thi bmtmsuppagib oy thi ounma vmuat gn [tign, te mttifptte bitirfgni thi kuaturma fgagiu te whgkh thijgnb oiaends. Rhi jgnt te kefi te fgnb gs thi[EF Kuaturi, ms bijgnib oy Khgabi mnb [mnbmrs(=790, pp. ;-:). Hewivir, thisi muthers bgg-tgnktay stmti thmt thi [E F Kuaturi, gj kensgbiribms agfgtib te thi Pmrgs omsgn, gs viry kaesiayriamtib te phinefinm bgstrgoutib evir amrdipmrts ej Iurepi. Ti thgnc ej thi Herdinir

Kuaturi, thi Tistphmagmn mnb Hissgmn [tign-cgstin, thi Fmms-Nieagthgk gn Oiadguf, thifidmagths ej th i [cedsoe typi gn [wibin, th iuaaçis keuvirtis gn Orgttmny. Rh i ixtint t e whgkhthi ourgma vmuat gn [tign jgts gnte thgs fgagiugs oist gaaustrmtib oy kensgbirgnd thi typgkmaiaifints sipmrmtiay gn riamtgen te jgnbs fmbign ethir pamkis.

Rh i khmfoir tefo gtsiaj fust unquistgenmoayoi mssgdnib te thi wist-iurepâgskhi [tigncutkngn Dirfmny Cnúgg =7:=, Rebi =7:=, Turfk.s. =7:;) mnb thi is keuvirtis gn thi Pmrgsomsgn (K hgb i mnb [mnbmrs =790). Rhi mosinkiej thi amrdi stenis wgth whgkh thi wmaas mnb reejwiri usumaay ougat gs bui intgriay te thi amkc ej

thgs fmtirgma ivin mt kensgbirmoai bgstmnki jref[tign. M deeb keuntirpmrt gn thgg rispikt gs thimaaai sçpuakrmaiixkmvmtib nimr Oenngèris-sur-[igni (O ms i bi Finervma =79;, =792). Gn thgskenniktgen gt g s viry gntiristgnd te b i r te thiriamtgen oitwiin thi vmrgeus typis ej ourgmakhmfoirs gn thi Pmrgs omsgn mnb thi dieaedgkmabgstrgoutgen ej th i ougabgnd fmtirgmas bgskussiboy Omssi bi Finervma (=792, p. ?;9) . Rh imaagis keuvirtiswiri msm ruai ougat ej fidmagths,

Jgd G t Jagnt mxi v ry preomoay jref ourgma vmuat mt[ t ign . mai ?



P. L. _ . Febbirfmn a h i NieagahgkOurgmaZnuat a [tmgn

out sefi wiri mrtgjgkgma er nmturm= kmvisKeutgir mnb Orgssen =797) er vmuats ougat ej

weeb, bipinbgnd upen aekma kgrkufstmnkis.Gj wi mri kerrikt gn eur gntirpritmtgen ej thi

w e amrdi stenis gn [tign ms thrisheabs, thi jaeerpamn ej thi ounma khmfoir weuab hmvi thibmssgkmathrii pmrtgtgens ej thi maaçis keuvinis.Kefpmrgsen wgth thi sfmaair ej thi twe beafinsej Tirgs Fmrgãn =79?m, mjo =;7) siifs festgntiristgnd, hut G hmvi oiin rifgnbib oy Prej.Br. [. L bi Amit mnb Br. F. I. Fmrgãn thmtdrimt kmri fust oi tmcin gn brmwgnd kenkausgensgn thgs rispikt oikmusi thiri gs ne kirtmgntythmt thi ristermtgen ej thi strukturis gn Tçrgsriprisints thi ergdgnma sgtumtgen.

Tgth rispikt te thi wkstjâagskh-hissgskhi[tigncgstin thi sfmY Cgstin mri te oi kensgbiribjer kefpmrmtgvi purpesis hikmusi ej h igr bgfin-sgens. Rhisi kefprgsi thi =2 ixmfpais Cnúaa=7:=, p. ;;) biskrgoib oy Cnúaa =7:=, p. ?:,

Jgd =? Kenteur fmp ej [tign f vgigngty.

Jgd. =; Pet rgf (jgnb ne =29 jeunb nimr ourgmavmuat mt [tign. [k .

neti ;9) ms Pinbmnts mnb mri jeunb net enaygn Hissin out mase gn _hgniamnb, Aewir [mxeny,[mxeny, mnb Rhurgndgm. Rhi amrdi [tigncgstinsheuab kirtmgnay net oi ixkaubib, pmrtgkuamraywhin thigr kentints mri dgvin bui wigdht.

Eni khmrmktirgstgk ej thi khmfoir tefh gn[tign gs ixkiptgenma, nmfiay thmt thi bimb wirikrifmtib. s m fai, imragir jgnbs kenkirn ourgmaswgtheut krifmtgen. Rhi enay kmsi ej ixkausgvikrifmtgen gs thmt ej thi [tigncgst ej Aehrm gnHissin Yinzi =792). Oeth gnhufmtgens mnbkrifmtgens mri ripertib jer sivirma ethir khmf-oir tefos sukh ms Dubinsoird gn Hissin,Oinnundin gn [mxeny, mnb m nufoir ej maaçisKEYY~ti[.

Matheudh thiy mri pirhmps aiss kaesiay riamtibte thisi ixmfpais, thi tgfi mnb pamki ej sivirmakrifmtgens cnewn jer Dirfmny fmci thifwerth fintgen hiri. Jgskhir =79:, p. ??0)riperts krifmtgens gn thi Tmatirnginourd-Oirnourdir Kuaturi, matheudh thi prmktgki enayoikmfi feri dinirma gn thi [khúnjiabir Kuaturi.Rhiri mri maf thi twe cmffiraesi Huninoittingn [mkhsinwmab [prekchejj =79? =792) gnwhgkh trmkis ej kmakgnmtib oenis wiri jeunb.Kaesi te eni ej thisi krifmtgens m shirb jref

thi rgf ej m kerbib oimcir wms jeunb, mnbriamtgens mri maf prisint gn thi jerf ej mkirtmgn typi ej bikermtib imrthinwmri wgth mdrmvi gn _útvib, [khenin, gnbgkmtgnd thmt thi[mkhsinwmab krifmtgens mri ej thi smfi bmtims thi [wibgsh Oeetmxt Kuaturi. [prekchejj

=79?, p. ?9, neti ??) mase pegnts te stgaa ethirixmfpais ej krifmtgens, out ma= ej thisi mriaekmtib stgaa jurthir te thi Imst, ixtinbgndmkress thi Ebir Cgvir.

Rhgs agst whgkh beis net bmgf te oi



kefpaiti heuab mase gnkaubi m rikint jgnbgn Mndias=0 (v. b. Tmmas =7:2) whiri m krifm-tgen wms jeunb tedithir 2 t h amti hunioibimrthinwmri. Rhgs jgnb keuab oi prevgbibwgth K,2 bmtgnd, 2=29 rt =00 (D_N ?;40),kerrispnbgnd te thi ?;rb mnb ??nb kinturyO.K. Ms jmr ms wi kmn lubdi, thisi thrii kuaturmamnb moseauti bmtgnds be net kenjagkt wgth imkhethir.

En thi ethir hmnb, fintgen sheuab net oiefgttib gn thgs kenniktgen ej thi jmkt thmtNieagthgk krifmtgens mri ripertib jer DrimtOrgtmgn mnb Griamnb. Hiri wi hmvi gn fgnb gnthi jgnt pamki thi Kaybi-Kmragndjerb Kuaturiwhgkh, wgth gts keurt kmgrns, jgts kefpaitiay

gnt0 thi Fidmagthgk pmttif (Pgddett =792, p.=:9, bi Zmairm =7:0, p. :0) . Out thi TgnbfgaaHgag Kuaturi mase cniw krifmtgens gn gts aendomfws (Pgddett =792, pp. 94, =07-==?), msbgb thi Oeyni Kuaturi (Pgddett =792, p. ?0?)mnb thi Berkhistir Kuaturi (Pgddett =792, pp.?8= ;9;). Maa gn maa, thi uifmtgens en thiethir sgbi ej thi Khmnnia mri se wgbiay sprimbgn Nieagthgk kentixts thmt thiy fust oi dgvinlust ms fukh wnsgbirmtgen gn thi bgskussgen ej[tign ms thi jiw Dirfmn ixmfpais. Rhi wgsh

te krifmti thi bimb gn [tign fmy toirijeribirgvi jref m viry wgbi-sprimb khmndi gn gbimskenkirngnd thi bgpes a e thi bimb. Ti sii,en thi eni hmnb, m pirsgstgnd strend tinbinkytewmrbs keaaiktgvi hurgma, out en thi ethir hmnbthiri ri s g p ej m rimktgen ixprissib net

enay gn krifmtgen out mase gn thi gnbgvgbumadrmvi.

