Appeasement Collaboration Resistance Dissent Kevin P. Dincher .

AppeasementCollaborationResistanceDissent

Kevin P. Dincher

www.kevindincher.com

VERSAILLES TREATY (1919)

Forbidden to maintain or construct any fortification either on the Left bank of the Rhine or on the Right bank to the west of a line drawn fifty kilometers to the East of the Rhine

A violation "in any manner whatsoever … shall be regarded as committing a hostile act...and as calculated to disturb the peace of the world".

LOCARNO TREATY (1925/26)

Rhineland should continue its demilitarized status permanently

Voluntary German acceptance of the Rhineland's demilitarized status as opposed to the diktat (dictate) of Versailles.

Britain and Italy guaranteed the Franco-German border and the continued demilitarized status of the Rhineland

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France Psychologically Economically

Britain “Not a problem”

Lacked resources

Italy League of Nations sanctions over Ethiopia Rapprochement with Germany

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League of Nations

Remilitarization constituted a breach of Versailles and Locarno

Asked Hitler to develop a new plan for European security

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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=league+of+nations&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ZRgl38pmA7GIEM&tbnid=cqMr08JYbrn0kM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/group/league-nations-disarmament-conference/fullview?page=1&ei=HNM0UabWFuSTyQHty4FQ&bvm=bv.43148975,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNE4EpuoBTS5LtGHYm33tv5GYsXzQA&ust=1362502445163421

Eastern Europe

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Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 8

Isn’t “To Rule the

World” a little too

grand in scale?


Grow the German Population Recovery from WW I Philosophical

mandate

Integrate Ethnic Germans Strengthen the

“Volk”

Population Crisis Created by

Versailles Treaty

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Focused on the East

Incorporating areas of ethnic Germans

“Germanification” of Slavic (Poles) countries

Eliminate “threats”▪ Jews, Poles/Slavs,

communists

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1939-1942

Generalplan Ost

"Small Plan" (Kleine Planung) ▪ During the war

"Big Plan" (Grosse Planung)▪ After the war was won▪ To be implemented

gradually over a period of 25 to 30 years.

Immediate action (Nov 1939)50,000 Germans

Future Plan (10 years)

▪ Relocate 8 – 10 million Germans

▪ The extermination, expulsion, Germanization or enslavement of most or all East and West Slavs living behind the front lines in Europe.

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Ethnic Group % target for Elimination/Reloc

ation

Poles 85%

Russians 60%

Belorussians 75%

Ukranians 65%

Lithuanians 85%

Latvians 50%

Estonians 50%

Czechs 50%

Latgalians 100%

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Drang nach OstenDrive toward the East

•It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand. It is the direction which Nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples.

Hitler, 1944

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The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War (James Bradley)

1905: Teddy Roosevelt▪ Diplomatic mission to

Japan, the Philippines, China, and Korea

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Monogenism

▪ Single origin of all human beings

▪ Religious Belief ( Adam and Eve)

▪ Evolution: Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)▪ 1859: On the Origin of Species▪ 1871: Descent of Man


Monogenism


KYA = Thousand Years Ago

Polygenism

• Human beings originated in multiple places

• Evolved independently from separate species of apes• Single species theories:

Hierarchy of Races• Multiple species theories: Races

= different species


• Lucilio Vanini (1585-1619)

• De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (1616)• Africans:

• Descended from apes because of their skin color• Other races not descended from apes

• A race hierarchy


Polygenism

• Lucilio Vanini (1616)

• 17th Century: Age of Exploration

• 18th Century: Enlightenment (Voltaire/Hume)

• 19th and 20th Centuries: Aryan RaceGarden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 21

Aryan

• Late 19th century linguistic theory

• Indo-European Language Group• Europe, the Iranian plateau, Asia Minor

(Anatolia), South Asia




Indo-European Languages

Today: 3 billion native speakers (42%)•Half of the world’s 439 languages and dialects

Aryan Languages …. Aryan Race

• Most ancient known Indo-European languages • Indo-Iranian

• Aryan = form of “Iranian” Indo-Iranians = Indo-Aryans =

Aryans

• Aryan = Indo-European speakers as a whole

• Polygenism: constitute a distinctive race


Aryan Race

1.Human beings originated in multiple places

2.Different races• Aryans = one of those races

• Originated in Caucasus region (Causasian)

