343
Appendix 2: Languages
1 Introduction In §2 we list in their putative subgroups all the Oceanic languages to which we refer in
this volume. The higher-order subgroups are those described in Chapter 1, §3.2. Lower-order groups, except where indicated, are drawn from the classification in Lynch, Ross and Crowley (2002), and also, for Western Oceanic, from Ross (1988). In §3 we provide an index to §2. Polynesian subgrouping is based on Marck (2000).
Square brackets enclose the subgroup abbreviations used in the data. Parentheses include dialect names or, where an equals sign is used, an alternative name or names for the language.
2 Languages by subgroups 1 Yapese 2 Admiralties [Adm]
2.1 St Matthias Emira Mussau Tench (=Tenis)
2.2 Admiralties proper 2.2.1 Western Admiralties
Aua Kaniet Seimat (= Ninigo) Wuvulu
2.2.2 Eastern Admiralties 2.2.2.1 Manus
Andra Bipi Bohuai Drehet (= Ndrehet, Khehek, Levei-Tulu) Ere Kele Koro Lele Likum Loniu
344 Appendix 2
Mondropolon Nali Nyindrou Pak Ponam Sori-Harengan Titan
2.2.2.2 South-East Admiralties Baluan Lou Nauna Penchal
3 Western Oceanic 3.1 Sarmi/Jayapura [SJ]
3.2.1 Sarmi Bongo Kayupulau Ormu Sobei
3.2 North New Guinea [NNG] 3.2.1 Schouten
3.2.1.1 Manam/Kairiru Bam Kaiep Kairiru Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Sera Terebu Wogeo
3.2.1.2 Siau Ali Sissano Tumleo Ulau-Suain
3.2.2 Huon Gulf 3.2.2.1 North Huon Gulf
Bukawa Kela Yabem
3.2.2.2 Markham Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Silisili Sukurum
Languages 345
Wampar Wampur Yalu
3.2.2.3 South Huon Gulf Buang Hote Kaiwa Kapin Mangga (= dialect of Buang) Mapos Buang Misim (= dialect of Hote) Mumeng (Patep, Zenang, Kumaru) Vehes
3.2.2.4 Numbami 3.2.3 Ngero/Vitiaz
3.2.3.1 Ngero Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malai Malalamai Mandok Mutu Tuam
3.2.3.2 Bel Bilibil (= Bilbil) Bing (= Biliau) Dami (= Ham) Gedaged Matukar Megiar Mindiri Takia Wab
3.2.3.3 Vitiaz Strait (areal grouping only) Amara Barim Kilenge Lukep (Pono) (= Arop-Lokep) Lukep Malasanga Maleu Mangap (= Mangap-Mbula, Kaimanga) Roinji Singorakai Sio Tami
346 Appendix 2
3.2.3.4 Southwest New Britain Akolet Apalik Arawe (= Arove) Aria Atui Avau Bebeli Kaulong Lamogai Mangseng Psohoh Rauto Sengseng
3.2.3.5 Mengen family Kakuna (= dialect of Mamusi) Maeng Mamusi Poeng Uvol
3.3 Papuan Tip [PT] 3.3.1 Nuclear Papuan Tip
3.3.1.1 Suauic Suau (Kwato Suau, Sariba) Tubetube Wagawaga
3.3.1.2 North Mainland/D’Entrecasteaux 3.3.1.2.1 Gumawana (= Gumasi) 3.3.1.2.2 Dobu/Duau