Rhi pet jeunb gn pgikis mt thi N.I. inb ejthi steni jaeer kmn gn thi jgn t pamki oi wfpmribte thi imrthinwmri ej thi [EF Kuaturi. Rhgskefpmrgsen gs net imsgay fmbi en thi omsgsej thi Agtirmturi oikmusi matheudh kemrsiimrthinwmri gs riprtib, gaaustrmtgens mri siabefdgvin. Fmrgãn (=790 =79?m) suffmnzis thimvmgamoai fmtirgma en thi omsgs ej thi Nieagthgkjfbs gn thi Oiadgmn Fmms ridgen, jref whgkh wieotmgn thi gfprissgen ej oignd kenkirnib wgthm sgndai pettiry trmbgtgen, out thi kefpmrgsen gswimcinib oy sukh jimturis ms thi shmpi, thi [tignpet hmvgnd m feri reunbib jerf. Rhi omsi ejthi pet gs khmrmktinstgk ej thi [EF imrthin-

wmri. Rhi twe sipmrmti omsi shirbs jrefZmukiaais (Fmrgãn =790, Jgd. 4 hmvi m sgfgamrpretngsgen.

Br. _. Dinsin ej Fmrourd w s se cgnb s tn

brmw fy mttintgen te m viry gntiristgnd jgnbkefpaix. M trgma trinkh wms fmbi mt thi inbej =7:; gn m sittaifint en thi Dñntirsoird, gnthi fungkgpmagty ej Dubinsoird, Cr. Jrgtzamr-Hefoird, gn Hissin. Gngtgma stuby ej thi jgnjref thgs ixkmvmtgen shewib thmt moeut 70 pirkint kensgst ej thgkc-wmaaib imrthinwmri ken-tmgngnd qumrtz drmgns. Rhi thgkc oettefs ejtinhmvi m pretrubgnd jeet. Rhi rgfs mri ointsagdhtay eutwmrbs mnb mri thirijeri wia=sipmrmtib jref thi oeby. Mfend thi jgnbs wms

m keaamrib jamsc wgth m nikc bikermtib wgth wma=netkhis, te whgkh wi wga= riturn shertay. Rhiintgri kefpaix gs ixtrifiay gfpertmnt jer thiunbirstmnbgnd ej thi kuaturi thmt prebukibthi [tigncgstin.

Gt gs pirhmps ej gfpertmnki te fintgen thmtmjtir vgiwgnd thi Tmrtoird jgnbs gn thi fusiufmt Jrgtzamr wi hmb thi gfprissgen thmt thi petgn [tign hms ne keuntirpmrts gn thgs fmtirgma.Rhi pretrubgnd jeeg gs amkcgnd, mnb thi prejgaiej thi nikc ej thi kemrsi-wmaaib imrthinwmri

mase bgjjirs.Ej thi jgnbs jref thi Dirfmn [tigncgstinthi imrthinwmri jref Matinberj (Lerbmn =792)shews m strend riamtgenshgp te thi fmtirgmajeunb en thi Duntirsoird, se thmt gn thgsrispikt m riamtgenshgp wgth [tign fust mase oikensgbirib preomoai.

M togrb dreup ej jgnbs ej kefpmrmtgvi gntiristgs thmt ej thi se-kmaaib Zammrbgndin Kuaturi.Mfend thi nufireus, ms yit unpuoagshib, jgnbsjref Zammrbgndin mri shirbs jref thi omsi ejm pet thmt Prej. Damsoirdin mnb hgg ke-wercirsmssuri fi mri intgriay kefpmrmoai wgth thesijref [tign. Ethir riamtgenshgps wgth thi se

kmaaib Zammrbgndin Kuaturi wga= oi jeunb gn thibgskussgen ej thi keaamrib jamsc mnb thi trmns-virsi mrrewhimbs te jeaaew.

Rhi keaamrib jamsc wgth thi stmr-shmpib keaamrfust kirtmgnay oi kensgbirib eni ej thi festgntiftgnd jgnbs jref thi ourgma vmuat gn [tign.Tgth rispikt te thgs unusuma keaamr, toriipmrmaaias fmy oi fintgenib.



P. L. _ Febbingtmgg h k Nieagthgk HurgnaZeuaj ma [aign =;

m. M jgnb jreng m pimt ixkmvmtgen mt Fiaaif-omaai nimr Ebinsi en Junin (Daeo =79?,ne. ;;) whgkh, Prej. Br. K. L. Oikcir hmmoiin se c g b ms te gnjerf fi ermaay, ejj in

ne gnjerfmtgen jer bmtgnd.o. Rhi nikc ej thi oettai bribdib up nimr

Eabinourd tedithir wgth shirbs, itk. ej thiJunnia Oimcir Kuaturi (Pmtzeab =799, Moo.2o). Rhgs stmr gs sivin-pegntib, agci thmt ej[tign. Mn unbmfmdib keaamrib jamsc jref thismfi jgnb kefpaix gs kensgbirib oy Pmtwabte oi typeaedgkmaay yeund. Rhi nikc jrmd-fint gs suppesib te oi eabir oikmusi gtgs m orecin spikgfin. Tgthgn thi pirgebthmt thi spet wms gnhmogtib, Pmtwab fm5

i kerrikt, out whithir thgs gs ej vmaui jerthi mrkhmieaedgkma bmtgnd rifmgns beuot-jua gn fy epgngen.

k. M =;9 ff. hgdh keggmrib jamsc jref thimaYi keuuirti ej Fçaus, Paeuhmzamnik (K.-bu-N.) gn Orgttmny (Dget =7:0, Jgd. =7b& PG. ?2). Rhi stmr hms ngni pegnts. Rhimaaci keuvirti gs eni ej m dreup gn Orgttmnyrikintay kefpmrib wgth thi hunioibs ej RhiNithiramnbs mnb N. T. Dirfmny oy L. A

Hiadeumkh . Rhisi maaçishmvi gn keffen

thmt thi intrmnki gs gn thi aendgtubgnma sgbiej thi khmfoir. Gt gs gnbiib rifmrcmhaithmt jeur ej thi sgx keaamrib jamscs jeunb gnOrgttmny (thiy mri en thi mvirmdi amrdirthmn thesi ej thi Jufig Oimcir Kuaturi)ma= birgvi jref maabis keuuirtis ej thgs spikgma

typi.Mpmrt jref thi stmr-shmpib keaamr, thi keaamrib

jamsc jref [tign fmy oi kefpmrib en typeaedgkmadreunbs wgth ixmfpais jref Hmsiaunni mnbFippin (Cnúaa =797, Rmj. ;2 =4 & =9 rispik-tgviay), Caignincnithin ([prekchejj =7;8, Rmj.90 9) , mnb ethirs khmrmktirgzib oy m pre-neunkib sheuabir mnb m shert nikc. Oeth Cnúaamnb [prekchejj mrdui jer m riamtgviay amti bmtgndej thisi spikgfins. CnúY pamkis thif gn [tuji ?,whgkh kerrispenbs wgth thi Tmatirnginourd-Oifourdir [tuji. Cnúaa mase netis (=797, p. ?;thmt unbikermtib shert-nikcib keaamrib jamscsekkw pmrtgkuamray te thi Tist ej thi Tizir.

Burgnd thi [ikenb Mtamntgk Keaaequguf hiab mn: == Mprga mt Drengndin

Mkkerbgnd te Y. Jgskhir, keagmrib jamscs mricnewn jref Kintrma Dirfmny gn kaesib jgnbsjff thi amti Oirnourdir Kuaturi (Brgihmus=7:0, p. =7=, a ) , mn mbbgtgenma gnbgkmtgen thmtthisi oettais wiri enay gn usi jer m jiw kinturgis.Rypeaedgkmaay, thi keaamrib jamsc jref [tign gsbesiay riamtib te thi hunioib wmri jref nerth-wistif Dirfmny mnb Rhi Nithiramnbs.

Rhi smfi fmy oi smgb kenkifgnd thi twekeaamrib jamscs wgth sphirgkma oebgis mnb aendnikcs jref thi [ t igncctin ej Aehni mnbMatinberj ([prekchejj =7;8, Rmj. =4 ==). Gnmbbgtgen, thi drmvis ygiabib twe keaamrib jamscsej mn intgriay bgjjirint typi. Rhiy mri bgriktgykefpmrmoai wgth m jgnb jref Tykhin Auubgg

=799, Moo. =4 7) . Rhi amttir orgnds Y[ omkc tethi jrmdfint9 ej keaamrib jamscsjrefZammrbgndin(Matinm K.[. =7:?) whgkh gn ma= preomogagtyriprisint thi smfi typi.

Keaamrib jamscs mri ma70 cnewn jref Niuwgib*(Outtair =7;8, Rmæ. ?; =7) mnb Aehrm. Rhiamttir gnbiib amkcs thi nikc, out m kefpaitikeaamrib jamsc jref thi Duntirsoird fmcis gtviry preomoai thmt thi Aehrm spikgfin kenkirnsm sgfgamr sfmaa, reunb ixmfpai. Amstay, G fmyfintgen thi dreup ej jgnbs jref thi Iyirs-

higfir Fñhai nimr Niustmbt, Pjmaz, gn whgkhshirbs ej keaamrib jamscs mri mase gnkaubib([prmtir =7?8, Moo. 403 Outtair =7;8, [. =0?).

