Appendix A: Color Figures

Appendix A contains color versions of several figures contained in the correspond­ing chapters in black/white or gray shades:

Chap. 1: Chap. 3: Chap. 16: Chap. 18: Chap. 23: Chap. 24: Chap. 26: Chap. 27:

Fig. 1.1 Figs. 3.3, 3.10, 3.12, 3.13 Figs. 16.5,16.6,16.11 Fig. 18.13 Figs. 23.14, 23.17,23.22,23.23,23.24,23.27,23.36,23.45,23.46

Figs. 24.6a,b, 24.8, 24.9, 24.16a,b, 24.17c Fig. 26.5, Fig. 26.6 Fig. 27.4

Additionally, stereo-SEM images are shown of a number of titanium surfaces, typi­cal of rough surfaces as used in the area of dental and orthopedic applications (linked to Chap. 5, Figs. 5.23-5.38). These surfaces can be viewed stereoscopically with the help of the red( left)/ / greene right) spectacles provided in Appendix F at the end of the book.

Chapter 1

1.

2.

8. The biomaterial i encapulated and i olated

prole in ad rplion .YAw",."I.ln. In many 11.1181

... - - up' ''''' ~~~~; ~/~ ECM: flbronectin laminin SPARe

collagen GAG TSP

lit, 3 4 7 .

cell inleriogation~' . ". • • • neutrophil monocyte I : . .

macrophage . '. ..' ..

In conjun lion with ECM molecule ...