Dobu Duau Sewa Bay
3.3.1.2.3 Bwaidoga Bwaidoga Iduna (= dialect of Bwaidoga) Kalokalo Molima
3.3.1.2.4 Anuki 3.3.1.2.5 Kakabai/Dawawa
Kakabai Dawawa
3.3.1.2.6 Are/Taupota Are Arifama Gapapaiwa (= Paiwa) Minaveha (= Kukuya) Tawala Ubir Wedau
Languages 347
3.3.2 Kilivila/Misima 3.3.2.1 Kilivila
Kilivila (= Kiriwina) Muyuw
3.3.2.2 Misima 3.3.3 Nimoa/Sudest
Nimoa Sudest
3.3.4 Central Papuan Balawaia (= dialect of Sinaugoro) Gabadi Hula (= dialect of Keapara) Kuni Lala (= Nara, ’Ala’ala, Pokau) Magori Maopa (= dialect of Keapara) Mekeo Motu Roro Sinaugoro Taboro (= dialect of Sinaugoro)
3.4 Meso-Melanesian [MM] 3.4.1 Bali-Vitu
Bali Vitu
3.4.2 Willaumez Bola Bola Harua Bulu Meramera Nakanai (= Lakalai)
3.4.3 New Ireland/Northwest Solomonic 3.4.3.1 Tungag/Nalik family
Kara (East) Kara (West) Lavongai (= Tungak, Tungag) Nalik Tiang Tigak
3.4.3.2 Tabar linkage Lihir Notsi Tabar
3.4.3.3 Madak linkage Barok Lamasong Madak
3.4.3.4 Tomoip 3.4.3.5 St George linkage
348 Appendix 2
3.4.3.5.1 South New Ireland Bilur Kandas Konomala Label Minigir Patpatar Ramoaaina (= Duke of York) Siar Sursurunga Tangga (= Tanga) Tolai (= Kuanua, Raluana, Tuna)
3.4.3.5.2 Northwest Solomonic linkage 3.4.3.5.2.1 Nehan/North Bougainville
Hahon Halia (= Hanahan), Halia (Haku), Halia (Selau) Nehan Papapana Petats Solos Taiof Teop Tinputz
3.4.3.5.2.2 Piva/Banoni Banoni Piva
3.4.3.5.2.3 Mono-Alu/Torau Mono-Alu Torau Uruava
3.4.3.5.2.4 Choiseul Babatana Katazi Ririo Sisiqa (= Sengga) Vaghua Varisi
3.4.3.5.2.5 New Georgia Bareke Ghanongga Hoava Lungga Marovo Nduke Roviana Simbo Ughele Vangunu
Languages 349
3.4.3.5.2.6 Ysabel Kia (= Zabana) Kilokaka Kokota Ghove Laghu Maringe (= Cheke Holo, Hograno) Samasodu
4 Eastern Oceanic 4.1 Southeast Solomonic [SES]
4.1.1 Bugotu/Gela/Guadalcanal 4.1.1.1 Bugotu 4.1.1.2 Gela/Guadalcanal
Baegu Birao Gela Lengo Ghari Malagheti Malango Talise Tolo West Guadalcanal
4.1.1.3 Longgu/Malaita/Makira 4.1.1.3.1 Longgu 4.1.1.3.2 Malaita/Makira
’Are’are Arosi Baelelea Bauro Fagani Kahua Kwai Kwaio Kwara’ae Langalanga Lau Oroha Sa’a To’aba’ita Ulawa
4.2 North/Central Vanuatu [NCV] (groupings are areal, based on Clark 1996) 4.2.1 Banks and Torres, Maewo, Ambae, North Pentecost
Araki Hiw Maewo Merlav Mota Mwotlap
350 Appendix 2
Nduindui North-East Ambae (= NE Aoba) Raga
4.2.2 Espiritu Santo Fortsenal Kiai Nokuku Sakao Tamambo (= Malo) Tangoa Tasmate Tasiriki Tolomako Wusi
4.2.3 Malekula Atchin Axamb Big Nambas Burmbar Labo Mae Port Sandwich Uripiv