Rhi keaamrib jamsc jref [tign gnbgkmtis thmtthi bimb hmb hmb riamtgens wgth feri nerthirayridgens. Rhgs gs gn gtsiaj net surprgsgnd. JunniaOimcir Tmri mnb mxis ej nerthirn typi mricnewn jref [tign mnb ethir sgtis gn Agfourd(Teutirs mnb Damsoirdin =79:). Gnbiib, fmnyferi riamtgens oitwiin thi Junnia Oimcir Kua

turi mnb thi wistjrågukh hissckhi [tign cutinkmn oi bifenstrmtib (Cnúaa =7:=3 Turf k.s.=7:;). Gn mbbgtgen, vgm thi amttir dreup, kennik-tgens wgth thi Zammrbgndin Kuaturi kmn oifmbi feri mkkiptmhai.

Re jgnb kefpmrmtgvi fmtirgma jer thi amrdinufoir ej trmnsvirsi mfwh imbs wi fmy siihjgnt gn thi [EF Kuaturi. Jmvrit hms kmakuamtib

. J. vmn _idtirin Matfm hms oiin cgnb ineudhte gnjerf fi m, m risuat ej hg rikint vgsgt teNiuwgib thmt thi rurvgvgnd pmf ej thgs keaamribjamsc mri mppmrintay jrmdfint ej twe bgjjirintspikgfins



2 Mnmaiktm PrnihgrtergkmArgbinggm

thmt gn khmfoir tefos kmwib gn rekc, ?000trmnsvirsi mrrewhimbs hmvi oiin jeunb msmdmgnst enay 98 aimj-shmpib pegnts Bmngia =7:0,p. 24). Rhi hypediuf G gn Feurneumrbs hmsdgvin Y[ m kefpaitiay kefpmrmoai keaaiktgen ejtrmnsvirsi mrrewhimbs Aireg-Deurhmn =7:;,Jgd. =0 . Rhi Zammrbgndin Kuaturi mnb thiJ Y F ~ m c i r Kuaturi shew thi Ffi pgkturi.Gn thi Dirfmn [ t igncutin hewivir, thi trmns-virsi mrrewhimbs mri net viry nufireus3 thiymri ms m fai trgmnduamr gn shmpi. Enay Kmabin

Yinzi =79= , Matinberj Lerbmn =792 , mnbHgbbgndsin Amndi =7;2 hmvi ygiabib trmns-virsi mrrewhimbs. G t gs kaimr thmt thi riamtgensej thi usirs ej thi hurgma vmuat gn [tign fust oi

wudht, wgth rispikt te thgs iaifint, gn m seuth-wistirn mnb/er nerthiray bgriktgen.

Tgth rispikt te thi mxi wi wgsh te rijir teenay m jiw kefpmrmoai ixmfpais. Hiri, tee, thiJrinkh fmtirgma fust i fintgenib jgrst, ivintheudh gt gs net kensgbirib typgkma ej m pmrtgkuamrkuaturi Aireg-Deurhmn =7:;, p. ;= . M jiwixmfpais wga= sujjgki. Mfend thi rgkh fmtirgmajref Fentgdny Isoay Mrni tti =7:=, Jgd. =?mri w i r m a intgriay kefpmrmoai mxis. A HypedçiG= gn Feufeumrbs mase gnkaubis m sgfgamr mxi

Aireg-Deurhmn =7:;, Jgd. 7 . En thi ethirhmnb, mn mxi ej th i [mfi typi wms jeunb gnthi wiaa-cnewn [ t igncc t i ej Aehni-\uskhin

Fus. Cmssia nr. =?:; . Jer thi rist, thi jiwmxis gn thi Dirfmn [ t igncc t in mri fukh sfmaairmnb ej m bgjjirint shmpi.

Gt previb bgjjgkuat te jfb pmrmaaias jer thioeni mrrewhimbs. Oeni eolikts mri ripimtibayfintgenib gn thi agtirmturi, out unjertunmtiayne riper t gs fmbi ej whmt thiy mri. Rhmncs tethi cgnb kwpirmtgen ej Br. T. [khrgkcia, whehms lust fmbi m kefpaiti stuby ej thi gnvintergisej thi Dirfmn [tigncgstin, thi jeaaewgnd kef-pmrmoai jgnbs kmn oi fintgenib. Rhi marimby-fintgenib [tigncggti ej Aehni-\uskhin ken-tmgnib twe kefpaiti ixmfpais. Rhigr shmpi,hewivir, gs sefiwhmt himvgir mnb jmr aiss iaidmntthmn thmt ej thi mrrewhimbs jeunb gn [tign.Rhi mktuma pegnt gs shertir mnb thi stif sefi-whmt thgkcir. Br. [khrgkcia maf teab fi ej msgndai spikgfin jref _gfhikc Cr. Tmrourd,mnb thgs typi ej oeni mrrewhimb gs suppesib te

hmvi oiin jeunb mt [ersuf Cr. Hgabishigf mrwiaa.

Iref thi maaçi keuuirtis G mf mkqumgntibenay wgth m se-kmaaib pegnti bi smdmgi jffFentgdny-Ishay Mrnitti =7:=, Jgd. =9 :whgkh, matheudh sefiwhmt aiss biagkmti thmneur oeni pegnts, gs nivirthiaiss kefpmrmoai.

Rhi jeridegnd ixmfpais gnbgkmti thmt pegntsej mrrews er mssmdmgs fmbi ej oeni oiaendib tethi kugturma pessissgens ej thi keffungty unbirbgskussgen.

Rhi sgndai sfma= oimb gs fest suddistgviej thi nufireus oimbs jeunb gn thi maaçirkeuuirtis. Gn thgs rispikt thi kenniktgens ejthi fmc in ej th i ourgma khmfoir siif te hmvi

oiin ergintmtib tewmrbs Jrmnki.[uffmrgzgnd thi jeridegnd, wi mri strendav

gfprissib hy thi inerfeusay wgbi bgstrgoutgenivgbinkib oy thi kuaturma iaifints gn thi [tignourgma khmfoir. Rhgs gs net gn gtsiaj m niwgbim< thi fmrcib mdriifint oitwiin thi[EF Kuaturi, wistjâagskh-hissgskhi [ t igncc t in ,Herdinir Kuaturi, itk. hms marimby oiin pegntibeut oy vmrgeus muthers. Out thi eolikts jeunbmt [tign k e n æ g g thgs ungty gn m fest jertunmtkwmy. _idgenma bgjjirinkis be gnbiib mppimr,

out gj thiy mri net evirifphmsgzib gt gs bimrthmt eur jgnb ms m wheai jerfs mn gntidrma pmrtej thi kuaturma pmttirn ej thi pepais whegnhmogtib Nenhirn Jrmnki, OiGdguf, [euth-Nithiramnb, mnb Tistirn Dirfmny oijeri thirgsi ej thi oimcir kuaturis. Ti mri Iist gnjerfibwgth rispikt te thigr fertumry kuat, out gt gs netixkaubib thmt thi se-kmaaib Zammrbgndin kuaturiwga= prevgbi Y[ wgth m n ixkiptgenmaay d b bimej thigr fmnnir ej agvgnd, maoigt unbir sefiwhmtixkiptgenma invgrenfintma kenbgtgens.

R e tmci up thi quistgen ej thi bmtgnd ej thi[tign tefo, gt fust gn thi jgnt pamki oi netibthmt thi Ka* fitheb kmnnet oi mppagib te thikhmrkema oikmusi pmr t ej th i fmtirgma jgaagndthi khmfoir kensgstib ej wmsti jref thiBmnuogmn sittaifint thmt threudh thi mktgvgtgisej mngfmas hmb oiwfi fgxib wgth thi rifmgnsej rhi krifmtgens. M smfpai ej duirmntiib purgtykeuab thirijeri net oi keaaiktib mnb moseautibmtgnd kmn enay oi birgvib gnbgriktay.