fibl'~blast 6 Communication 10 • fibroblaslS

4 rele,as \1t releaSe A • ...

~~~~~-~'~~~~~ Growth and attachment inhibitors and stimulators ( .. ._ •• __ _ •

PDGF TGFa or ~ J FGF EGF interleukins TNF ~

5 GianI cell formalion al the . Implanl surface --

Fru tr.ued phngocylosi

Fig.!.!. Key characteristics of protein adsorption during the healing process.

950 Appendix A

Chapter 3

Fig. 3.3. Titanium implant system for fractured femur.

Fig. 3.10. Schematic of plasma arc furnace for melting titanium alloys .

Fig.3.12. Hot 13,000 lb. (5 910 kg) titanium ingot.

Fig. 3.13. Sheet, strip, foil , tubing and wire titanium mill products.

Color Figures 951

ChapterS The following stere(}-SEM figures of rough or structured titanium surfaces have been obtained on

a number of surfaces that are relevant to applications in the dental-implant and orthopedic-device

area. The grid-blasted and hydroxyapatite-plasma-coated CP Ti and Ti-6AI-4V surfaces were

produced by Sulzer Orthopedics, Winterthur, Switzerland, the titanium-plasma-sprayed and the

grid-blasted + acid etched (SLA) CP Ti surfaces by Institut Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland.

In both cases, the surface treatment conditions for the production of the laboratory samples were

close to those used in the fabrication of commercial implants. In case of the surface called

"Osseotite®", a commercial dental implant (3i Implant Innovations Inc., Palm Beach Gardens,

FL, USA) was studied. The stereo-SEM technique is described in Chap. 5, Sect. 5.3.3.2; the quan­

titative roughness data of the same type of surfaces (determined by non-contact laser profilome­

try) are summarized in Table 5.8 of Sect. 5.4.2. All these surfaces can be viewed stereoscopically

with the help of red(left)llgreen(right) spectacles such as the ones provided in Appendix F at the

end of the book. The spectacles have been sponsored by Institut Straumann AG, Waldenburg,

Switzerland.

Fig.5.23. Stereo-SEM micrograph of finely-blasted CP Ti surface. OM 1 = JOOOx

1 OM = original magnification

952 Appendix A

Fig. 5.24. Stereo-SEM micrograph of finely-blasted CP Ti surface. OM = 2000x

Fig. 5.25. Stereo-SEM micrograph of finely-blasted Ti-6AI-4V surface. OM = lOOOx

Color Figures 953

Fig.5.26. Stereo-SEM micrograph of finely-blasted Ti-6AI--4V surface. OM = 2000x

Fig. 5.27. Stereo-SEM micrograph of coarsely-blasted CP Ti surface. OM = lOOOx

954 Appendix A

Fig.5.28. Stereo-SEM micrograph of coarsely-blasted CP Ti surface. OM = 2000x

Fig.5.29. Stereo-SEM micrograph of coarsely-blasted CP Ti surface Ti-6Al-4Y. OM = lOOOx

Color Figures 955

Fig.5.30. Stereo-SEM micrograph of coarsely-blasted CP Ti surface Ti-6Al-4Y. OM = 2000x

Fig.5.31. Stereo-SEM micrograph of plasma-sprayed titanium (TPS) surface. OM = lOOOx

956 Appendix A

Fig. 5.32. Stereo-SEM micrograph of plasma-sprayed titanium (TPS) surface. OM = 2000x

Fig. 5.33. Stereo-SEM micrograph of grit-blasted + acid etched (SLA) surface. OM = lOOOx

Color Figures 957

Fig. 5.34. Stereo-SEM micrograph of grit-blasted + acid etched (SLA) surface. OM =: 2000x

Fig. 5.35. Hydroxyapatite (HA) plasma-sprayed surface. OM =: 1000x

958 Appendix A

Fig. 5.36. Hydroxyapatite (HA) plasma-sprayed surface. OM == 2000x

Fig. 5.37. Commercial dental implant surface "Osseotite" (3i Implant Innovations). OM == lOOOx

Color Figures 959

Fig.5.38. Commercial dental implant surface "Osseotite" (3i Implant Innovations). OM = 2000x

960 Appendix A

Chapter 16

Fig. 16.5. Micrographs of immunohistochemical staining of tissue adjacent to a titanium implant, inserted in the rat abdominal wall for 30 days. The specific staining appears brown and cell nuclei blue. The (removed) implant is to the left. The outer border of the fibrous capsule facing the mus­cle tissue is indicated by arrow. Tissue stained for ED I-positive cells (upper panel); tissue stained for ED2-positive cells (lower panel). (Reproduced from Rosengren A. (1997) Tissue reac­tions to biomaterials. Thesis, Lund University, Sweden, with permission from the author.)

Color Figures 961

Fig. 16.6. A series of light micrographs showing the pattern of immunoreactivity using selected antibodies directed against plasma proteins, I week after surgery (titanium implants in the rat abdominal wall model). a. Control section incubated with normal goat serum. No specific fluo­rescence is detected. h. Albumin immunoreactivity. Fluorescence is detected throughout the tis­sue interstitium and the fluid space (FS). c. Fibrinogen immunoreactivity. Intense labelling in strands in the most superficial cell layers of fibroblasts and macrophages. d. Fibronectin immu­noreactivity. Predominantly extracellular fluorescence at the border between the tissue and the fluid space. e. Fibronectin immunoreactivity. Although concentrated at the border between the tis­sue and the fluid space, immunoreaction in this specimen is also present in the extracellular space in deeper portions of the tissue. f. IgG immunoreactivity. IgG immunoreactive antibodies largely co-localized with fibrinogen in the implant-close cell layers. In addition, scattered immunoreac­tivity is observed throughout the extracellular space.

962 Appendix A

Fig. 16.11. Schematic illustration of anatomic relationships of tissues surrounding an osseointe­grated oral implant: 1 = oral epithelium; 2 = su1cular epithelium; 3 = junctional epithelium; 4 = supracrestal connective tissue; 5 = compact bone; 6 = trabecular bone. The arrows indicate the implant -abutment junction.

Chapter 18

Fig. 18.13. a. Micrograph of deep peri-implant soft tissues surrounding a failed implant. The tis­sue at the interface is composed of stratified connective tissue and poorly mineralized bone and is separated from the electrolytically dissolved implant (I). Bar = 100 #m. b. Electron micrograph of the same specimen: mineralized bone (MB) and, closer to the implant, a 7-8 ]tm wide zone of non-mineralized bone (DB) are present. Bar = I ]tm. Both pictures are from Esposito et al [284]. (Reproduced by permission of Quintessence Pub!. Co.)

Color Figures 963

Chapter 23

Fig.23.14. Direct healing of an artificial bone fracture (osteotomy). The fracture heals by "inter­nal welding" (bone remodeling through osteons crossing the compressed and stabilized defect). Sheep tibia: 12 weeks after surgery.

Fig. 23.17. One of the first CP titanium DCP plates and screws retrieved from a distal tibia after 14 years. Originally an infection was present which later healed. The plate is not affected and shows no discoloration nor wear between the screw heads and plate holes, only contact pressure points are visible.

964 Appendix A

Fig. 23.22. Examples of differennypes of bone plates made of CP titanium, from left to right: Femur condylar plate, broad and narrow straight plates, T -plate for joint areas, reconstruction plate (made from soft material for 3-dimensional bending). At the top: clavicula plate with hook.

Fig. 23.23. Undersurfaces of the plates shown in Fig. 23.22: The first 3 plates from the left have a characteristic LC-DCP design with spe­cially-shaped undercuts which provide uniform plate strength and a low contact area with the bone, the latter results in improved blood sup­ply to the bone.

Fig. 23.24. Example of an osteointegrated cortical bone screw made from titanium alloy with rough blasted surface. At higher magnification direct bone apposition onto the implant surface is found (It should be noted that the term "osseointegration" is used synonymously).

Color Figures 965

23.27. Histological sections from screw interface areas (Fig. 23.25) four months post op.: a. and b. contact with smooth steel threads, fibrous tissue, cartilage and bone resorption due to motion, shown at different magnifications; c. and d. contact with titanium-plasma-coated screw threads; bone tissue survives and develops due to sufficient stability, shown at different magnifications. The screw contour is seen on the right hand side in each picture.

966 Appendix A

Fig.23.36. Example of an anterior interbody spacer (SynCage) of Ti- 6AI-7Nb. The wedge shape recreates the lordosis in the disc space. The figure gives an example of two cages which are color­coded for distinction of the different sizes.

Fig.23.45. Instability at contacting surfaces results in wear and metal deposIts as Shown lfl thIS picture of an experimental in vivo setting. The two separate plate elements span a segment of bone that shortens repeatedly under weight-bearing conditions. The two elements are elastically pressed against each other. Thus , in the sheep in vivo fretting is produced by very small (jim) cyclic displacements .

Color Figures 967

Fig.23.46. Metal debris in the tissue near an implant undergoing wear.

Chapter 24

a b Fig. 24.6. Schematic illustration showing frontal views of different ways to use bone grafts for augmenting bone volumes in order to have enough bone to support implants. a. A piece of conve­niently shaped autogenous bone is secured via titanium screws to the cortical plate in the proxim­ity of the maxillary sinus (onlay approach). b. As an alternative an "inlay" graft can be used. After fenestration of the maxillary sinus, autogenous bone (blocs or particulates) is inserted into the sinus cavity. (Courtesy of Nobel Biocare, AB, Goteborg, Sweden).

968 Appendix A

Fig. 24.8. Schematic illustration of two long zygomatic titanium implants and four standard implants in a totally edentulous upper jaw. (Courtesy of Nobel Biocare, AB, Goteborg, Sweden).

Fig.24.9. Schematic illustration showing a titanium Branemark implant with a standard titanium abutment and various connecting screws in relation to its supporting tissues. (Courtesy of Nobel Biocare, AB, Goteborg, Sweden).

Color Figures 969

Fig. 24.16. Clinical pictures illustrating the use of titanium plates and screws in a multi-trauma patient. a. A titanium plate is used to immobilize two fragments of the lateral orbital margin. b. Additional titanium plates are used to fixate the fractured zygomatic bone . (Courtesy of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Goteborg University, Sweden).

Fig. 24.17c. Clinical picture of a patient in treatment with titanium brackets and archwires. (Courtesy of the Department of Orthodontics, Goteborg University, Sweden).

Chapter 26

Fig. 26.5. Carpentier-Edwards anuloplasty rings used to repair leaking mitral and tricuspid heart valves. The rings consist of a skeleton of titanium covered by a thin silicone sheet and an outer dacron mesh in which the sutures attaching the ring to the valve anulus are placed.

970 Appendix A

Fig. 26.6. Picture of an early pacemaker battery (left) cased in epoxy resin and a modern pro­grammable Pacesetter Microny pacemaker (right).

Chapter 27

Figure 27.4. Schematic illustration of the single-housing bone anchored hearing aid.

Appendix B: Biographies of Editors and Authors

Boyan, Barbara D. Ph.D. Professor and Director of Orthopaedic Research University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Orthopaedics 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MSC-7823, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA E-mail: BoyanB@UTHSCSA.edu Web-site: www.uthscsa.edu

Professor Boyan joined the faculty of the University of Texas Health Science Cen­ter at San Antonio in 1981 as an Associate Professor in the Departments of Peri­odontics and Biochemistry. In 1987, she moved her primary appointment to the department of orthopaedics and assumed directorship of the University's Industry University Cooperative Research Center (IUCRC). The IUCRC was established to provide a mechanism for university's to work closely with industry in a consortium in order to solve fundamental problems of concern to more than one company. In 1993, the biomaterials consortium expanded its interest and established the Center for the Enhancement of the Biology/Biomaterials Interface (CEBBI) for which Professor Boyan also serves as Director. Studies in the CEBBI address mechanistic questions concerning the interactions of mammalian cells with biomaterials, bio­film formation, and various aspects of tissue engineering. In addition, Professor Boyan's laboratory studies the regulation of bone and cartilage, particularly the mechanisms by which growth factors and hormones mediate their effects on cell differentiation.