4.2.4 South Pentecost, Ambrym, Paama, Epi Lewo Lonwolwol Paamese S.E. Ambrym
4.2.5 Efate-Shepherds Makura Namakir (= Namakura) Nguna Sesake South Efate
4.3 South Vanuatu [SV] Anejom (= Aneityum) Kwamera Lenakel North Tanna South-west Tanna Sye (= Sie, Eromango) Ura Whitesands
4.4 New Caledonia [NCal] 4.4.1 New Caledonia proper
Ajië Cèmuhî Fwâi Pije Pwapwâ
Languages 351
Nemi Nyelâyu Xârâcùù Yuanga
4.4.2 Loyalties Dehu Iaai Nengone
4.5 Nuclear Micronesian [Mic] Carolinian Chuukese (= Trukese) Kiribatese (= Kiribati, Gilbertese) Kosraean (= Kusaeian) Lamotrek Marshallese Mokilese Mortlockese Ponapean Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorolese Ulithian Woleaian
4.6 Central Pacific [Fij and Pn] 4.6.1 Rotuman 4.6.2 Western Fijian
Nadrogaa Wayan Yasawa
4.6.3 Eastern Fijian Bauan (= Standard Fijian) Boumaa Nabukelevu Wailevu
4.6.4 Polynesian (subgrouping based on Marck (2000) 4.6.4.1 Tongic
Niuatoputapu (dialect of Tongan) Niuean Tongan
4.6.4.2 Nuclear Polynesian Anutan East Uvean East Futunan Pileni Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia West Futunan (= Futuna-Aniwa) West Uvean
352 Appendix 2
Ifira-Mele (= Mele-Fila) Emae
4.6.4.2.1 Samoan/Ellicean/Eastern Polynesian 4.6.4.2.1.1 Samoan 4.6.4.2.1.2 Ellicean/Eastern Polynesian
(A) Ellicean Kapingamarangi Luangiua Nanumean (dialect of Tuvalu) Nukuoro Nukuria Sikaiana Takuu Tokelauan Tuvalu (= Ellicean)
(B) Eastern Polynesian (a) Rapanui (= Easter Island) (b) Central Eastern Polynesian
(i) Marquesic Hawaiian
Mangareva Marquesan
(ii) Tahitic Mangaia
Manihiki Maori Rapa Rarotongan Tahitian Tongareva (= Penrhyn) Tuamotuan
Languages 353
3 language finderlist Languages are listed alphabetically below with a numeric reference to their position in
the subgrouping hierarchy in §2.
A Adzera 3.2.2.2 Ajië 4.4.1 Akolet 3.2.3.4 ’Ala’ala (see Lala) Ali 3.2.1.2 Alu (see Mono-Alu) Amara 3.2.3.3 Ambae (see North-east Ambae) Andra 2.2.2.1 Aneityum (see Anejom) Anejom 4.3 Anuki 3.3.1.2.4 Anutan 4.6.4.2 Aoba (see North-east Ambae) Apalik 3.2.3.4 Araki 4.2.1 Arawe 3.2.3.4 Are 3.3.1.2.6 ’Are’are 4.1.1.3.2 Aria 3.2.3.4 Arifama 3.3.1.2.6 Arop-Lokep (see Lukep (Pono)) Arosi 4.1.1.3.2 Arove (see Arawe) Atchin 4.2.3 Atui 3.2.3.4 Aua 2.2.1 Avau 3.2.3.4 Awad Bing (see Bing) Axamb 4.2.3
B Babatana 3.4.3.5.2.4 Baegu 4.1.1.2 Baelelea 4.1.1.3.2 Balawaia 3.3.4 Bali 3.4.1 Baluan 2.2.2.2