3.Hierarchy of races



Aryans

Slavs

Teutons

Anglo-Saxons


Teutonic/Nordic/Germanic

Heirs and preservers

Top of the racial hierarchy

▪ Social Darwinism▪ Übermensch▪ Rightful place in the

world

The French

Population Growth Lebensraum

Geographic Fragmentation

Political and Ideological Fragmentation

Threat of Democracy: Individualism

Threat of Communism: National Identity

Only Answer: Authoritarian Government

▪ Co-opt or neutralize national/traditional institutions

▪ Trade unions, political parties, army, churches


Racial Integrity/Purity

Non-Aryans▪ Jews, Slavs, Blacks, Gypsies

Lebensunwertes Leben▪ Life unworthy of life: “Weak” – “Deviants” – “Source of

social unrest”▪ Eugenics and Euthanasia Programs

▪ Nuremberg Trials Estimates Forced sterilization: over 400,000 people Euthanasia Program (Aktion T4)• 1939-1941: 70,000 people killed• 1941-1945: 270,000 people killed



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An underground organization engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military or totalitarian occupation

▪ Resistance Movements (aka “The Underground”) existed in every occupied country

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Most Notable Resistance Movements

▪ Yugoslav Partisans▪ Polish Home Army▪ Soviet Partisans▪ French Forces of the Interior▪ Italian CLN▪ Norwegian Resistance▪ Greek Resistance▪ Dutch Resistance

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Resistance Took Many Forms

Uprisings and guerilla warfare

Sabotage

Strikes and demonstrations

Raids on offices

Espionage

Illegal Press

Forging documents

Covert listening to BBC

Hiding people

Assisting Allies caught behind Axis lines

Helping POWs

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No united/coordinated resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period

Generally small, isolated groups▪ Gestapo ▪ Ideological Difference

77,000 German citizens executed form of resistance

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Estimate

77,000 German citizens executed for some form of resistance

Canadian historian Peter Hoffman▪ “Tens of thousands” in concentration camps for

resistance

German historian Hans Mommsen▪ “Resistance without people”

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Jan 1933640,000 Jews in Germany

Sep 1942: 75,800 Jews in Germany

Working in arms industry

Plan: to replace with force labor

Jan 1943 15,100 Jewish workers

in Berlin 5300 outside the

capital

Feb 1943 Majar Action on the

Jews (Großaktion Juden)

Evacuation Action (Evakuierungsaktion)

Factory Action (Fabrikaktion)

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Fabrikaktion excluded:

Jew in mixed marriages

Geltungsjuden

Jews over 65 unless married to Jews under 65

Decorated Jewish veterans of WWI

Special persons listed by name

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Outside Berlin 26 Feb 1943

▪ Ordered to register with Gestapo the next day

Berlin 100 factories Arrested and held in

6 locations in Berlin to await deportation

20,500 Jews in Germany 4000 people

escaped 1500 survived the

war

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Jewish Community Center Rosenstraße (Rose Street) 1800 Jewish men

▪ Married to non-Jewish women▪ Geltugsjuden

“Give us our husbands back”

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Without warning, the guards began setting up machine guns,” she said. “Then they directed them at the crowd and shouted: ‘If you don’t go now, we’ll shoot.’ The movement surged backward. But then, for the first time, we really hollered. Now we couldn’t care less...Now they’re going to shoot in any case, so now we’ll yell too, we thought. We yelled, ‘Murderer, murderer, murderer, murderer’...”

Charlotte Israel Kevin P. Dincher 42

“We acted from the heart, and look what happened. …We wanted to show that we weren’t willing to let them go. ...I did what was given to me. When my husband needed my protection, I protected him. I went to Rosenstrasse every day before work. And there was always a flood of people there. It wasn’t organized or instigated. Everyone was simply there. Exactly like me.”