Brunette, Donald Maxwell Ph.D. Professor and Associate Dean Research University of British Columbia, Faculty of Dentistry 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail:brunette@interchange.ubc.ca Web-site: www.dentistry.ubc.ca/researchlbrunette.html

Don Brunette obtained his B.Sc. in Chemistry, and his M.Sc. & Ph.D. degrees in Medical Biophysics at the University of Toronto. After postdoctoral research at York University, he joined the Medical Research Council Group in Periodontal Physiology at the University of Toronto as Assistant Professor, and subsequently moved to the University of British Columbia in 1979. Since 1983 his research has concentrated on the effects of surface topographies produced by microfabrication techniques on cell behavior. The long-term goal of the research has been to design surfaces with topographies that will direct appropriate cell responses to implanted devices. Dr. Brunette's also directs research on the effects of baking soda products

972 Appendix B

on oral malodor. He authored "Critical Thinking: Understanding and Evaluating Dental Research" (Quintessence, 1996) that won an award from the American Medical Writers Association.

Buser, Daniel D.D.S., Dr. med. dent. Professor and Chairman University of Berne, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology School of Dental Medicine, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland E-mail: daniel.buser@zmk.unibe.ch Web-site: www.molar.unibe.ch

Daniel Buser is Professor of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, and Chairman of the Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology at the University of Berne. He is mainly involved in experimental and clinical research in the field of surface charac­teristics of endosseous implants and prospective clinical studies to evaluate the effi­cacy of dental implants. A second field of interest are bone augmentation procedures. He has authored or co-authored some 130 articles in international jour­nals and textbooks. He served as President of the European Association for Osseointegration (EAO) in 1996/97. In the last 5 years, he received several scien­tific awards by professional organizations in Europe and the United States, among them the Honorary Membership Award by the American Academy of Periodontol­ogy (AAP). Currently, he is President of the Swiss Society of Oral Implantology.

Cochran, David L. D.D.S., Ph.D. Professor and Chairman of the Department of Periodontics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Periodontics 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA E-mail: cochran@UTHSCSA.edu Web-site: dental.uthscsa.edu/admindeptJperio.html

Dr. David L. Cochran is a graduate of the University of Virginia and received his D.D.S., and Ph.D., in Biochemistry from the Medical College of Virginia (MCV). He also was trained in Periodontology from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Dr. Cochran is currently Professor and Chairman of the Department of Periodontics at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Dental School. Prior to his appointment at San Antonio, Dr. Cochran was Director of Postgraduate Periodontics at MCV. Dr. Cochran is a member of many professional dental organizations and is a Diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology. He is a fellow of the American College of Dentistry and the International College of Dentistry. Dr. Cochran has published numerous scientific articles and abstracts on various periodontal biochemistry and implant topics. He has received awards for his research work at both the national and international levels. Dr. Cochran is an active basic science and clinical researcher who has received funding from both the NIH-NIDR and private industry.

Biographies of Editors and Authors 973

Dean, David D. Ph.D. Associate Professor of Orthopaedics

University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Department of Orthopaedics (Mail Code 7774)

7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA

E-mail:deand@uthscsa.edu

Web-site: www.uthscsa.edu

Associate Professor of Orthopaedics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. In 1992, he joined Drs. Barbara Boyan and Zvi Schwartz to form a multidisciplinary team addressing mechanisms of calcification in growth plate chondrocytes and osteoblasts mediated by hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Dr. Dean's areas of research interest focus on the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in normal and pathologic processes. In addition, he is interested in osteoblast response to particulate wear debris and the response of osteoblasts to changes in titanium surface roughness. Before arriving in San Antonio, Dr. Dean was an Assistant Professor at the University of Miami School of Medicine, where he was associated with Dr. David Howell from 1985-1992 and worked on animal models of osteoarthritis and mechanisms of hypertrophic cell enlargement in the growth plate.

Ebrarnzadeh, Edward Ph.D. Director, Implant Performance Laboratory

The 1. Vernon Luck, Sr. Center for Orthopaedic Research

Orthopaedic Hospital/UCLA

2400 South Flower Street, Los Angeles, CA 90007-2697, USA E-mail: ebramzad@usc.edu

Web-site: www.jri-oh.com

Edward Ebramzadeh, Ph.D., is the Director of the Implant Performance Division of the Biomechanics Laboratory at Orthopaedic Hospital/UCLA. Dr. Ebramzadeh has been involved in biomechanics since 1982, after he obtained his Bachelor and Mas­ter degrees both in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Southern Cali­fornia. He obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Biomaterials/Handicap Research, Goteborg University, Sweden, on survival analysis of cemented total hip replacements. Under Dr. Ebramzadeh, the Implant Performance Laboratory is involved in testing, evaluation and modelling of mechanical behavior of ortho­paedic implants and devices, including joint replacements and hardware for frac­ture fixation and soft tissue repair. In addition, Dr. Ebramzadeh established the Research Computing Facility at Orthopaedic Hospital, which has supported numer­ous research projects by assisting in experimental design, data acquisition and sta­tistical analysis of data.

974 Appendix B

Eckert, Karl-Ludwig Dipl.-Ing., Ph.D. Formerly Senior Assistant at ETH Zurich, Biocompatible Materials Science and Engineering, now: lOMED AG, Ampthauptstrasse, CH-8222 Beringen, Switzerland E-mail: ludwig.eckert@jomed.com Web-site: www.jomed.com

K.-L. Eckert spent ten years in industrial R&D on technical ceramics and refracto­ries. From 1993 to 2000 he was responsible for ceramic materials and powder pro­cessing technologies at the Chair of Biocompatible Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. His main interests were porous ceramic materials for in vitro applications and implants. Cur­rently, he works in industry with implants and devices for cardiovascular applica­tions.

Esposito, Marco Ph.D., D.D.S. Research Scientist Goteborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology Box 420, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden E-mail: marco.esposito@anatcell.gu.se Web-site: www.biomaterials.gu.se

Marco Esposito obtained the Degree in Dental Surgery (DDS) at the University of Pavia, Italy, with first class honors in 1990. Since 1991 he has conducted experi­mental and clinical research in the area of oral implantology. In 1999 he presented a Ph.D. thesis in Biomaterials entitled "On biological failures of osseointegrated oral implants" at Goteborg University, Sweden. He received postgraduate clinical training in Periodontology (Goteborg University) and Oral Implantology (Uppsala University). Dr. Esposito was coordinator for the Swedish National Biomaterials School program 1999-2000. He is currently a guest researcher at NIOM (Scandi­navian Institute of Dental Materials) in Norway. His main research interests are performance evaluation, failure mechanisms, treatment strategies and factors asso­ciated with success/failure of osseointegrated oral implants/prostheses. He is the responsible reviewer for the systematic review on oral implants for the Cochrane Collaboration.

Filip, Peter Ph.D., D.Sc. Full Professor Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Materials Technology Center Mailcode 4040, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA E-mail: filip@siu.edu

Peter Filip is a Full Professor at the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering at the Technical University of Ostrava (the Czech Republic), and a Visiting Profes­sor and Associate Scientist at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (USA).

Biographies of Editors and Authors 975

He is teaching Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, Biomaterials, and Friction Materials courses and is active in research devoted to understanding the relation­ship between the structure and properties of metals (with emphasis on shape mem­ory alloys), ceramics (high-T superconductors, bioceramics), and composite materials (metal matrix composites: Ti-alloy/bioceramics/SMA, polymer matrix composites: phenolics, Kevlar, carbon fiber, glassy phase, metallic fiber, ceramics and mineral fiber and particulates). Research groups performed under his direction make pioneering work in the development and optimization of orthopedic and maxillofacial human implants, and developed several new orthodontic materials.

Frauchiger, Vinzenz M. Dipl. Ing. ETH Ph.D. Student Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Materials Oberfiachentechnik (Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology) Wagistrasse 2, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland E-mail: frauchiger@surface.mat.ethz.ch Web-site: www.surface.mat.ethz.ch

Vinzenz Frauchiger, Ph.D. student, is a Research Assistant and Graduate Student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. After graduating as a materials engineer he joined the Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology in 1999. The subject of his thesis is the modification of titanium implant surfaces by anodic plasmachemical treatment in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The aim of his project is to combine desired surface topographies with appropriate surface chemi­cal compositions for the surface functionalization of medical titanium implants.

Freese, Howard L. P.E. Manager, Business Development Allvac, 2020 Ashcraft Avenue, Monroe, NC 28110-5030, USA E-mail: howard.freese@allvac.com Web-site: www.allvac.com

Mr. Freese has BS and MBA degrees from Columbia (Chemical Engineering) and Syracuse Universities. At Allvac, a leading manufacturer of metallic biomaterials, he leads the development of new metallic biomaterials, applications, and interna­tional standards. Allvac produces semi-finished titanium, cobalt, and specialty steel mill products for manufacturers of medical and surgical devices. He has experience with polyethylene (Union Carbide), glass and ceramics (Coming), pharmaceuticals (Luwa), and high-technology metals manufacturing (Allvac). He is chairman of the ASTM F 04.12 subcommittee on "Metallurgical Materials", a member of the Soci­ety for Biomaterials, and is active in TAG ASTM/ISO/TC 150 standards develop­ment. He has presented papers at technical conferences, written 12 papers, and has contributed chapters for three technical books. His memberships include AIChE and ACS. He was Medical Applications Chairman for the ITA.