Bam 3.2.1.1 Banoni 3.4.3.5.2.2 Bareke 3.4.3.5.2.5 Bariai 3.2.3.1 Barim 3.2.3.3 Barok 3.4.3.3 Bauan 4.6.3 Bauro 4.1.1.3.2 Bebeli 3.2.3.4 Big Nambas 4.2.3 Bilbil (see Bilibil) Biliau (see Bing) Bilibil 3.2.3.2 Bilur 3.4.3.5.1 Bing 3.2.3.2 Bipi 2.2.2.1 Birao 4.1.1.2 Bohuai 2.2.2.1 Bola 3.4.2 Bongo 3.1.1 Boumaa 4.6.3 Boumaa (see Boumaa) Buang 3.2.2.3 Bugotu 4.1.1.1 Bukawa 3.2.2.1 Bulu 3.4.2 Burmbar 4.2.3 Bwaidoga 3.3.1.2.3
C Carolinian 4.5 Cèmuhî 4.4.1 Cheke Holo (see Maringe) Chuukese 4.5
D Dami 3.2.3.2 Dangal 3.2.2.2 Daui (see Suau)
354 Appendix 2
Dawawa 3.3.1.2.5 Dehu 4.4.2 Dobu 3.3.1.2.2 Drehet 2.2.2.1 Duau 3.3.1.2.2 Duke of York (see Ramoaaina) Duwet 3.2.2.2
E East Futunan 4.6.4.2 East Uvean 4.6.4.2 Easter Island (see Rapanui) Ellicean (see Tuvalu) Emae 4.6.4.2 Emira 2.1 Ere 2.2.2.1 Eromangan (see Sye)
F Fagani 4.1.1.3.2 Fijian (see Bauan) Fortsenal 4.2.2 Futuna-Aniwa (see West Futunan) Fwâi 4.4.1
G Gabadi 3.3.4 Gapapaiwa 3.3.1.2.6 Gedaged 3.2.3.2 Gela 4.1.1.2 Ghanongga 3.4.3.5.2.5 Ghari 4.1.1.2 Ghove 3.4.3.5.2.6 Gilbertese (see Kiribatese) Gitua 3.2.3.1 Gumasi (see Gumawana) Gumawana 3.3.1.2.1
H Hahon 3.4.3.5.2.1 Haku (see Halia) Halia 3.4.3.5.2.1 Ham (see Dami) Hanahan (see Halia)
Harua (see Bola) Hawaiian 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.i Hiw 4.2.1 Hoava 3.4.3.5.2.5 Hograno (see Maringe) Hote 3.2.2.3 Hula 3.3.4
I Iaai 4.4.2 Iduna 3.3.1.2.3 Ifira-Mele 4.6.4.2
K
Kahua 4.1.1.3.2 Kaiep 3.2.1.1 Kaimanga (see Mangap) Kairiru 3.2.1.1 Kaiwa 3.2.2.3 Kakabai 3.3.1.2.5 Kakuna (see Mamusi) Kalokalo 3.3.1.2.3 Kandas 3.4.3.5.1 Kaniet 2.2.1 Kapin 3.2.2.3 Kapingamarangi 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Kara (East) 3.4.3.1 Kara (West) 3.4.3.1 Katazi 3.4.3.5.2.4 Kaulong 3.2.3.4 Kayupulau 3.1.1 Keapara (see Hula) Keapara (see Maopa) Kela 3.2.2.1 Kele 2.2.2.1 Khehek (see Drehet) Kia 3.4.3.5.2.6 Kiai 4.2.2 Kilenge 3.2.3.3 Kilivila 3.3.2.1 Kiliokaka 3.4.3.5.2.6 Kiribati (see Kiribatese) Kiribatese 4.5 Kiriwina (see Kilivila)
Appendix 2 355
Kis 3.2.1.1 Kokota 3.4.3.5.2.6 Konomala 3.4.3.5.1 Koro 2.2.2.1 Kosraean 4.5 Kove 3.2.3.1 Kuanua (see Tolai) Kukuya (see Minaveha) Kumaru (see Mumeng) Kuni 3.3.4 Kusaeian (see Kosraean) Kwai 4.1.1.3.2 Kwaio 4.1.1.3.2 Kwamera 4.3 Kwara’ae 4.1.1.3.2 Kwato (see Suau)
L Label 3.4.3.5.1 Labo 4.2.3 Labu 3.2.2.2 Laghu 3.4.3.5.2.6 Lakalai (see Nakanai) Lala 3.3.4 Lamasong 3.4.3.3 Lamogai 3.2.3.4 Lamotrek 4.5 Langalanga 4.1.1.3.2 Lau 4.1.1.3.2 Lavongai 3.4.3.1 Lele 2.2.2.1 Lenakel 4.3 Lengo 4.1.1.2 Levei-Tulu (see Drehet) Lewo 4.2.4 Lihir 3.4.3.2 Likum 2.2.2.1 Longgu 4.1.1.3.1 Loniu 2.2.2.1 Lonwolwol 4.2.4 Lou 2.2.2.2 Luangiua 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Lukep (Pono) 3.2.3.3 Lukep 3.2.3.3