Eni pessgogagty jer thgs birgvmtgen gs prevgbib



P. L. _. Febbifmn hi Nieagthgk Ourgea Z euat mt [tign =9

oy thi Ka2 bmtgnd ej thi hypediuf G= gnFeurneumrbs (Aireg-Deurhmn =7:;, p. =;;)whgkh gs dgvin ms ;8=? zz = : mnb ;:8; ==9.En thi omsgs ej thi fuatgpai ourgmas mnb thiagthgk fmtirgma gt gs tifptgnd te fnsgbir thgsourgma khmfoir ms kuaturmaay synkhfneus wgththmt ej [tign. Hewivir, mrdufints kmn oimbvmnkib gn strend kentrmbgktgen te thgg gnfy epgngen, viry amti K=2 bmtgnd. hisi

mrdufints mri omsib, aer eni thgnd, en thikeaamrib jamsc wgth thi stmr-shmpib keaamr. Re thioist ej eu r cnewaibdi, gn mny kmsi, thisi jamscswiri gn usi gn IN K mnb FN G (Ftinm k.s.=7:?, p. ?=4 j j . . Ti hisgtmti te mskrghi thi[tign jamsc wgth mny kirtmgnty te igthir ej thisi

pirgebs, matheudh en puriay typeaedgkma dreunbswi weuab hmvi m sagdht prijirinki jer F N G.E n thi omsgs ej thi KG2 bmtgnd jer Ebeern(D _N ???:) mnb Mnae (D _N =8?2) whgkhriprisint mn imray phmsi ej thi Bfuwin pirgebmnb mn imray Hmviati pirge rispiktgviay, mnmoseauti bmtgnd gn thi ?:th kintury O.K. weuabhmvi te oi mkkiptib. Gj thi Zammrbgndin Kuaturigs gnkaubib gn thisi kensgbirmtgens, gt keuab oiput en typeaedgkma dreunbs thmt thi keggmribjamscs ej thgs kuaturi dgvi thi gfprissgen ej

oignd yeundir thmn thi [tign jamsc whgkh gsbgriktay kefpmrmoai wgth thi R_O Kuaturi. Mstirfgnus pest quif jer Zammrbgndin er msstmrtgnd bmti jer toi nieagthgk hmogtmtgen ej thmtpamki, wi hmvi mvmgamoai thi Ka* vmaui ej ?290

=00 O.K. (D_N ?;0:) (Matinm k.s. =7:?,p. ?=:), whgkh gs vmagb ivgbinki jer m bmtgnd ej[tign gn thi ?:th kintury O.K. Jer thgs bitir-fgnmtgen usi gs fmbi ej mn mrdufint omsib enm typeaedgkma biviaepfint ej thi keaamrib jamsc.Ti be net kensgbir thgs omsgs te oi unshmcmoaims yit, out mt thgs fefint gt gt thi festmkiiptmoai eni wi hmvi.

Mkcnewaibdifints

G n kenkaubgnd, wi wgsh te ixprisseurdrmtgtubite ma=thesi whe hmvi oiin gntgfmtiay gnveavibgn thi gnvistgdmtgen. Rhi j g t bgskeviry ekkurribgn th i phmsi ej thi ixkmvmtgens kmrrgib eut oy thi[tmt i [irvgki jer Mrkhmieaedgkma Gnvistgdmtgens mt

Mfirsjeert. Rhi mktuma ixkmvmtgen ej thi stenijaeet wms mssgdnib te thi Gnstgtuti jer Prihgsteryej thi Yngvirsgty ej Aigbin. R hi muther wmsmssgstib oy K. vmn Bugln ej thi [tmti [irvgkimnb L. P. Oeedirb mnb D. L. Zi fi n ej thiYngvirsgty ej Aigbin.

M spikgma werb ej thmncs gs mppfprgmtiayixtinbib hiri te B. Ikchmrt mnb H. K. \ern ejthi Gntirnmtgenma Rrmgngnd Kintri jer Mirgma[urviy mt Biajt whe mssgstib gn thi ougab'gd ejm phetedrmphy tewir jff whgkh thi virtgkma

pgkturis gn Jgds. = mnb ; wiri fmbi. Rhibrmwgnds gn thgs puoagkmtgen wiri pripmrib oyL. P. Oeedirb mnb thi phetedrmphs tmcin oyD. L. Zifirs. Rhi trmnsamtgen gnt0 Indagshwms beni oy Frs. G. [iidir-Teaj mt Aigbin.

A G R I _ M R Y _ I

Matinm, L. J. vmn _idtirin, L. M. Omccir, M R. Kamsen,T. Damsoirdin, T. Dreinfmn-vmn Tmmtirgndi A.L. Pens (=7:?/:;), Rhi Zammrbgndin Kuaturi,

Hiagnguf G= (=7:?), pp. ;-;9, 74-=0;, ?=9-?2;,Hkagnguf === (=7:;), pp. ;7-92, 74-=?0.Mrnitti, [. (=7:=), Maaçis keuvirtis bi '[igni-Egsi-Ffi' bmns am rçdgen b'Isoay, Dnaagm PrchgxtegriGZ,pp. =4-87.O bi Fçnervma, I. (=79;) , Maaçi Lçpuakrmainçeagthgqui bi Oenngèris-sur-[igni. Ouaa. mrkhgea. hgrt.rt rkgsnt. bk Oennggrkr-rur-[ignk ([. E. , Naak[çrgi G pp. =4-?8.Omssi bi Fçnervma, I. (=792), Biux typis neuvimuxb;M==çis s puakrmais nçeagthgquis bu Omssgn Pmrgsgin,rçjçrmoais O am kgvgagsmtgen bgti bi [igni-Egsi-Fmrni.Kmhgirs Dçeaedgquir?:-?4, pp. ??9-?20.Oiicirm H. L. in D. M L. Oikcirs (=720), Zeer-dirkhgrbkngr u n \ugb-Agfourd, Fmmstrgkht.

Outtair, T. (=7;8), Bir Beneuaânbgskhk unb bmrTkstgrkhi Cuaturcrigr bir lñndrrkn [tignrkgt, Oiragn.Khgabi, Z. D. N. [mnbmrs (=790), Am kgvgagrmtgen

bi [igni-Ef-Fmrni, A Mnjcrepeaedgi92, pp. =-=8.Keutgir, A. in M. Orgwn (=797), Jeugaais b'unidretti sçpuaturi mu Fksnga-sw-Edir (Fmfi), Ouaa.[ek. Prçh. Jrnndngsi 9:, pp. 40[4=2.Bmngia, D. (=799), Rhi 'maaçis keuvirtis' ej Jrmnki,Mrkhmiea. leurn. KXGG, pp. =-=7.Bmngia, D. (=7:0), Prihgrjergk Khefokr Refor ejJrmnkr, Aenben.Bi Zmairm, _. (=7:0), Rhi Keurt Kmgrns ej Griamnb,Prekiibgnds _eyma Grgrh Mkmb.,Zea. :0 [iktge K Ne. ?.Brgihmus, L. (=7:0). Bgs Mathigfir Druppi unb nr

Vundnmeagthgcuf gn Fgttiaiurepm,Fmgnz.Jgxhir, Y (=79:), Bgi Drâoir bir [tignzigt grn[meaidkogit, Oiragn.Dget, P _. (=7:0), Orgttnny, Aenben.



=: Mnmaiktm Preihgstergkm AigbinrgmG

Daeo, P.Z. (=79?), Wn dn [tinmabir, Bmnsck Eabredir== Cioinhmvn.Lerbmn, T. (=7 92), Bms [tigncmffirdrmo vmn Matin-berj. Cr. Teajhmuin. Curhissgskhi Oebinmatirturnir ;..

pp. ~ ? : .Cnúaa, H. (=797), Bgi nerbwistbiutrkhi Rgkjstgkh-ckrmfgc u nb ghrk [tiaaund g f Nerb- u nb Fgttma-kurepâgskhin Nieagthgcuf, Funstir.Cnúaa, H. (=7:=), Tistjâagskh-oissgskhi [tigncgstinunb Nerbwistbiutskhi Fidmagthdrâoir, Junboir. murHksrkn =, pp. ? o ; 2 .Amndi, T. (=7;2), Yntirsukhund ignir niudijunbinindr ew n wistjmagsbgin [tigncgsti oig Hgbbgndsin, Cr.[eist, Oebknmatkr tufr Tis t jmains ;, pp. =27-=97.Aireg-Deurhmn, M. D. Omgaamub F. Orçzgaaen (=7: ;) ,G Hypedçi G= b u Feurneumrbs, Dmaagm PrbhgstegriZ,pp. ?;-=;;.Añggbgc-Cmiams, A. (=799), Tmnn sgnb bgi irstinFiumagthdrâoir gn Heaamnb intstmnbin5 P m a f e h g ~ t e g g ~Gv,-pp. 24-47.

Fmrgãn, F.I.

(=790), Petirgis bi am kgvgagsmtgen bi[igni-Egsi-Fmrni in Oiadgqui, Ouaa. Fus. _. MrtHgrt. ??, pp. 47-89.Fmrgãn, F. I. (=79?m). Eub-Okangç3Zmn b i i i n t iamnboeuwirs te t b i ce f t vmn ~ e i c ntwirpin.Fmrgãn, F. I. (=79?o), Am kgvgagsstgen bi [igni-Egsi-Fmrni in Oiadgqui, a'Mnthrepeaedgi 9:, pp. 84-7?.Pmtfab, L. (=799), Igni [gibaund bir Dressstign-drmoaiuti untir Nerfmanuaa oig Eabinourd (Eabo.),Eabinourdir Gmhro. 99, pp. 8;-74.