976 Appendix B

Gasser, Beat Dr. rer. nat. Head of Basic Research Dr. Robert Mathys Foundation Bischmattstrasse 12 / p.o. Box, CH-2544 Bettlach, Switzerland E-mail: gasserb@fllls-foundation.ch Web-site: www.fllls-foundation.ch

Beat Gasser, Ph.D., is Head of the Basic Research group of the Dr. Robert Mathys Foundation (RMS) in Bettlach, Switzerland. He joined MATHYS in 1990, and helped to build up the RMS since its reorganization as an independent research and service laboratory with focus on medical technology in 1992. He finished his stud­ies as a mechanical engineer at the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich in 1981, and took a 2 year's position as an assistant at the Institute for Mechanics at the ETH. Before joining MATHYS, he was a scientific collaborator at the M.E. Muller Institute for Biomechanics of the University of Berne for 6 years. He fin­ished his Ph.D. thesis in surface science with studies on titanium in the Physics Institute at the University of Fribourg in 1998. Current interests include biome­chanical and biomaterials problems with application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery.

Grant, David Ph.D. Reader in Materials Science University of Nottingham School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Nottingham, UK, NG7 2RD E-mail: David.Grant@nottingham.ac.uk Web-site: www.nottingham.ac.uklbiomaterial

David Grant, Ph.D., is a Reader in Materials Science at the University of Notting­ham. Since joining the Materials Department in 1990 as a Lecturer he has built up a research team based on surface modification and characterization, shape memory materials and biomaterials. The strong overlap in these areas has led to a Biomate­rials Group in which he is Leader. Prior to joining Nottingham University he spent six years as a research fellow at the OU Oxford Research Unit and the National Research Council of Canada. His current interests are surface modifications for barrier, haemocompatible and bioactive surfaces, aqueous sol-gel routes for doped oxide structures, multi-electrode array coatings, porous structures for tissue and cell engineering and shape memory alloys. The aim of understanding cell-surface interactions has led to many mUltidisciplinary interactions both within Nottingham University and Europe.

Gruner, Heiko Dr. rer. nat. Director Medicoat AG, Gewerbe Nord, CH-5506 Miigenwil, Switzerland E-mail: info@medicoat.ch

Biographies of Editors and Authors 977

Heiko Gruner was educated in Applied Physics at the University of Tiibingen (DE). He received M.D. in electron microscopy in 1969 and D.D. in thin film technology in 1972. From 1973 to 1982 he worked in the Research Centre ofR. Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart (DE) as the team-leader in vacuum technology and coating development. From 1982 to 1989 he was General Manager for the Vacuum Plasma Spray Tech­nology at Plasma TechnikAG, Wohlen (CH). In 1989 he founded MEDICOAT AG which is engaged in the coating of medical implant devices as well as in the devel­opment of new coatings for endoprostheses and solid oxide fuel cells. Key-activi­ties are engineering of components, construction of coating facilities for thermal spraying technologies and the participation in several important public supported research projects.

Hakansson Bo E.V., Ph.D. Associate Professor Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Signals and System SE-416 80 Goteborg, Sweden E-mail: boh@s2.chalmers.se Web-site: www.chalmers.se

Heading the hearing research group at the medical electronics division at Chalm­ers. Dean of undergraduate studies at the Department of Signals and Systems at Chalmers University of Technology,

Holgers, Kajsa-Mia M.D., B.D.S., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Otologist Specialist in Audiology and ENT (1) Research Scientist (2) (1) Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Audiology SE- 405 30 GOteborg, Sweden (2) Goteborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology Box 420, SE-405 30 GOteborg, Sweden E-mail: Kajsa-Mia.Olsson-Holgers@orlss.gu.se

Dr. Holgers received her undergraduate and graduate training in Goteborg. After experimental research she presented her Doctoral Thesis "Soft tissue reactions around clinical skin-penetrating titanium implants" in 1994, at the Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Goteborg University, Sweden. She presently occupies a clinical position at the Department of Audiology, and is focussed on the research areas of tinnitus and the application of biomaterials in hearing disorders.

Huang, Ning-Ping Ph.D. Student Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Materials Oberfiiichentechnik (Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology) Wagistrasse 2, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland E-mail: huang@surface.mat.ethz.ch

978 Appendix B

Web-site: www.surface.mat.ethz.ch

Ning-Ping Huang is a Ph.D. Student at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. She joined the Department of Materials, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology in 1998. Before that she was a Research Assistant in the Depart­ment of Biological Science and Medical Engineering at Southeast University in China. Her research focussed on bio-effects of photoexcited Ti02 nanometer parti­cles and self-assembled thin films on cancer cells and bacteria. Her current interests are surface modification of biosensors, biomaterials and implants by self-assembly techniques. The aim is to control non-specific interactions with biomolecules and to induce specific biological interactions for optical sensing devices and biomateri­also

Jaeger, Nicolas A. F. Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor University of British Columbia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail: nickjaeger@ieee.org

Nicolas Jaeger is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Uni­versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. After complet­ing his doctoral work in the same department, he joined UBC's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering as a faculty member in 1989. Since 1991 he has been the Director of UBC's Centre for Advanced Technology in Microelectron­ics, an interdisciplinary research unit of the Faculty of Graduate Studies. He is a Research Fellow of the British Columbia Advanced Systems Institute and a founder and Member of the Board of the British Columbia Photonics Industry Association. His current research interests are in the areas of optical sensors for power utility applications, ultra-high-speed integrated-optic modulators for the telecommunications industry, micromachining in silicon and biomaterials, and interdisciplinary applications of microfabrication techniques and technologies.

Kalltorp, Mia Ph.D. Research Scientist Gateborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology

Box 420, SE-405 30 Goteborg, Sweden E-mail: kalltorp@anatcell.gu.se Web-site: www.biomaterials.gu.se

After completing her undergraduate dental training, Dr. Kalltorp performed her experimental research training in the Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology. She par­ticipated in a project focussed on early inflammatory cell recruitment and activa­tion at chemically-modified implant surfaces in vivo. Her work was presented as a

Biographies of Editors and Authors 979

Ph.D. thesis "Protein, cell and tissue interactions with thiol functionalized gold sur­faces" in 1999.

Kenausis, Gregory Ph.D. Independent Consultant/Strategist 94 Upper Whittemore Rd., Middlebury CT 06762, USA E-mail: gregory@aya.yale.edu

Gregory L. Kenausis, born in 1969, studied chemical engineering at Yale Univer­sity (New Haven, CT, USA) where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree. He then studied biomedical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin (Austin, TX, USA) where he earned a Ph.D. having developed several novel biosensors and having improved the clinical performance of implantable continuous glucose and lactate sensors. He was then a post doctoral research scientist at the ETH Zurich where he developed novel biosensors as well as novel biocompatible surface coat­ings for implanted medical devices.

Klabunde, Ralf Mech. Eng. in Applied Biomechanics Project Manager Experimental Biomechanics Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd., p.o. Box 65, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland E-mail: ralf.klabunde@sulzer.com Web-site: www.sulzerorthopedics.com

Ralf Klabunde has a Mechanical Engineering Degree in Biomechanics. In 1997 he joined the Research Department of Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd., Winterthur, Switzer­land as a Project Manager in the Experimental Biomechanics Group. Before this he spent two years in the R&D department of SQ Developments AG, Zug, Switzer­land. His research interests are the interfaces of orthopedic implants with the sur­rounding bone and cement. A recently developed fibre-reinforced proximal femur was developed as a new testing tool to include stiffness properties of the natural bone. Furthermore he is responsible for the biomechanical testing of all upper extremity prostheses (e.g., finger, shoulder, elbow).

Larsson, Cecilia D.D.S., Ph.D. Senior Scientist in R&D (1) Research Scientist (2) (1) Nobel Biocare AB, P. O. Box 5190, SE-402 26 Goteborg, Sweden (2) G6teborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Box 420, SE-405 30 G6teborg, Sweden E-mail: Cecilia.Larsson@nobelbiocare.se;cecilia.larsson@vgregion.se Web-site: www.biomaterials.gu.se

Dr. Larsson is a Dentist and completed her Ph.D. in 1997 with a thesis on interac­tions of bone and metals with different surface properties.

980 Appendix B

She joined the Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Biomaterials Research Group in 1987. Her current interests are in the field of experimental and clinical perfor­mance of surface-modified and characterized implant materials, with emphasis on implant-surface modification technologies and bone-replacement materials. Dr. Larsson has a position as a Senior Scientist at the R&D department at Nobel Bio­care AB, and is currently pursuing a clinical carrier in oral surgery.

Lausmaa, Jukka Ph.D. Associate Professor, Head of Research SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology Box 857, SE-501 15 Boras, Sweden E-mail: Jukka.Lausmaa@sp.se Web-site: www.sp.se

Jukka Lausmaa is the Head of Research at the Department of Chemistry and Mate­rials Technology, SP (Swedish National Testing and Research Institute) in Boras. He joined SP in 1996 to build up an activity around research and testing of medical devices and biocompatible materials. Before this he spent 12 years at the Depart­ment of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, where he obtained his Ph.D. in Physics and pursued research on properties and processes of biomaterial surfaces, especially titanium and titanium oxides. His current interests are surface preparation, modification and characterization of materials in general, with special emphasis on biomedical applications. Specific research projects deal with surface modification of polymers, tribology of artificial joints, and new mate­rials and surfaces for pacemaker and dental implant applications.

Liao, Haihong D.D.S., Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Fellow GOteborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Box 420, SE-405 30 GOteborg, Sweden

Dr. Liao joined the Center for Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm after her undergraduate dental training. She participated in a project headed by Professor Lars Harnmarstrom and Dr. Li, analyzing the interac­tions between osteoblasts, nacre and titanium using molecular-biological and cell­culture techniques. Her Ph.D. thesis "Tissue response to bone-implant biomateri­als" was defended in 1999. In 1999 she joined the Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology in Goteborg on a fellowship in a project focussed on osteoblast response to micro structured surfaces.