Lungga 3.4.3.5.2.5 Lusi 3.2.3.1
M Madak 3.4.3.3 Mae 4.2.3 Maeng 3.2.3.5 Maewo 4.2.1 Magori 3.3.4 Makura 4.2.5 Malagheti 4.1.1.2 Malai 3.2.3.1 Malalamai 3.2.3.1 Malango 4.1.1.2 Malasanga 3.2.3.3 Maleu 3.2.3.3 Malo (see Tamambo) Mamusi 3.2.3.5 Manam 3.2.1.1 Mandok 3.2.3.1 Mangaia 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Mangap 3.2.3.3 Mangap-Mbula (see Mangap) Mangareva 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.i Mangga 3.2.2.3 Mangseng 3.2.3.4 Manihiki 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Maopa 3.3.4 Maori 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Mapos Buang 3.2.2.3 Maringe 3.4.3.5.2.6 Marovo 3.4.3.5.2.5 Marquesan 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.i Marshallese 4.5 Matukar 3.2.3.2 Mbula (see Mangap) Medebur 3.2.1.1 Megiar 3.2.3.2 Mekeo 3.3.4 Mele-Fila (see Ifira-Mele) Meramera 3.4.2 Merlav 4.2.1 Minaveha 3.3.1.2.6 Mindiri 3.2.3.2
356 Appendix 2
Minigir 3.4.3.5.1 Misim (see Hote) Misima 3.3.2.2 Mokilese 4.5 Molima 3.3.1.2.3 Mondropolon 2.2.2.1 Mono (see Mono-Alu) Mono-Alu 3.4.3.5.2.3 Mortlockese 4.5 Mota 4.2.1 Motu 3.3.4 Mumeng 3.2.2.3 Mussau 2.1 Mutu 3.2.3.1 Muyuw 3.3.2.1 Mwotlap 4.2.1
N Nabukelevu 4.6.3 Nadrogaa 4.6.2 Nakanai 3.4.2 Nali 2.2.2.1 Nalik 3.4.3.1 Namakir 4.2.5 Namakura (see Namakir) Nanumean 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Nara (see Lala) Nauna 2.2.2.2 Ndrehet (see Drehet) Nduindui 4.2.1 Nduke 3.4.3.5.2.5 Nehan 3.4.3.5.2.1 Nemi 4.4.1 Nengone 4.4.2 Nguna 4.2.5 Nimoa 3.3.3 Ninigo (see Seimat) Niuatoputapu (see Tonga) Niuean 4.6.4.1 Nodup (see Tolai) Nokuku 4.2.2 North-east Ambae 4.2.1 North-east Aoba (see North-East Ambae)
North Tanna 4.3 Notsi 3.4.3.2 Nukuoro 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Nukuria 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Numbami 3.2.2.4 Nyelâyu 4.4.1 Nyindrou 2.2.2.1
O Ormu 3.1.1 Oroha 4.1.1.3.2
P Paamese 4.2.4 Paiwa (see Gapapaiwa) Pak 2.2.2.1 Papapana 3.4.3.5.2.1 Patep (see Mumeng) Patpatar 3.4.3.5.1 Penchal 2.2.2.2 Penrhyn (see Tongareva) Petats 3.4.3.5.2.1 Pije 4.4.1 Pileni 4.6.4.2 Piva 3.4.3.5.2.2 Poeng 3.2.3.5 Pokau (see Lala) Ponam 2.2.2.1 Ponapean 4.5 Port Sandwich 4.2.3 Psohoh 3.2.3.4 Pukapukan 4.6.4.2 Puluwatese 4.5 Pwapwâ 4.4.1