Elza Holzer Kevin P. Dincher 43


"The strength of civil disobedience, the vigor of love overcomes the violence of dictatorship; Give us our men back; Women were standing here, defeating death; Jewish men were free.“

Block der Frauen (Block of Women): Rosenstraße Protest Monument, Berlin

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Rosenstraße 2003 film

Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany Nathan Stoltzfus

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• Non-violent, intellectual resistence movement• Students at University of Munich

• Anonymous leaflet (6) and graffiti campaign• June 1942 until February 1943• 7th leaflet written by not copied/distributed


Students from the University of Munich comprised the core of the White Rose

Hans Scholl

Sophie Scholl

Alex Schmorell

Willi Graf

Christoph Probst

Traute Lafrenz

Katharina Schueddekopf

Lieselotte (Lilo) Berndl

Jürgen Wittenstein

Marie-Luise Jahn

Falk Harnack

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1941: Bishop August von Galen

Sermon against Euthanasia policies

Reprinted sermon

Leaflets▪ Jun 1942 – Feb 1943

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Distribution?

Leaflet 5▪ 6000-9000 copies▪ Copies appeared in

Stuttgart, Cologne, Vienna, Freiburg, Chemnitz, Hamburg, Innsbruck, and Berlin

Leaflet No. 6:▪ Smuggled out of

Germany▪ Dropped from Allied

aircraft as propaganda over Nazi Germany

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We will not be silent. We are your bad conscience. The White Rose will not leave you in peace! Leaflet 4's

concluding phrase “We not be silent”

▪ Became the motto of the White Rose resistance.

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Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl: The Final Days) 2005 – nominated for Best Foreign Language

Film in 2006

Das Versprechen (The Promise) Film financed by Bavarian state government

(1970s)

Fünf letzte Tage (The Last Five Days) 1982

Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose) 1982

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Garden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher

Maurice Bavaud (1916 – 1941) Nov 1938

Johann Georg Elser (1903 – 1945) Nov 1939 5 ½ years in Dachau - "special

security prisoner 54

Aristocracy/Military

• Tradition of personal obligation

• Conflicted• Loyalty to the state – mutiny

unthinkable


Aristocracy/Military• Before 1938:

• Goal = avoid war

• Beginning in 1938:• Coup if go to war?• General Hans Oster

• November 1939:• Coup if invasion of

Belgium/Netherlands

• Rapid/easy victoriesGarden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 56


• Operation Valkyrie (Operation Walküre,1944)

• Assassinate Hitler

• Create a new government

• Wolf's Lair, Rastenburg, East Prussia• July 7 (Salzburg)• July 11• July 15• July 20


Count Claus von Stauffenberg

Operation Valkyrie (1944)





Failure of Operation Valkyrie• Revealed earlier plots

• 7000 arrested• 4980 executed

• Effectively ended organized resistance within Germany


Three groups used this name

Anti-Nazi resistance movement in Berlin

Soviet espionage rings operating in German-occupied Europe and Switzerland during World War II

1942: Red Orchestra Special Detachment (Gestapo, army, SS)


The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle) Resistance

• Trepper group in Germany, France, and Belgium (1939-1943)

• Leopold Trepper

• Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group in Berlin (1936 – 1942)

• Harro Schulze-Boysen (1936) and Arvid Harnack (1937)• Intelligence to Americans• Leaflets• Underground railroad

• The Red Three (rote Drei) in Switzerland (1936 – 1944)

• Alexander Radó • Lucy Spy Ring (Rudolph Roessler)


• Economic Resistance

• Clandestine Press

• Intelligence

• Sabotage

• Guerilla WarfareGarden of Beasts Kevin P. Dincher 64

• Collective term • Several underground resistance

organizations in Poland • Loyal to the Polish Government in Exile

in London

• Estimates: 1 million people (military)


• Gaullist• Communists• Socialists• Vichy Collaborators• Foreigners• Jews• Women


• Women• 11% of members• Antifeminism


Lucie Bernard Aubrac (1912-2007)resister and co-founder of Libération-Sud



Hélène Viannayresister and co-founder of Défense de la France



Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909-1989)only female leader in the Résistance and head of the Alliance network.




• 70,000 Italian women were organized in the women defense groups.

• 35,000 (of 232.841 fighting persons) women were fighting as partisans.

• 4,600 were arrested, tortured and sentenced,

• 2,750 were deported to Germany

• 623 were shot or killed in fighting

• 512 women were placed in official functions, as commissioners and commanders


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Appeasement Collaboration Resistance Dissent Kevin P. Dincher .

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