Lohmann, Christoph H. M.D. Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Orthopaedics

Biographies of Editors and Authors 981

(Mail Code 7774),7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA E-mail:lohmann@uthscsa.edu Web-site: www.uthscsa.edu

Christoph H. Lohmann, M.D., is an Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics at the U ni­versity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and member of the Depart­ment of Orthopaedics of the Georg-August University, Gottingen, Germany. In 1997, he joined Drs. Barbara Boyan and Zvi Schwartz in San Antonio. Dr. Lohmann's areas of research interest focus on the regulation of osteogenic by implant materials and their wear products. This involves osteoblast response to par­ticulate wear debris and the response of osteoblasts to changes in titanium surface roughness. Additionally, Dr. Lohmann works on bone graft substitutes, cartilage regeneration, the use of growth factors and biodegradable polymers.

McKellop, Harry A. Ph.D. Director The 1. Vernon Luck Sr. MD. Orthopaedic Research Center Vice President for Research, Los Angeles Orthopaedic Hospital 2400 South Flower Street, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA E-mail: Hmckellop@laoh.ucla.edu Web-site: www.orthohospital.org; and www.jri-oh.com

During the past thirty years, in affiliation with the University of Southern Califor­nia and the University of California at Los Angeles, Harry McKellop's research has involved the biomechanics and biomaterials of orthopaedic implants, including fracture fixation devices and artificial joints. In particular, Dr. McKellop has inves­tigated the fundamental wear processes of prosthetic joints, how these are best modeled in laboratory wear simulators, and how the materials may be modified to improve their wear resistance. The metallic components have included stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy and titanium alloy, in some cases with hardening treatments such as diamond-like coatings and ion-implanting. Most recently, Dr. McKellop's team developed a technique for crosslinking the UHMW polyethylene components using gamma radiation and remelting, which increases the wear resis­tance of the polymer ten-fold while markedly improving stability against long-term oxidative degradation.

Olin, Christian M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery Linkoping University, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery University Hospital, SE-58J 85, Linkoping, Sweden E-mail: christian.olin@lio.se Web-site: huweb.hu.liu.se/instlimv

Christian Olin is Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery and a Consultant Cardiac Surgeon at the University Hospital in Linkoping, Sweden. He got his medical train-

982 Appendix B

ing in Stockholm at the Karolinska Institute and the specialty training in Cardiotho­racic Surgery at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm and at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, USA. Between 1981 and 1989 he was Consultant Cardiac Surgeon at the Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. His special interest is heart valve sur­gery and he has written about 50 papers on the subject. Recently he has led a research project aiming at studying blood compatibility of materials used in pros­thetic heart valves. Among the materials studied were titanium, titanium alloys and surface coated titanium.

Perren, Stephan M. M.D., D.Sc.(h.c.) Professor and Senior Scientific Advisor AO Center, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland

E-mail: stephan.perren@ao-asif.ch Web-site: www.ao-asif.ch

Stephan M. Perren is Senior Scientific Advisor of the AO-Foundation in "semi retirement". He acted about 30 years as Director of the AO Research Institute in Davos. After training and boards as a surgeon with special interest in bone fracture treatment, he took up clinically oriented biomechanical research. He studied the biological reaction of repair tissues of fractured bone to physical input. His inter­disciplinary team analyzed biology and biomechanics of implants used for surgical fixation of fractures. Later his interest focused on the relevance of biological aspects in fracture treatment such as biocompatibility of different implant materi­als, their immunological effect and alterations of local resistance to infection, mainly in steel and titanium implants of different design. Since the early 1960s he is an addict of titanium for internal fixation implants.

Piveteau, Laurent-Dominique Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Fellow Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering

45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

E-mail: piveteau@mit.edu; laurent -d .piveteau@alumni.insead.edu

Web-site: web.mit.edu/cheme/wwwl

Laurent-Dominique Piveteau received his Ph.D. in 1997 from the University of Fri­bourg in Switzerland. He developed a highly adhesive sol-gel coating for titanium implants made of a mixture of calcium phosphate and titanium dioxide, awarded in 1997 by the Charmey Prize from the Swiss User Group for Applied Surface Analy­sis (SAOG - GSSI). In 1998 he moved to the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge (USA). He is currently post-doc in Bob Langer's laboratory. He works on contrast agents for magnetic res­onance imaging. The aims are to specifically target these agents to different organs and also to use them as a non-invasive tracking system for drug delivery.

Pohler, Ortrun EM. Ph.D. Professor and

Biographies of Editors and Authors 983

Head of Research and Development Materials, Standardization, Regulations STRATEC Medical, Eimattstr. 3, CH-4436 Oberdorf, Switzerland E-mail: ortrun.pohler@stratec.com Web-site: www.stratec.com

Ortrun Pohler, Ph.D., is Head of Materials Research and Development at STRATEC Medical, Oberdorf in Switzerland, the successor of Institute Straumann AG, where she had similar functions. She had received her Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering in 1983 at the Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio USA where she also worked as a Research Associate and Professor. She is a Scientific Member of AOIASIF (Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) and an active member of a series of national and international standardization organizations. She works in the field of the development of orthopaedic implants and instruments in conjunc­tion with surgeons and research institutions and is devoted to interdisciplinary research in metallurgy, material sciences, failure analysis, biomechanics and bio­compatibility.

Ratner, Buddy Ph.D. Professor and UWEB Director University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering Box 351720, Seattle, WA 98195, USA E-mail: ratner@uweb.engr.washington.edu Web-site: www.uweb.engr.washington.edu

Buddy D. Ratner, Professor of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering at the University of Washington, received his Ph.D. (1972) in polymer chemistry from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. From 1985-1996 he directed the NIH-funded National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems (NESACI BIO). In 1996, he assumed the Directorship of University of Washington Engi­neered Biomaterials (UWEB), an NSF Engineering Research Center aimed toward evolving a new generation of "biomaterials that heal". He is the Editor of the Jour­nal of Undergraduate Research in BioEngineering, a member of the editorial boards of six journals, a past President of the Society For Biomaterials, President­elect of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, recipient of many awards for scholarship and research and author over 280 scholarly works. His research interests include biomaterials, polymers, biocompatibility, biominer­alization, surface analysis of organic materials, self assembly and RF-plasma thin film deposition.

Rostlund, Tord V. M.D., Ph.D. Orthopaedic Surgeon at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, and Department of Handicap Research, Institute of Surgical Sciences

984 Appendix B

GOteborg University, Box 412, SE-405 30 GOteborg, Sweden E-mail: tord.rostlund@swipnet.se

Tord R6stlund, MD, Ph.D., is an Orthopaedic Surgeon with a special interest in joint replacement. He has combined his clinical work with research in development of knee and hip prostheses for cementless application by the concept of osseointe­gration. Wear related problems have been of special interest for his research and during 1987 and 1988 he joined the Biomechanics Laboratory, Orthopaedic Hospi­tal and Department of Orthopaedics, University of Southern California, Los Ange­les. The research focused on the wear behavior of ion-implanted titanium and its alloy on UHMWPE. This work was presented as part of his thesis "On the Devel­opment of a New Arthroplasty - with special emphasis on the gliding elements in the knee" which was defended at the University of G6teborg in 1990.

Ruiz-Taylor, Laurence Ph.D. Research Scientist Zyomyx, 1nc., 3911 Trust Way, Hayward, CA 94545, USA E-mail: lruiz-taylor@zyomyx.com

Web-site: www.zyomyx.com

Laurence Ruiz-Taylor, born in 1971, studied Materials Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Switzerland and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA. She concentrated essentially on biomaterials, sur­face chemistry and analytical surface characterization and obtained her Ph.D. degree at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of EPFL. Her research focused on the synthesis and characterization of phosphorylcholine con­taining polymers designed to promote specific cell attachment via surface derivati­sation. In 1997, she joined the Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ), Switzerland, as a Research Assistant and Lecturer in Biomaterials Surface Properties and Character­ization. In 1999, she joined Zyomyx, Inc. in Hayward, CA, USA as a Research Sci­entist. Her main research interests are the design, development and characterization of high affinity interfaces for biosensing devices, based on novel polymers and self­assembled monolayers on metal oxides.

Sarmiento, Augusto M.D. Emeritus Professor and Chairman University of Miami School of Medicine

Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation

The Arthritis and faint Replacement 1nstitute, Healthsouth Medical Building

1150 Campo Sana Avenue, Suite 301

Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA

E-mail: asarrn@bellsouth.njt

Biographies of Editors and Authors 985

Dr. Sarmiento is Emeritus Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation at the Uni­versity of Miami Medical School. He served as Professor and Chairman of the department from 1970 to 1978. Subsequently he was Professor and Chairman of Orthopaedics at the University of Southern California (USC) from 1978-1992. Doctor Sarmiento was president of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Sur­geons (1991-92) and President of the Hip Society (1976-77). He was the Recipient of the Kappa Delta Award, the Nicholas Andre Award and the Charnley Award (Hip Society). Doctor Sarmiento has been involved in clinical and research activities dealing primarily with hip disorders and fracture healing and has published 120 articles, most of them related to those subjects. He designed the first titanium total hip arthroplasty used in the United States.

Schenk, Rolf Corrosion Expert Sulzer Innotec, Sulzer Markets & Technology Ltd. P.O. Box 65, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland E-mail: rolf.schenk@sulzer.com Web-site: www.innotec.ch