R Raga 4.2.1 Raluana (see Tolai) Ramoaaina 3.4.3.5.1 Rapa 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Rapanui 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.a. Rarotongan 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Rauto 3.2.3.4 Rennellese 4.6.4.2
Appendix 2 357
Ririo 3.4.3.5.2.4 Roinji 3.2.3.3 Roro 3.3.4 Rotuman 4.6.1 Roviana 3.4.3.5.2.5
S Sa’a 4.1.1.3.2 Sakao 4.2.2 Samasodu 3.4.3.5.2.6 Samoan 4.6.4.2.1.1 Sariba (see Suau) Satawalese 4.5 Seimat 2.2.1 Selau (see Halia) Sengga (see Sisiqa) Sengseng 3.2.3.4 Sepa 3.2.1.1 Sera 3.2.1.1 Sesake 4.2.5 Sewa Bay 3.3.1.2.2 Siar 3.4.3.5.1 Sie (see Sye) Sikaiana 4.6.4.2.1.2 Silisili 3.2.2.2 Simbo 3.4.3.5.2.5 Sinaugoro 3.3.4 Singorakai 3.2.3.3 Sio 3.2.3.3 Sisiqa 3.4.3.5.2.4 Sissano 3.2.1.2 Sobei 3.1.1 Solos 3.4.3.5.2.1 Sonsorolese 4.5 Sori-Harengan 2.2.2.1 South Efate 4.2.5 South-east Ambrym 4.2.4 South-west Tanna 4.3 Standard Fijian (see Bauan Fijian) Suau 3.3.1.1 Sudest 3.3.3 Sukurum 3.2.2.2 Sursurunga 3.4.3.5.1 Swit (see Gedaged)
Sye 4.3
T Tabar 3.4.3.2 Taboro 3.3.4 Tahitian 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Taiof 3.4.3.5.2.1 Takia 3.2.3.2 Takuu 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Talise 4.1.1.2 Tamambo 4.2.2 Tami 3.2.3.3 Tanga (see Tangga) Tangga 3.4.3.5.1 Tangoa 4.2.2 Tasmate 4.2.2 Tasiriki 4.2.2 Tawala 3.3.1.2.6 Tench 2.1 Teop 3.4.3.5.2.1 Terebu 3.2.1.1 Tiang 3.4.3.1 Tigak 3.4.3.1 Tikopia 4.6.4.2 Tinputz 3.4.3.5.2.1 Titan 2.2.2.1 To’aba’ita 4.1.1.3.2 Tokelauan 4.6.4.2.1.2.A Tolai 3.4.3.5.1 Tolo 4.1.1.2 Tolomako 4.2.2 Tomoip 3.4.3.4 Tongan 4.6.4.1 Tongareva 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Torau 3.4.3.5.2.3 Trukese (see Chuukese) Tuam 3.2.3.1 Tuamotuan 4.6.4.2.1.2.B.b.ii Tubetube 3.3.1.1 Tumleo 3.2.1.2 Tuna (see Tolai) Tungag (see Lavongai) Tungak (see Lavongai) Tuvalu 4.6.4.2.1.2.A
358 Appendix 2
U Ubir 3.3.1.2.6 Ughele 3.4.3.5.2.5 Ulau-Suain 3.2.1.2 Ulawa 4.1.1.3.2 Ulithian 4.5 Ura 4.3 Uripiv 4.2.3 Uruava 3.4.3.5.2.3 Uvol 3.2.3.5
V Vaghua 3.4.3.5.2.4 Vangunu 3.4.3.5.2.5 Varisi 3.4.3.5.2.4 Vehes 3.2.2.3 Vitu 3.4.1
W Wab 3.2.3.2 Wagawaga 3.3.1.1 Wailevu 4.6.3 Wampar 3.2.2.2 Wampur 3.2.2.2
Wayan 4.6.2 Wedau 3.3.1.2.6 West Futunan 4.6.4.2 West Guadalcanal West Uvean 4.6.4.2 Whitesands 4.3 Wogeo 3.2.1.1 Woleaian 4.5 Wusi 4.2.2 Wuvulu 2.2.1
X Xârâcùù 4.4.1
Y Yabem 3.2.2.1 Yalu 3.2.2.2 Yapese 1 Yasawa 4.6.2 Yuanga 4.4.1
Z Zabana (see Kia) Zenang (see Mumeng)
Language maps 359
360 Language maps
Language maps 361
362 Language maps
Language maps 363
364 Language maps
Language maps 365
366 Language maps