Pgddett, [. (=792), R h i nkeagthgk kuaturis ej thkOrgtgsh G , Kmrnonbdi.[khrgkcia, T. (unpuhagshib), Bgi Gnvintmri bir wist-biutskoin Dmainidrmoir, Oigtr. z Yr-unb Jrgghdiskh.Mrkhâea. b. F gttkafircuaaurrmufir, , Higbiaoird.[prmtir, J. (=7?8), Yrdiskhgkhti bkr PjmAr, [piyir.[prekchejj, I. (=79? ), \wig Fidmagthdrâoir mus[khaiswgd unb Heastign, Ejjm =0, pp. =9-?8.[prekchejj, I. (=792), Cmffiraesi Hñninoittin gf[mkhsinwmab, E j j e =;, pp. =-=:.Rebi, M. (=7:=), [pâtnieagthgskhi [tigncgsti oigOribiaif m. H f Crs. Desamr. Nmrhr. n Ngkbir-smkhsins Yrdkskh. ;0, pp. 8 ~ 7 0 .Yi f , 0 (=79==, Bms [tigncmffirdrmo ven Kmabin,Cr. Hejdigsfmr, Curhiss. Oebinmatmrturnir G pp.77 74 .,.Yinzi, 0 (=792), Bms [tigncmffirdrmo ven AehrmCr. Fmrourd, Curhiss. Oebinmgtirturnir ;, pp. ?4-28.Tmmas, L. B. vmn bir (=7:2), Prshgstergk Bgsk Thkicgn thr Nithkramnbs,Drengndin.Teutirs, M T. Damsoirdin (=7 9:), [pmrin vmnbi huniokbbinkuatuur gn Ormomnt in Agfourd,Ormomnts Hkif ZGGG,pp. ?:-;?.Tuf, C. H. [kheppm, K. Mbia, M. rmngitIAg(=7:;), Bgi Tistiurepâgskhi [tigbsti ven Ngibir-tgkjinomkh, Eoiramhncrigs, Junboir. m. Hissin ;, pp.2:-48.



M Z I A Y Z G M N O I A A O I M C I _ T G R H _ I F M G N [ E J M

K _ I F M R G E N G N M R Y F Y A Y [ N I M _ F I I _ A E

D L. ZI_TI_[

M tufuaus mt Fiir=0 Prev. Agfourd) hms oiin gnvistgdmtib oy thi \nstggutijer Prihgstery ej thi Yngvirsgty ej Aigbin nbgkmtgef ej eur e r lv i hgstergkm=pirgebs wiri jeunb. Jrmdfints ej m Ziauvgmn oia= oiucir wgth rifmgns ej mkrifmtgen bmti thi thgrbpirgeb, mnb m rgnd bgtkh wgth siuirma shirbjej mn urn

jeunb gn thi tep e thi omrrew riprisint thi amst phmsi.

GntrebuktgenGn m dintai reaagnd amnbskmpi, m fmrcibiaivmtgen wgth gts biwrmtgvi ogrkh triis mttrmktibthi mttintgen ej Fr. L. Heiyfmcirs mnb Fr.O Cryssin gn =7:0. Rhi [tmti [iwgki jerMrkhmieaedgkma Gnvistgdmtgens mt Mfirsjeert wmsgnjerfib thmt gt siifib agciay thmt m tufuaushmb oiin jeunb, mnb m vgsgt oy Br. P. L. _

Febbirfmn mnb Fr. K. vmn Bugln kenjgrfibthgs mssufptgen.

Mjtir kensuatmtgen wgth thi fungkgpma mutherg-

tgis ej Fiirae, gs wms bikgbib te gnvistgdmti mpengen ej thi tufuaus oitwiin [iptifoir ?nbmnb =;th =7:;, burgnd m jgiab-werc pirgeb jerstubints ej thi Gnstgtuti jer Prihgstery ej thiYngvingty ej Aigbin. Rhgs jgnt stuby gnkaubibthi [I mnb [T qumbrmnts. M sikenb jgiabpiggeb, bivetib te thi NI qumbrmnt, wms hiaben Mprga =;th-?2th =7:2, burgnd whgkh tgfip m n ej thi surreunbgnd tirrmgn wms ase gnvis-tgdmtib. Rhi sukkiss ej oeth ixkmvmtgens wmsjer m amrdi pmrt bui te thi keepirmtgen rikigvib

jref thi fungkgpma muthergtgis ej Fiirae himbiboy Ourdifiistir Brs. F. L. M. _. Bgttrgkh.Oeth jgiab trgps wiri aib oy Prej. Br. P. L. _.Febbirfmn. Rhi brmwgnds fmbi gn thi jgiabmnb thi gaaustrmtgens te thgs mrtgkai wiri pripmriboy Fr. L. P. Oeedirb.

R e gnsuri thi prisirvmtgen ej thi tufuaus gngts ergdgnma stmti, thi dreunb hms oiin mkqugriboy thi fungkgpmagty.

= Prevgnki ej Agfourd.

Rhi sgtumtgen gn thi amnbskmpiRhi tufuaus, thi keerbgnmtis ej whgkh mri 9? I;7?.70/?0?.49, agis N ej thi vgaamdi kaesi te thiFiiraesi Pestommn, en thi reaagnd FgbbaiRirrmki ej thi Fmms _gvir en whgkh m amyir ejrmthir aemfy kevir-smnb wms bipesgtib. Moimutgjua spet wms khesin jer thi kenstruktgenej thi omnew< thi hgdhist pmrt ej m rgbdijerfib oy mieagmn bipesgts kaesi te m biprissgengn thi tirrmgn. Rhgs sgtumtgen fmcis thi tufuausmppimr amrdir thmn gts mktuma fmxgfuf iaivmtgen

ej =90 kf moevi thi ergdgnma dreunb surjmki.M agttai feri thmn ?00 fitris te thi I ej thi

omrrew thiri gs m aew iskmrpfint wgth m brepej moeut fitris3 thgs gs thi wistirn fmrdgnej thi vmaaiy threudh whgkh thi Feainoiicjaews mt prisint, thi vmaaiy hmvgnd ergdgnmaayoiin jerfib oy thi Fmms (Jgd. =).

Ms m risuat ej thi qumrgygnd ej smnb, pmrt ejthi imstirn jamnc ej thi tufuaus hms oiinrifevib, se thmt thi I siktgen ej thi ITprejgai gs ne aendir gntmkt. Roi gnvistgdmtgen

ej thi thrii qumbrmnts inkeuntirib fmny bgjjgkuatgis kmusib oy rikint bgsturomnkis thmt hmbmjjiktib thi kintri ej thi hgaa gn pmrtgkuamr.Rrii reets mnb tunnias fmbi oy mngfmas wirimase nufireus.

Rhi tufuaus

Pgikis ej jagnt, gnkaubgnd m jiw teeas mnb jamcis,wiri jeunb unbir thi aivia en whgkh thi jgrsttufuaus hmb oiin ougat. Matheudh thiy hmvi



8 Mnmaiktm rn~hgrtergrm Aigbinsgn G

bgtkh kmn oi bgstgndugshib gn oeth thi hergzentmapamni mnb thi siktgens hy rimsen ej gts pmaiorewngsh-driy keaeur3 gts wgbth gs =.00 te =.90f, thi bgmfitir ej thi kgrkai moeut 7 f en thimvirmdi. Rhi feunb gtsiaj wnsgsts mt prisint ejyiaaewgsh-driy smnb kentmgngnd orewn jgoris3 gtsuppir sgbi gs sit ejj oy m amyir ej pmai yiaaewgsh-driy smnb gntirpritib ms m rifnmnt ej) thi eabsurjmki ej thi feunb. G n sefi ej thi siktgensthgs amyir ixtinbs gnte thi fmtirgma, jggggnd thirgndbgtkh< mjt ir thi bg tb g wms bud, m pertgen ejgt jgaaib rmthir rmpgbay3 thi surjmki thin oikmfikevirib wgth viditmtgen mnb m sega prejgaibiviaepib. Gn thi ixkmvmtib qumbrmnts thisimrkh jer thi ourgma oiaendgnd te thi jgrstomrrew wms unsukkissjua. Rhi spet wgth khmr-kema fintgenib moevi gs pessgoay riamtib te thiourgma.