Rolf Schenk works as a Chemical Engineer at Sulzer Markets & Technology Ltd. in the Dept. Sulzer Innotec in Winterthur, Switzerland. This corporate R&D depart­ment supports Sulzer business units as well as external customers in different areas, such as materials and surface technology, fluid dynamics and medical applications. He joined the Materials and Surface group in 1980, focussing on electrochemical characterization of metallic materials, failure analyses and corrosion conSUlting. Publications cover the following areas: Optimization of duplex stainless steels, cor­rosion behavior of implant alloys, investigation of extremely low corrosion rates on mild steel, corrosion induced hydrogen evolution of nuclear waste containers. He also contributed substantially to the accomplishment of a corrosion handbook for engineers. His current interests are especially in tribochemical investigations.

Schneider, Erich Dr. sc. techno Professor and Director AO Center, Clavadelerstrasse, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland E-mail: erich.schneider@ao-asif.ch Web-site: www.ao-asif.ch

Erich Schneider is Director of the AO Research Institute in Davos. He started his career in biomechanics with a degree in Electrical Engineering and a doctoral dis­sertation at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich. He was then awarded a research fellowship from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota USA, where he studied the performance of implant and patient subsequent to total joint replacement. In 1982, he moved to the M.E. Milller-Institute for Biomechan­ics at the University of Bern where he completed his habilitation on prosthetic micromotion and performed in vivo measurements by means of an instrumented

986 Appendix B

interlocking nail to monitor fracture healing progression. He became Full Professor of Biomechanics at the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Germany in 1991 before he assumed the position in Davos. His current interest is fracture fixation in osteoporotic bone.

Schwartz, Zvi D.M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Periodontics (1) Professor of Periodontics and Orthopaedics (2) (1) Department of Periodontics, Hebrew University Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, P.O. Box 1172, Jerusalem, Israel 91-010 (2) University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Orthopaedics (Mail Code 7774), 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA E-mail: zvisl@cc.huji.ac.il; schwartzz@uthscsa.edu Web-site: www.huji.ac.il; www.uthscsa.edu

Zvi Schwartz is a Professor of Periodontics at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel and Professor of Periodontics and Orthopaedics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Dr. SchwartzI research interests focus on the regulation of bone and cartilage formation and mineralization by growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. He is also interested in understanding (1) how changes in surface roughness regulate cell response to systemic hormones and local factors; (2) how osteoblasts respond to wear debris; and (3) how bone graft substitutes, such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft, induce new bone formation.

Sittig, Caroline Ph.D. Head of Research Laboratory Institut Straumann AG, CH-4437 Waldenburg, Switzerland E-mail: caroline.sittig@straumann.com Web-site: www.straumann.com

Caroline Sittig is Researcher at the Institut Straumann AG since 1998. She did her undergraduate studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) and in Lausanne (EPFL), where she finished her studies as physicist in 1993. Her doctoral work, which was conducted at the Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, of the ETH Zurich, focused on the surface characterization of the implant materials titanium and titanium alloys, as well as on their reactions in biologically-relevant model solutions.

Strid, Karl-Gustav Ph.D. Consultant at K.-G. Strid AB (1) Professor of Biomaterials at Goteborg University (2) (1) K.-G. Strid AB, Sofiagatan 83, SE-416 72 G6teborg, Sweden (2) G6teborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology Box 420, SE-405 30 G6teborg, Sweden E-mail: kg.strid@anatcell.gu.se

Biographies of Editors and Authors 987

Web-site: www.anatcell.gu.se

Karl-Gustav Strid, Ph.D., is a Professor of Biomaterials Research and a Consultant in Medical Engineering. After graduating as M.Sc. in Engineering Physics from Chalmers University of Technology in 1963 he held teaching and research posi­tions in chemistry and physics. As Research Associate at the Department of Diag­nostic Radiology, Sahlgren Hospital, he contributed towards improved diagnostic quality of X-ray imaging. In 1980 he joined the Institute for Applied Biotechnol­ogy (Prof. Per-Ingvar Bnillemark) as responsible for engineering activities. From 1986 he served as scientific advisor at Nobelpharma AB until, in 1997, he started his consulting firm for medical engineering with emphasis on quality assurance of medical devices. He was appointed Associate Professor of Applied Physics at Chalmers in 1977 and Professor of Biomaterials at Goteborg University in 1988. He is a member of ISO Technical Committees 150 and 194.

Sylvia, Victor L. Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Orthopaedics (Mail Code 7774), 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA E-mail: sylvia@uthscsa.edu Web-site: www.uthscsa.edu

Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics at the University of Texas Health Science Cen­ter at San Antonio. In 1992, he joined Drs. Barbara Boyan and Zvi Schwartz to investigate signal transduction pathways initiated by hormones and growth factors in growth plate chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Dr. Sylvia's areas of research interest include elucidation of the mechanisms of rapid actions of steroid hormones, mech­anisms controlling cell proliferation and differentiation, and the etiology of patho­logic processes of bone and cartilage. Currently, he is comparing the rapid actions of estrogen in chondrocytes with those in breast carcinoma cells. In addition, he is interested in the mechanisms of osteoblast responses to surface roughness and wear debris particles. Before joining Dr. Boyan's research group, Dr. Sylvia investigated mechanisms of DNA tumor virus action at the University of Texas at Austin, and the mechanism of DNA repair initiation at Texas A&M University.

Tengvall, Pentti O. Ph.D. Professor in Applied Physics, Biomaterials. Linkoping University, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology Labo­ratory of Applied Physics, SE-58J 83 Linkoping, Sweden E-mail: pet@ifm.liu.se Web-site: www.ifm.liu.se/applphyslbiomaterial

Pentti Tengvall is Full Professor in Applied Physics with emphasis towards bioma­terials. His thesis work from 1989 was on titanium - hydrogen peroxide interac-

988 Appendix B

tions. He joined the Department of Physics and Measurement Technology, Laboratory of Applied Physics in 1990 as a Project Leader in the Swedish Bioma­terials Consortium. Lecturer since 1994 in biomaterials and physics. The current research interests include chemical and topographical surface modifications, sur­face characterization and surface biology, especially proteins at interfaces.

Textor, Marcus Ph.D. Lecturer and Senior Scientist Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Materials Oberfiachentechnik (Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology) Wagistrasse 2; CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland E-mail: textor@surface.mat.ethz.ch Web-site: www.surface.mat.ethz.ch

Marcus Textor is a Lecturer and Head of the "Biomaterial and Biosensor Surface Group" at the Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. He joined the ETH Depart­ment of Materials in 1993 to build up a research team in the area of biomaterial sur­face modifications and characterization and to teach and train material science students in surface technology. Before this, he spent 16 years in the central R&D department of the international company Alusuisse, at the end as the Head of the Materials Development Department. His current interests are surface modifications of biosensors, biomaterials and implants, with an emphasis on titanium surface technology. Techniques used in his groups are chemical, biochemical and electro­chemical surface modification techniques to study and improve the behavior of sur­faces in terms of biocompatibility, chemical and wear resistance. Of particular interest to his team are self-assembly techniques for the modification of metal­oxide surfaces.

Thomsen, Peter M.D., Ph.D., F.B.S.E. Professor of Biomaterials GOteborg University, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology Box 420, SE-405 30 GOteborg, Sweden E-mail: PeterThomsen@dof.se Web-site: www.biomaterials.gu.se

Dr. Thomsen completed an M.D. in 1981 and a Ph.D in 1988 with a thesis on leu­kocyte migration and activation induced by immune complexes. He became Asso­ciate Professor of Anatomy 1989. During 1989-1994 he held a Fellowship for biomaterials research with the Swedish Medical Research Council. He was appointed Professor and Chair of Biomaterials at the G6teborg University in 1994, successor of Professor P.-1. Branemark. Since 1994, Dr. Thomsen is Secretary of the European Society for Biomaterials. He is a founder and Director of the Swedish National Biomaterials School Program (supported by the Foundation for Strategic Research) since 1997. Since the mid-1980s his research group has been working

Biographies of Editors and Authors 989

closely with research groups in Physics and Engineering. Studies are focussed on the implant-tissue interface in vivo, involving inflammation and tissue repair/regen­eration adjacent to systematically-modified implant materials. Dr. Thomsen was Visiting Professor at Department of Histopathology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK, 1999-2000.

Thull, Roger Dr.-log. Professor and Head of the Chair of Experimental Dentistry University ofWiirzburg, Pleicherwa1l2, D-97070 Wiirzburg, Germany E-mail: rthezm@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de Web-site: www.ezm.uni-wuerzburg.de

Prof. Dr. Roger Thull is Physicist and Head of Experimental Dentistry and respon­sible for science and research in the field of biomaterials, design of skeletal implants, and testing of materials and medical devices. Since 1990 the department develops surface modifications (PVD, Sol-Gel) and characterizations. Before this, he spent 15 years in the Department of Medical Engineering of the University of ErlangenlNuremberg with R+D in different BME fields. The current interests are surface modifications of implants in the cardio-vascular, dental, and orthopaedic fields in particular for polymer and metallic surfaces. The aim is to stimulate the interaction with locus specific proteins keeping them native after adsorption or to inhibit molecule adsorption if indicated.

Tosatti, Samuele G.P. Dipl. log. ETHZ Ph.D. Student Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Materials Oberfiiichentechnik (Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology) Wagistrasse 2, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland E-mail: tosatti@surface.mat.ethz.ch Web-site: www.surface.mat.ethz.ch

Samuele G.P. Tosatti, Ph.D. student, is a Research Assistant and Graduate Student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. After graduating as a materials engineer he joined the Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology at ETH in 1999. The subject of his thesis is to tailor and characterize the physico­chemical properties of titanium dental implant surfaces through application of novel self-assembled monolayers. Model surfaces with precisely defined chemistry and topography will be tested in vitro and in vivo in collaboration with different project partners.