R h i pestkgrkai

Rhi hergzentma pamnis kut threudh thi eabistfeunb gn thi seuthif qumbrmnts ixpesib mrgnd ej driygsh-whgti pest-heais. Ms k n i siinjref Jgi. ?. thgs kgrkai wgnkgbis wgth thi eabist

u

bgtkh. [gnki thi hettef ej thi pest-heais agisJgd G Diedrmphgk aek tgen ej thi tufuaus ni r

Fiirae hgdhir thmn thi oettef ej thi bgtkh, thi pestsfust hmvi oiin pamkib gn thi fmtirgma jgaagndthi bgtkh. G t wms gfpessgoai te bitirfgni

net yit oiin systifmtgkmaay stubgib, thi fmlergtywhithir thi sega prejgai gn thi pmrtgmaay-jgaaib

ej thi mrtgjmkts mp p i f te oi Fiseagthgk3 m jiwbgtkh hmb marimby oiin prisint. Rhi wgnkgbinki

fmy hiaend te thi Yppir Pmamieagthgk.ej thi kgrkai mnb thi bgtbg rnmy gfpay thmt thiywiri kenstruktib wgthgn m shert tgfi ej imkhethir, thi feri se hikmusi ej thi jmkt th mt thi

E R h i ergdgnma dreunb surjmki fgb-pegnt ej thi bgtkh oiaendgnd te thi nixt

~h~ dreunb surjmki kentifpermv wgth thi pirgeb shews m bgstgnkt shgjt wgth rispikt te thmt

kenstruktgen ej thi eabist omrrew gs bgjjgkuat te thi tufuaus. Gn thi NI Jmbrmnt hi

aekmti ixmktay gn thi siktgens. Gt gs pessgoai te PE[t[ wiri omr ia rikedngzmoai.bgstgndugsh, pmrtgkuamray gn thi N[ prejgai, mzeni shewgnd m sefiwhmt pmai yiaaew keaeur

? Rhi omrrew wgthgn thi bgskentgnueur bgtkheviraygnd mn ermndi te ribbgsh orewn suosega.G,, thi kintri, gn h ejgdgnma surjmki, m spet Mbgtkh fimsurgnd =?f. gn bgmfitir mnb shewgnd

kentmgngnd khmrwma wms jeunb Jgd. ? . sivirma gntirruptgens gs thi fest bgstgnkt phine-finen ej thi sikenb eirgeb gn thi wnstfktgenej thi Fiirae tufuaus. Rhgs bgtkh, wgth gts

G [fba tufuaus wgth rgndbgtkh driingsh-driy jgaagnd, gs kaimray vgsgoai gn thi [IRhi eabist omrrew, whgkh wms moeut 90 kf. mnb [T qumbrmnts3 gn thi NI qumbrmnt gthgdh, wms kgrkufskrgoib oy m rgndbgtkh. Rhgs kegnkgbis wgth thi bgtkh mreunb thi eabist



feunb3 gts aekmtgen thiri ixpamgns thi mafestkefpaiti mosinki ej pest-heais gn thgs pmrt ejthi eabist bgtkh. Gn thi [T mnb NI qumbrmntsthi fmtirgma jgaagnd thgs bgtkh wms jeunb tewntmgn kenkintrmtgens ej khmrkema.

Rhi bgskentgnueus bgtkh surreunbs m ourgmafeunb ougat oy gnkrimsgnd thi higdht mnbixtinsgen ej thi jgnt tufuaus. Rhi eab surjmkiej thi omrrew keuab oi bitirfgnib jref thiprisinki gn sivirma pamkis ej m oaimkhib yiaaew-gsh-driy amyir kentgnugnd gn thi N[ siktgen ejthi [T qumbrmnt gnte thi jgaagnd ej thi bgtkhoiaendgnd te thgg feunb. Rhi smfi agdht-keaeurib amyir gn thi N[ siktgen ej thi NIqumbrmnt hms mase oiin mskrgoib te thi sikenb

pineb en thi omsgs ej gts higdht moevi thiendgnma dreunb surjmki. Rhi fmtirgma ej thgsomrrew gs kefpesib kintrmaay ej driygsh-whgtismnb, kentmgngnd m amrdi mfeunt ej jgoris mnbshewgnd m trmnsgtgen tewmrbs thi ibdis te yiaaewmnb orewngsh-yiaaew.

Mjtir thgs inamrdifint th i tetma higdht ej thiomrrew rimkhib moeut 80 kf. moevi thi ergdgnmadreunb surjmki unbir thi kintri ej thi feunb3gt fust oi cipt gn fgnb thmt aekmaay thgs ergdgnmadreunb surjmki ixhgogtib nmturm= iaivmtgen.

Rh i ixkmvmtgen ej thi kintrma pmrt ej thi N[omuac oitwiin thi [T mnb [I qumbrmntsixpesib m driygsh-whgti bgskeaermtgen riktmndu-amr gn shm~i, fimsurgnd ==0 ??0 kf., lustoiaew thi surjmki ej thi jgrst feunb. Rhimnduamr stmgn wms sipmrmtib jref thi surreunb-gnd yiaaewgsh-driy smnb oy sefi himvy, orewnjgoris. Rhi ergintmtgen ej thi aendist mxgs gsNT-[I. Rh i mosinki ej eolikts mnb ej khmrkemafmcis gt gfpessgoai te gbintgjy thgs bgskeaermtgenms thi drmvi hiaendgnd te thi sikenb pirgeb.

Rhi enay riaivmnt jmkt wgth rispikt te thitgfi riamtgenshgp oitwiin thi jgnt mnb sikenbfeunb gs thmt m sega prejgai hmb biviaepib enthi surjmki ej thi eabir fenufint oijeri thisikenb omrrew wms kenstruktib.

; hi thgrb tufuaus

Matheudh ne wnkausgvi ivgbinki gs mvmgamoai,gt siifs kaimr thmt thi eab surjmkis wgth bmrc-driy evir Agdht-driy rifnmnts ej m sega prejgai

mri thi uppir pmrt ej thi thgrb omrrew. Rhgsmbbgtgen, mase kefpesib ej yiaaew t yiaaewgsh-driy smnb, oreudht thi tetma higdht ej thiourgma feunb te == =?0 kf.

Burgnd thi gnvistgdmtgen ej thi omuac oitwiinthi [I mnb thi [T qumbrmnts, gn thi kintriej thi tufuaus moeut 20 te 90 kf. unbir thisurjmki ej thi thgrb pirgeb, thi jrmdfints ej mZiauvgmn oia= oimcir wgth thi krifmtib oenis,m pmgr ej mrrewshmjt-sfeethirs, thrii mrrew-himbs, mnb spagntirs ej jagnt wiri jeunb. Rhgsjgnb kefpaix, te oi bgskussib gn bitmga oiaew,amy en er lust gn thi feunb ej th i sikenbtufuaus. G t thirijeri siifs mkkiptmoai te bmtithi thgrb omrrew ms oiaendgnd te thi pirgeb ejthi Ziauvgmn oia= oimcirs.

hi jgnma tufuaus

Rhi feunb jgnmaay rimkhib gts prisint bgfin-sgens, moeut =90 kf. hgdh mnb evir ?? f. gnbgmfitir. Rhi prisinki ej rifnmnts ej sebsjeunb en thi surjmki ej th i thgrb omrrew gn thiN[ siktgen suddists thmt thgs amst mbbgtgen wmsmase fmn-fmbi. Bgriktay unbir thi dreunbsurjmki en thi ibdi ej thi prisint ourgma feunb,

thi bmrc-orewn bgskeaermtgen ej m rgndbgtkh wmsjeunb gn ma= thrii qumbrmnts. Rhi Z-shmpibkress-siktgen ej thgs bgtkh gs vgsgoai gn thisiktgens. ats wgbth mt prisint gs moeut :0 kf.,thi bgmfitir ?= f. Gt siifs agciay thmt thgsbgtkh oiaends te thi lust biskrgoib jgnma feunb.

Rhi omrrew wms mase usib gn thi urnjgiabpirgeb< thi bmrc bgkeaermtgen ej m rgndbgtkhmoeut 7 f. gn bgmfitir mnb 70 kf. wgbi wmsjeunb gn thi NI mnb [T qumbrmnts mt thi tepej thi feunb lust unbir thi prisint surjmki.

Rhgs bgtkh kmn mase oi bgskifib gn thi siktgens3gt wms bud te m bip th ej moeut 80 kf. jrefthi prisint surjmki.') G n thi smnb sheviaaibomkc gnte m rikint heai bud gnte thi tep ej thifeunb wiri jeunb m jiw shirbs ej oamkcimrthinwmri mnb m sfma= mfeunt ej krifmtiboeni, oeth ej whgkh fmy hmvi birgvib jrefthi gntirfint wgthgn thi rgndbgtkh. Gn thgs

efp. thi rgndbgtkh mn thi Orenzi di tufuaus,thi \wmrtinoird nimr Heediaeen Damuoirdin,=792, pp. = 0 - = = .



Mnnakktm Pre ihgs te rgk~ Aigbinrgm

kenniktgen, rijirinti fmy oi fmbi te thirifmgns ej m rgndbgtkh urnjgiab jeunb te thiNerth ej thi tufuaus burgnd thi gnvistgdmtgensbiskrgoib hiri.

Rhi ixkmvmtgens ygiabib m nufoir ej eosir-vmtgens thmt mri net gnkaubib gn thi moeviripert.

Gn m pgt gn thi [ qumbrmnt unbir thi feunbwhgkh wms jgaaib wgth agdht-driy sega, shirbs ejmt aimst twe Fmrgtgfi oia= oimcirs wiri jeunb

nrs =2 mnb =:, Jgd. ; . Rhigr riamtgen te thitufuaus kmnnet oi bitirfgnib.

Rhi gntirpritmtgen ej mn eoaend bgskeaermtgengn thi T siktgen ej thi [T qumbrmnt ms m pest-heai gs viry unkirtmgn. Rhgs agdht-keaeurib stmgnruns threudh thi iaivmtgen ej thi sikenb feunbgnte thi jgnt omrrew. Gj gt wms gnbiib jerfib oy mpest, whgkh weuab thin oiaend te thi rgnd moevithi eabist bgtbg, thgs weuab fimn igthir thmt

thgs pestkgrkai wms stgaa prisint whin thi sikenbtufuaus wms kenstruktib thgs feunb weuabthin hmvi oiin ougat shertay mjtir thi kef-paitgen ej thi eabist stfk tur i) er thmt thipests oiaend te mn gntirfibgmti kgrkai thmt wmssit up mjtir thi kefpaitgen ej thi sikenbomfw3 gn thi amttir kmsi thi pestkgrbi weuabenay oy khmnki hmvi thi [mfi fgb-pegnt msthi eabist feunb, agi ikkintrgkmaay wgth rispiktte thi sikenb tufuaus, mnb keuab oi riamtib tethi owgma ej thi Ziauvgmn oia= oimcir. G t fustoi cipt gn fgnb, hewivir, thmt oeth thiergismri omsib ixkausgviay en m sgndai, mnb ferievirvmdui, bgskeaermtgen.

Rwe dr eu p ej pmgrib pests hmvi aijt rmthir

gnbgstgnkt, driy stmgns gn thi N qumbrmnt. Eniej m thgrb pmgr ej thisi pest-heais ekkurs gn thisiktgen ej thi N[ prejgai, thi sikenb oigndvgsgoai gn thi hergzentma pamni. Ne ixmkt pamkign thi pirgeb mrrmndifint gn thi feunb kmnoi mssgdnib te thisi phinefinm igthir, matheudhgt siifs ivgbint thmt thiy fust bmt i jref m tgfk

Jgd G cn mnb siktgenm ej thi tufuaus mt Fiirae _mc e pa n = =:0 skmai e iirgens 80

F





suosiquint te thi kenstfktgen ej thi siwnbomrrew.

Rhi brmwgnd ej th i N[ siktgen gnbgkmtisthm t gn thi thgrb tufuaus lust te thi N ej thikintri, gn thi kentifpermry surjmki, m shmaaewheai wms bud gn whgkh m amrdi mfeunt ejkhmrkema keaaiktib. Rhgs weuab siif te suddistm ourgma jref m pirgeb mjtir thi thgrb feunb,out ne suppertgvi ivgbinki hms oiin jeunb.

Jgd ; [hirb. ej Oia= mcin ej th Fmrgtgfi typi( n n =2 mnb =: . [kmai .

Matheudh rikint bgddgnd kkfpagkmtis gntirpri-tmtgen, gn thi uppir surjmki ej thi N[ siktgengn thi NI qumbrmnt thiri fmy oi mn gnbgkmtgenej thi ixgstinki ej m stmdi gn thi kenstfktgen ejthi omrrew oitwiin thi thgrb pirgeb mnb thiamst feunb. Rhgg stmdi F ) euab thingnkaubi thi amrdi, orewn rgndbgtkh eosirvibenay gnbgstgnktay gn thi [I qumbrmnt out viryiaimray gn thi NI qumbrmnt, thgs bgtkh aygnd lustwgthgn thi eni oiaendgnd te thi jgnma pirgeb.Oikmusi thgs surjmki wms net eosirvib gn thiethir siktgens hewivir, wi kmn be ne ferithmn fintgen thgs pessgogagty.

Rhi jgnbs

Jagnt<Rhi keaaiktgen ej jagnts birgvgnd prgfmrgayjref thi smnb unbir thi tufuaus gs oignd stubgibmt prisint. Rhi risuats wga= oi puoagshib gn buiKEYGsi.Fmrgtgfi oiaa oimcir< Rhi shirbs ej mt aimsttwe Fmrgtgfi oiaa hmcirs, shewn gn Jgd. ;,wiri jeunb gn thi [I qumbrmnt nn. =2 mnb=: ). Eni ej thi shirbs oiaendgnd te m rgf gsbikermtib en thi gnsgbi ms wia= ms thi eutsgbi.

E n ma= thi shirbs thi bgmdenma h i s wiri fmbiwgth m tkethib spmtuam3 thi hergzentma agnis mripreomoay kerb gfprissgens. Rhi imrthinwmri gsfmbi ej smnby kamy kentmgngnd m viry aewpirkintmdi ej kem ni drmgns mnb wms thereudhayjgrib. Rhi gnnir mnb eutir surjmkis mri rib teermndi, thi keri gs oamkc3 thi unbikermtib zeniswiri peagshib.Ziauugmn oiaa oimcir itk.< M jiw netmtgenssheuab oi fmbi hiri kenkirngnd thi pesgtgenej thi Ziauvgmn oi oimcir mnb thi rifnmnts ejm krifmtgen ms wia= ms thi riamtib jgnbs. R h rkrifmtgen rifmgns, mrrewhimbs, mrrewshmjtsfkethirs, mnb spagntirs ej jagnt wiri jeunbtedithir. Ivgbintay, mjtir thi krifmtgen thikmakgnmtib oenis mnb steni eolikts wiri kea-aiktib jref thi junirma pyri mt sefi bgstmnkijref thi feunb) gn m beth er omscit mnbourgib gn thi feunb. Mdmgnst gt, te thi nerth,thi oimcir wms pamkib. Rhi oimcir thirijeribgb net kentmgn thi krifmtgen. tunnia-shmpibbgsturomnki suddists thmt mngfma mktgvgty gs ri-spensghai jer thi jmkt thmt enay pmrt ej thi oimcirhms hiin jeunb< gts oettef wms ivin bgspamkibse jmr thmt gt wms jeunb gn thi kentints ej thirikint bgsturoib mrim gn thi kintri ej thi feunb.

Rhi Ziauvgmn oia= oimcir wms jerfib oyhmnb jref smnby kamy wgth m sfmaa mfeunt ejjgni drmvia. Rhi bikermtgen wms mppagib oy thiprissuri ej m bintmtib spmtuam. Rhi bikermtibzenis mri sipirmtib oy sagdhtay iaivmtib omnbsoitwiin shmaaew dreevis. Rhi imrthinwmri gsribbgsh-orewn en thi surjmki, thi keri gs oamkc.Gn thi rikenstruktgen shewn gn Jgd. 2 thi pesgtgenej thi oettef wgth rispikt te thi rist ej thioimcir gs beuot jua oy m keupai ej kintgfitirs.

Rhi thrii mrrewhimbs wiri fmbi jref driy

jagnt. Roiy mri trgmnduamr gn shmpi, thi omsioignd pirjiktay strmgdht, mnb mri ; te 2 ff.thgkc. Rhigr krmkcaib surjmki suddists thmt thiywiri himtib gn jgri, burgnd whgkh prekiss sfmaaogts spagt ejj mt vmrgeus pamkis.

Rhi twe mrrewshmjt sfeethirs mri fmbi ejsmnbsteni3 thi jamt sgbis mnb thi dreevis mridreunb, thi ethir sgbis reudh.

Rhi spagntirs ej driy jagnt gn thgs keaaiktgendgvi thi gfprissgen ej ma= hmvgnd oiaendib teeni pgiki ej steni whgkh spagt ms m risuat ej



D. L. Zirwin Ziauugnn Oia Oiecir ?;

himtgnd. Thithir thi ergdgnma pgiki wms mnutinsga kmnnet oi bitirfgnib3 thi spagntin shewne trmkis ej peagshgg er riteukhgnd.

Ethir jgnbs< M jamt pgiki ej driy-keaeurib jagntwms, oy drgnbgnd mnb khgppgnd, rifebiaib gntem sfmaa mxi ej viry grriduamr shmpi. Rhgs eoliktwms jeunb gn rikintay bgsturoib sega burgnd thiixkmvmtgen ej thi [Iqumbrmnt. Gt hms marimbyoiin fintgenib thmt thi shirbs ej oamkc, peagshibimrthinwmri jeunb gn bgsturoib smnb gn thikintri ej thi feunb fmy pessgoay oiaend te thirgndbgtkh en tep ej thi omrrew. Rhiy mdriiwia= wgth thi imrthinwmri ergdgnmtgnd trefufjgiabs gn Rh i Nithiramnbs.

_ifmrcsRhi mosinki ej eolikts privints thi ixmkt bmtgndej thrii ej thi jeur pirgkbs bgstgndugshib gn thistrukturi ej thi Fiir=0 ourgma feunb, ner kmnsukh gnjerfmtgen oi jeunb jff pmrmaaias wgthfest ej thi vmrgeus pmrts ej thi fenufint.Rhi ufstfktgen ej ourgma feunbs wgth rgnd-bgtkhis mnb pestkgfais wms keffen gn nerth-wistirn Iurepi evir m pirgeb ej fmny kinturgis.