Volas, Michael G. Manager, Titanium R&D Allvac, 2020 Ashcraft Avenue, Monroe, NC 28110-5030, USA E-mail: mike.volas@allvac.com Web-site: www.allvac.com

990 Appendix B

Mr. Volas has a BS degree in Materials and Metallurgical Engineering from the University of Michigan and an MBA from the University of Phoenix. His research and development activities at Allvac include exploring materials and processing innovations; raw materials, titanium sponge, master alloys, formulation, melt met­allurgy, metallography, breakdown, forging, rolling, cold working, (thermo­mechanical processing), processing developments, and mechanical property improvements. His recent work includes beta titanium alloy development projects for novel aerospace and biomedical applications, and titanium aluminides alloy and process development for aerospace and transportation applications. His previous industrial experience includes aerospace engines (Allied Signal - Garrett), com­posite materials development (Howmet), and cruise missile turbine engine develop­ment (Williams International). Mike has chaired technical sessions at international titanium technical conferences. He is active in professional associations including ASM, TMS, and the ITA.

Voros, Janos Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow and Research Assistant Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Department of Materials Oberfliichentechnik (Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology) Wagistrasse 2, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland E-mail:voros@surface.mat.ethz.ch Web-site: www.surface.mat.ethz.ch

Janos Voros is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Swiss Federal Institute of Tech­nology in Zurich. He joined the Department of Materials, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology in 1998. Before that he was a Ph.D. student in Department of Biological Physics at Eotvos University of Sciences in Budapest, Hungary. His research focused on the development and application of optical biosensors in biom­aterial research. His current interests are surface modification of biosensors, com­parison of different sensor techniques and adsorption of proteins on biomaterials.

Wieland, Marco Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Fellow University of British Columbia, Faculty of Dentistry Dept. of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T IZ3, Canada E-mail: wieland@interchange.ubc.ca Web-site: www.dentistry.ubc.ca

Marco Wieland, born in 1968, studied Materials Engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich and earned his Ph.D. in the area of character­izing the chemical composition and topography of medical implant surfaces and their influence on osteoblastic cell-surface interactions. He developed a wave­length-dependent roughness evaluation method to describe surface topographies in various characteristic roughness ranges. Since August 1999 he is working as a

Biographies of Editors and Authors 991

Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, where he is studying the effects of surface roughness on cell and tissue responses.

Williams, David F. F.R.Eng, D.Se. Head of the Department of Clinical Engineering University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK E-mail: dfw@liverpool.ac.uk Web-site: www.liv.ac.uklclinengi

Professor David Williams is Professor of Tissue Engineering and Head of the Department of Clinical Engineering at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK and has been Pro Vice Chancellor of the University of Liverpool for the last three years. He trained as a metallurgist, receiving degrees of B.Sc., Ph.D. and D.Sc. and has worked in the area of biomaterials and medical devices for over 33 years. He is also Director of Research for AorTech International pic. He has written over 30 books, including "The Williams Dictionary of Biomaterials", over 300 sci­entific articles and is Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Biomaterials". As Vice Chair­man of the Scientific Committee of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Professor Williams is the Senior Advisor to the European Commission on matters relating to biomaterials. He was elected to The Royal Academy of Engineering in 1999.

Windler, Markus Dipl. Mater. Sci. Manager Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd., Biomaterial Department p.o. Box 65, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland E-mail: markus.windler@sulzer.com Web-site: www.sulzerorthopedics.com

Markus Windler studied at the University in Berlin material science. In 1989 he joined the research department of Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd., Winterthur, Switzerland as Project Manager in the Materials Department. Over the last 11 years with Sulzer he worked on many different subjects on metals and ceramics e.g. investigation on retrieved implants, fatigue testing on hip and knee components, surface character­ization of bearing and fixation devices, development of new process route of met­als, characterization of corrosion and repassivation behavior of metals.

Wintermantel, Erich M.D., Ph.D. Professor. Formerly Head of Biocompatible Materials Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich; now of: Zentralinstitut fur Medizinaltechnik der TU Munchen Boltzmannstrasse 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany E-mail: wintermantel@zimt.tum.de Web-site: www.zimt.ze.tu-muenchen.de

992 Appendix B

Erich Wintermantel studied medicine at the University of Ttibingen in Germany and earned an M.D. Ph.D. degree, having developed a new rapid microvascular sur­gical technique. He was a Research Fellow at the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada, the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Montreal and the University of Toulouse, France. Following clinical training in neurosurgery, in abdominal and orthopedic surgery at university hospitals, he joined the ETH Zurich in 1986 as Senior Assistant and Lecturer in the design and manufacturing of medical implants and devices. He received his habilitation at the ETH in 1991 in biomaterials engineering, and was a Visiting Scientist at MIT in 1991 and 1992. He became Full Professor at ETH Zurich in 1992, Chairman of Biocompatible Materials Science and Engineering and Head of the ETH Institute of Construction and Design Engineering. His research is focused on clinically applicable implants, instruments, or device systems. Since mid 2000, he is Director of the Zentralinstitut fUr Medizintechnik, Technical University Munich, Germany.

Wood, J. Randolph Manager, Product Engineering Allvac, 2020 Ashcraft Avenue, Monroe, NC 28110-5030, USA E-mail: jr.wood@allvac.com Web-site: www.allvac.com

Mr. Wood earned a BS degree from Lehigh University and MS degree from Carn­egie-Mellon University, both in Metallurgical Engineering. Work experience includes Allegheny Ludlum, Special Metals and RMI Titanium in a variety of posi­tions including Process Metallurgist, Research Metallurgist, and Metallurgical Manager and Research Manager. He has extensive experience in melting, process­ing and testing of specialty alloys including stainless steels, nickel-base superalloys and titanium alloys. His current position at Allvac is involved with titanium billet and bars projects. Mr. Wood has presented numerous papers at technical confer­ences and has over 20 publications and one patent. He is a member of ASM and TMS-AIME technical societies.

Xiao, Shou-Jun Ph.D. Postdoctoral Research Fellow 203 Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Ave. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA E-mail: xiaox007@tc.umn.edu

Shou-Jun Xiao received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in chemistry from Fudan University (Shanghai) in 1985 and 1988 respectively. Then he joined the Department of Bio­medical Engineering at Southeast University (Nanjing) to teach analytical instru­ments and chemistry and to work in Professor Yu Wei's team on organic thin films for molecular electronics. He gained his Ph.D. under the supervision of Professor N.D. Spencer and Dr. M. Textor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich in 1999, by the work on biochemical modification of titanium and gold sur-

Biographies of Editors and Authors 993

faces for biomaterials. He is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher in Professor Wei­Shou Hu's group at University of Minnesota. His research interests focus on bio­chemical modification and molecular assembly on solid surfaces for biosensors, biomaterials, and nanoelectronic devices.

Appendix C: Abbreviations1

51O(k) premarket notification by CT computer tomography FDA,USA CVD chemical vapor deposition

AA acrylamide DAG diacylglycerol AES Auger electron DBC direct bone conduction

spectroscopy dc direct current AFM atomic force microscopy DCP dynamic compression APTES 3-aminopropyl triethoxysi- plate

lane DHS dynamic hip screw ARC adult rat cardiomyocytes DLC diamond-like carbon AR-XPS angle-resolved XPS DMS dimethyldichlorosilane ASTM American Society for Test- E Young's modulus

ing and Materials E potential AT III antithrombin III (anti- EB electron beam melting

thrombin) EB electron binding energies ATR-FTIR attenuated total reflectance (in XPS)

Fourier transform ECR electron cyclotron infrared spectroscopy resonance

BAHA bone anchored hearing aid EDAXor energy-dispersive analysis BAM bone anchored masker EDS BC bone conduction EDS N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-BMP bone morphogenetic protein aminopropyl-BSP bone sialoprotein trimethoxysilane Clq complement factor lq EDTA ethylenediamintetraacetic C3b complement factor 3b acid C3dg,C3d complement factor 3dg/3d EEA European Economic Area CAD computer aided design EIS electrochemical imped-CAE computer aided engineering ance spectroscopy CB conduction band ELISA enzyme-linked immu-CE Communautes Europeennes noassay

(European Communities) ELM ellipsometry CEN European Committee for EMCS N-succinimidyl-6--

Standardisation maleimidylhexanoate CENELEC European Committee for ESCA electron spectroscopy for

Electrotechnical chemical analysis Standardisation jlESCA small spot ESCA

CIM computer integrated manu- ESEM environmental SEM facturing F force

CLSM confocal laser scanning FXII coagulation factor XII microscopy FA fluoroapatite

CM congenital malformation FBS fetal bovine serum CNC computer numerical control FDA US Food and Drug COM chronic otitis media Administration CP commercially pure FDIS Final Draft International CPTi commercially-pure titanium Standard

1 Greek symbols at the end of the table.

996 Appendix C

FDP fibrin degradation product IR infared FEA finite element analysis IRAS infrared reflection FE-AES field emission AES absorption spectroscopy FECO fringes of equal chromatic ISM induction skull melting

order ISO International Organiza-FE-SEM field emission SEM tion for Standardization FFf fast Fourier transformation ISS ion scattering FG functional gain spectroscopy Fib fibrinogen i-XPS imaging-XPS FnorFNT fibronectin L lysozyme FfIR Fourier transform infrared LDH lactate dehydrogenase G shear modulus LFM lateral force microscopy GCIMS gas chromatography/mass LPM non-contact laser

spectrometry profilometry GCP good clinical-trial practice LPS lipopolysaccharide GD-MS glow discharge mass spec- LTI low temperature isotropic

trometry LVAD left ventricular assist GD-OES glow discharge optical device, support system

emission spectroscopy for the failing heart GHTF Global Harmonization Task M moment

Force MCL most comfortable GLP Good Laboratory Practice loudness GMP Good Manufacturing MCP metacarpo phalangeal

Practice MFM magnetic force HA hydroxyapatite microscopy HBSS Hank's balanced salt MPA 3-mercaptopropanoic

solution MRI acid HMVEC human microvascular magnetic resonance

endothelial cells mRNA imaging HMWK high molecular weight messenger ribonucleic