Hewivir, thi bgskentgnueus trinkh surreunb-

gnd thi sikenb omrrew gs aiss usuma. Oisgbis thiIndagsh kmusiwmyib kmfps, whgkh mkkerbgnd terikint gnvistgdmtgens wiri preomoay stgaa gn us

up te moeut ?000O K

([fgth =7:2), bgsken-tgnueus bgtkhis hmvi oiin jeunb gn Hmmrinbir-feain, Ybbia, mnb Zmmssin, mfend ethir pamkis.Gn Hmmrinbirfeain thgs bgt& oiaendib te thisikenb pirgeb ej m ourgma feunb kentmgngnd mwrgst-dumrb ms drmvi-deebs gn thi prgfmry drmvi.

riitmndbmr drmvi pgt kentmgngnd m krifmtgenoiaendgnd te thi sikenb p i r g 2 ej thi feunbwms mskrgoib oy Zmn Dgjjin te thi FgbbaiOrenzi Mdi whgkh weuab thus bmti thi bgs-kentgnueus bgtkh (kefp. Zmn Dgjjin =7;0,Rmjia ;? mnb ;:). M vmdui risifoamnki te thiFiirae bgtkh gs jeunb gn thi biskrgptgen oyHeawirbm ej thi æggb kmaaib _unbomu jffYbbia, whgkh preomoay beis net oiaend te mtufuaus. Tgthgn thgs bgtkh (bgmfitir ?2 f.shirbs ej Oiaa Oimcir pettiry wiri jeunb (Hea-wirbm =707, pp. ;7-2=). Gn thi Hirtincmfpnimr Zmmssin, Heawirbm's omrrew G== mase hmsm bgtkh wgth gntifptgens, out unjertunmtiayne eolikts wiri jeunb gn thgs tufuaus (Heawirbm=7=0, pp. 2-: . Rhisi kmsis suppay prmktgkmaay

Jgd 2. a= imcir ej Ziauvgmn typi tedithir wgth m pmgr ej mrrewmhmjt sfwthirs mnb thrii mrfwhimbs.[kmai = ?



? 2 Mnmaiktm Preihgsaergkm Aigbknsgm

ne gnjerfmtgen jer bmtgnd. Feri usijua jer thgspurpesi gs thi reunb omrrew en [tekcorgbdiBewn (Hmfps.) ([teni =720). Rhgs feunb,kenstfktib ej jagnt nebuais, kevirs m drmvi gnwhgko m se-kmaaib O = oimcir wms bipesgtib.Rhi tufuaus gs surreunbib oy m bgtkh wgthjgvi gntifuptgens. Gn thi fmtirgma jgaagnd thidrmvi, twe sipmrmti krifmtgens wiri amtir pamkib.Mfend thi kentints ej eni wiri m jiw Idyptgmnsidfintib oimbs ej jmginki bmtgnd jref thi=2th kintury O.K. _ikintay eur mttintgen wmsbrmwn te thi risuats ej m omrrew ixkmvmtgen mtOinnicef (Prevgnki ej Diabiramnb). Hiri thitufuaus oiaendgnd thi sikenb pirgeb ej thgsfenufint wms surreunbib oy m bgskentgnueus

bgtbg, =: f. gn bgmfitir. Rhgs sikenb omrrewwms oy peaainmnmaysis bmtib te thi inb ej thiNieagthgk Pirgeb. Gt kevirib m tufuaus wgth tweZiauvgmn oia= oimcirs. Amstay, thiri rifmgns thibmtgnd gnjerfmtgen suppagib oy thi thgrb feunbmt Fiirae wgth thi Ziauvgmn oia= oimcir mstirfgnus mnti quif

Yntga kikinægy, amkc ej ivgbinki rmgsib eppesg-tgen te th i suppesgtgen put jerwmrb oy Ourskh gn=7;4 thmt thi fmcirs ej thi Ziauvgmn oia=oimcirs prmktgkib krifmtgen ms wiY ms gnhufm-

tgen. Ourskh omsib hgs suppesgtgen en thignvistgdmtgen ej omrrew = mt Ess gn whgkh hijeunb jrmdfints ej m Ziauvgmn oia= oimcir mnbkhmrrib oeni (Ounkh =7;4, pp. =-;). Rh isgdns ej rikint bgsturomnki jeunb biip gn thj*omrrew hmvi kmusib lustgjgmoai beuot thmt thikrifmtgen mnb thi oimcir oiaend tedithir, thiferi se sgnki m krifmtgen wms jeunb gn thiuppir pmrt ej thi tufuaus ms m amtir ourgma.

Gn thi Rmoai puoagshib gn hgs thisgs en thiOimcir Kuaturi gn Rhi Nithiramnbs, Ourskhgnkaubib m nufoir ej ethir kmsis gn whgkhkrifmtgens wiri theudht te ekkur gn ourgmafeunbs jref thi Oimcir Pirgeb (Ourskh =7;;,pp. ==2-=?2). M stuby ej thi puhagkmtgensfiutgenib gn thgs Rmoai suddists tomt m nufoirej thisi kmsis mri gfpreomoai, out thmt et hin(i.d. thmt ej thi Beerwirtosi Higbi) amkc enaykefpaiti kirtmgnty.

Gt gs cnewn thmt eutsgbi Rhi Nithiramnbs,krifmtgen wms prmktgkib ms wia= ms sgfpaignhufmtgen ourgma oy m nufoir ej Nieagthgkpiepais. Gt thirijeri siifs strmndi te Y[ thmtthi kmsis kgtib moevi, whgkh hewivir unkirtmgn

mktumaay ixct, hmvi oiin riliktib ms gnbgkmtgensthmt krifmtgen wms prmktgkib burgnd thi OiaaOimcir Pirgeb gn Rh i Nithiramnbs (i.d. bi Amitmnb Damsoirdin =797, p. =09).

Gn mbbgtgen te thi Fiirae jgnb, Te ethirrikint gnvistgdmtgens hmvi kenjgrfib Ourskh'thiery. M sgfgamr kefognmtgen ej eolikts w m ~jeunb oy L. B. vmn bir Tmmas nimr Mpiabeern,mnb mnethir oy Br. H. Hgnz, whe mase jeunb mZiauvgmn oia= oimcir mnb krifmtib oeni gn thismfi drmvi nimr Xmntin (Ziin, Crigs F e f ) .

Rhus, gt fmy new oi stmtib wgtheut risifmtgenthmt thi kustef ej krifmtgen oijeri ourgma wmscnewn gn Rhi Nithiramnbs burgnd thi pirgebej thi Ziauvgmn oia= oimcirs.

Ti mri gnbiotib tm Br. H. Hgnz mnb Fr. L.B vmnbir Tmmas er pirfgssgen te fintgen h i g r jgnbs,oeth ej w hgih mri oignd pripmrib jer puoagkmtgen ,thi jerfir gn Oennir Lmhroukhir mnb thi amttir gnLmmromic Diari.

A G R I _ M R Y _ I

Ourskh, J. K. =7;;), Bgi Oikhircuatur gn binNgibkbmnbin, Eubhigbc. Fibkb. _. F . u E., N._.XGZ, p. ;7-=?2.O u r ~ h , . K. =7;4) , Drmjhiuvias ti Ess, Eubhigbc.Fmbib. _. F . u. E., N. _. X Z GG G, p. =-;.Dgjjin, M. I. vmn =7;0 ) , Bgi numrt bir I gnziadrâoir,Aigpzgd.Dgjjin, M. I. vmn =7 92 ), Iin fiirpirgebin-hiuvia,tufuaus G ti Oinnicef. zif. Ibi.. Diark AGZ.p. 7-;0.Damsoirdin, T. =7 92 ), Omrfw Ixkmvmtgens gn thkIgdht Oimtgtubis G, Pmaeiehgrtergn==, p. =-=;9.Heawirbm, L. H. =707 ), Hu nni rhmn s ogl Ybbiarr-

fi ir, Errbhrgbt. Fibib. _. F . u. E. ===, p. ;7-9;.Hmawirbm, L.H. Gdae), Epdrmvgndin gn bi Hirtin-cmfp ogl Zmmmsin, Eubhigbc. Fibib._. F . u. E. GZ,p =-;0.Amit, [. L. bi T. Damsoirdin = 79 7), Bi Zeer-diskhgibings bir Amdi Amnbin, Drengndin.[fgth, G. J. =7:2), Tgnbfgaa Hgaa enb Gtr Gfpagketgmn,unpuoagshib pfkiibgnds ej thi [iutnb MtamntgkKeaaequgng mt Drengndin.[teni, L. J. [., N. Drmy Hgaa =720), M _eunb mrrewen [tekcorgbdi Bewn, Hmfpshgrk, Mnt. Leurn. XXp. ;7-9?.



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