kininogen MSC acid HREELS high resolution electron MSP mast cells

energy loss spectroscopy mechanical stylus profilo-HSA human serum albumin NEXAFS metry

geometrical moment of near edge X-ray inertia NHS absorption fine structure

current 0 N-hydroxysuccinimide iC3b complement factor 3bi OCP ovalbumin ICP inductively coupled plasma OT octacalcium phosphate IDE investigational device OWLS octanethiol

exemption optical waveguide light IEC International Electrotechni- PA mode spectroscopy

cal Commission PACVD plasminogen activator IEP isoelelectric point plasma-assisted chemical i-FFf inverse fast Fourier trans- PAM vapor deposition

formation PBS plasma arc melting IgG immunoglobulin G PDGF phosphate-buffered saline IKVAV Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val platelet -derived growth

(amino acid sequence in PDMS factor peptide) PDP polydimethylsiloxane

IL-la interleukin-l a product development IM interference microscopy PE protocol IPN interpenetrating network polyethylene

Abbreviations 997

PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical SIE simulated interstitial vapor deposition electrolyte

PEG poly( ethylene oxide) SIMS secondary ion mass PEl poly(ethylene imine) spectrometry PGE2 prostaglandin E2 5MB N-succinimidyl-6-PKA protein kinase A maleimidy lbutanoate PKC protein kinase C 5MBZ N-succinimidyl-3-PLA2 phospholipase A2 maleimidylbenzoate PLC phospholipase C SMCC N-succinimidyl trans-PLL poly-L-lysine 4-(maleimidylme-PMA Pre market Approval thyl)cyclohexane-

Application l--carboxylate PMA phorbol myristate acetate SME shape memory effect PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate) SMO N-succinimidyl-8-PMN polymorphonuclear maleimidyloctanoate

granulocyte SMP N-succinimidyl-3-PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene maleimidylpropionate PTH parathyroid hormone SMPB N-succinimidyl-4--( 4-PVD physical vapor deposition maleimidylphenyl)-QCM quartz crystal microbalance butyrate R electrical resistance SMU N-succinimidyl-6-Ra surface roughness para- maleimidylundecanoate

meter, arithmetic average SNOM scanning near-field optical Rf fatigue strength microscopy Rm ultimate strength SOP Standard Operating RBS Rutherford backscattering Procedure

spectroscopy SPM scanning probe RC round cells microscopy RFGD radio frequency glow SPR surface plasmon

discharge resonance RF-plasma radio frequency plasma SRT speech reception RGD Arg-Gly-Asp, amino acid threshold

sequence recognized by SS stainless steel some cell receptors STM scanning tunneling

rhBMP-2 recombinant human bone microscopy morphogenetic protein 2 TC technical committees

rhTGF-J31 recombinant human trans- TCP trica1cium phosphate forming growth factor TEM transmission electron beta 1 microscopy

RIA radio immuno assay TGA thermogravimetric RIE reactive-ion etch analysis ROS reactive oxygen species TGF-a transforming growth

RpO.2 yield strength at the limit of factor a elasticity with elongation TGF-J3 transforming growth of 0.2% factor J3

Rq surface roughness para- THA total hip arthroplasty meter, root mean square Ti-5AI- titanium-5% aluminium-

SAM self-assembled monolayer 2.5Fe 2.5% iron alloy SBF simulated body fluid Ti-6AI-4V titanium-6% aluminium-SCE saturated calomel electrode 4% vanadium alloy SEM scanning electron Ti-6AI-7Nb titanium-6% aluminium-

microscopy 7% niobium alloy

998 Appendix C

TIRF total internal reflection VHV ultrahigh vacuum fluorescence VAR vacuum-arc melting

TNF-a tumor necrosis factor a VB valence band ToF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion Veor corrosion rate

mass spectrometry WH work hardening, work TPD temperature-programmed hardened

desorption Vn vitronectin TIep tetracalcium phosphate VPS vacuum-plasma spraying TWSME two-way shape memory XRD X-ray diffraction

effect XRF X-ray fluorescence TXRF total reflection X-ray fluo- spectroscopy

rescence a-MEM alpha minimum essential VA unaided hearing medium VHMW-PE ultrahigh molecular weight E stress

polyethylene (J deformation, strain

Appendix D: World-Wide-Web Sites (URL Addresses)

The following compilation of website addresses has been put together mostly based on information given by the different authors of the books. The editors realize that this list is far from being complete both as regards industrial, academic, govern­mental and society links. In order to allow the reader and other people to provide further contact addresses that are related to titanium and its use in medicine, as well as to keep such an address list updated and useful, a website

http://www.titaniuminmedicine.com

has been created. This site also provides the possibility for general feed-back on the book which will be most welcomed by authors and editors.

Manufacturers

www.alleghenytechnologies.com

www.allvac.com

www.aortech.com

www.astratech.com

www.biam.com

www.biomet.com

www.cordis.com

www.depuy.com

www.dynalloy.com

www.dynamet.com

www.ethicon.com

www.exeterhip.co.uk

www.fwmetals.com

www.howmedicaosteonics.com

www.implex.com

www.jeteng.com

www.jnjo.com

www.jomed.com

www.komtek-kei.com

www.leibinger.net

www.mathysmedical.com

www.memry.com

www.ndc.com

Manufacturer semi-finished titanium mill products

Manufacturer, semi-finished titanium mill products

Manufacturer of heart valves

Manufacturer of medical devices and implants

Manufacturer of titanium

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of cardiovascular devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of nickel-titanium alloy wires

Manufacturer semi-finished titanium mill products

Manufacturer of cardiovascular devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of titanium wire and cable products

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of forged components

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of stents and catheters

Manufacturer of forged components

Manufacturer of surgical instruments and implants

Manufacturer of osteosynthesis and orthopedic devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

1000 Appendix 0

www.nitinol.comlDefault.htm

www.nobelbiocare.coml international/index.asp

www.portacath.com

www.sjm.com

www.sma-inc.com

www.smithnephew.com

www.sorin.nl

www.stratec.com

www.straumann.com

www.sulzer.com

www.sulzermedica.com

www.sulzercarbomedics.com

www.sulzerorthopedics.com

www.thermo.com

www.timet.com

www.titanium.com

www.titanium.de/AO.html

www.tpcl.com

www.tricumed.de

www.3i-online.com

www.wmt.com

www.zimmer.com

Supplier of nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol) materials

Manufacturer of dental implants and prosthetic solutions

Manufacturer of vascular products

Manufacturer of cardiovascular products

Supply and use of TiNi shape memory, superelastic alloys

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of heart valves

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of devices for oral implantology, orthodontology and cranio-maxillofacial surgery

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer of heart valves

Manufacturer of musculosceletal implants

Instruments and bioscience

Manufacturer semi-finished titanium mill products

Distributor, semi-finished titanium mill products

Surface and material (titanium) technologies

Manufacturer of forged components

Manufacturer of infusion pumps

Manufacturer of dental implants

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Manufacturer, titanium medical and surgical devices

Research Organizations, Institutes

www.dentistry.ubc.ca

www.ecf.toronto.edulbiomaterials

www.ao-asif.ch

www.innotec.ch

www.molar.unibe.ch

www.rms-foundation.ch

www.surface.mat.ethz.ch

www.zimt.ze.tu-muenchen.de

www.ezm.uni-wuerzburg.de

www.huji.ac.il

www.ifm.liu.se/applphys/ biomaterial

Faculty of Dentistry at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA

University of Toronto, The Center for Biomaterials, CA

Clinical and research organization of the AO Foundation, CH

Corporate R&D department of Sulzer, CH

School of Dental Medicine, University of Berne, CH

Dr. h.c. Robert Mathys Stiftung: a research institute and service laboratory, CH

Biomaterial & Biosensor Surface Group at ETH Zurich, CH

Zentralinstitut fur Medizinaltechnik der TU Munchen, DE

Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, DE

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IL

The Biomaterial Group of the Linkoping University, SE

fy.chalmers.se/ssfl biocomp.html

www.chalmers.se

www.biomaterials.gu.se

www.sp.se

www.anatcell.gu.se

www.branemark.com huweb.hu.liu.se/inst/imv

www.materials.org.uk

World-Wide-Web Sites (URL Addresses) 1001

Biomaterial Science at Chalmers University, SE

Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, SE

Graduate School in Material Science - Biomaterials, University of Goteborg, SE

Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SE

Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Goteborg, SE Bri'memark Osseointegration Center University of Linkoping, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, SE

Institute of Materials, UK

www.nottingham.ac.uklbiomaterial Biomaterials at Nottingham University, UK

www.liv.ac.uklclineng

www.rutchem.rutgers.edu/-cbmd

dentalschool.bu.edu

www.uthscsa.edu

www.orthohospital.org and

www.jri-oh.com

web.mit.edu/cheme

www.uweb.engr.washington.edu

www.jri-oh.com

www.dental.uthscsa.edu

dental. uthscsa.edu/admindeptl perio.html

web.mit.edu/cheme/wwwl

www.zyomyx.com

www.dentalimplants.org

Clinical Engineering at University of Liverpool

New Jersey Center for Biomaterials (CBM), UK

Boston Univ. Goldman School of Dental Medicin, USA

University of Texas Health Care Center at San Antonio, USA

Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, USA

The Joint Replacement Institute at Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, USA

Chemical Engineering Department, MIT, USA

University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials (UWEB), Seattle, USA

Joint Replacement Institute at Los Angeles Orthopaedic Hospital, USA

University of Texas Health Science Center, USA

University of Texas Health Science Center, Dental School, USA

Chemical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Foundation for Functional Protein Biochip Technologies, USA

Institute for Dental Implant Awareness

Standards and Regulatory Organizations

www.astm.org

www.ansi.org

www.cenorm.be

www.fda.gov/cdrh

www.fda.gov/cdrh/modact/ recstand.html

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

American standards

European standards

Food and Drug Administration (FDA, United States Department of Health and Human Services)

Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health

1002 Appendix 0

www.devicelink.coml links/regulatory.html

www.iso.ch

www.iec.ch

Legal and regulatory sites of interest to the medical industry

International Organization for Standardization (lOS)

International standards

Societies and Professional Organizations

www.biomaterials.org.au

www.biomaterials.ca

esb.itvd. uni -stuttgart. de

dgbiomat.itvd.uni-stuttgart.de

www.biomaterials.org

ssb.biomaterials.ch/ssbl societies.html

www.biomaterials.org/ siglO.htm

www.dentistry.dal.calcbsIILC.html

mecca.org/BME/BMESI society lindex.htm

www.soc.nacsis.ac.jp/ jsdmd/index-e.shtml

www.osseo.org

www.eao.org

www.aaos.org

www.aahks.org

www.a-o-s.org

www.ao-asif.ch

www.belgianorthoweb.be/ noie.htm

www.med.uni-marburg.de/ orthop/eors

www.orthogate.org

www.hipsoc.org

orthopedics.medscape.coml HomefTopics/orthopedicsl orthopedics.html

www.orthoworld.com

www.ors.org

www.oref.org

www.ziekenhuis.nlldomeinen/ orthopeed/owlltopics.html

www.aaos.org/wordhtmllrjos/ rjoshome.htm

www.sts.org

Australian Society for Biomaterials

Canadian Biomaterials Society

European Society for Biomaterials

German Society for Biomaterials

Society for Biomaterials (USA)

Swiss Society for Biomaterials

Society for Biomaterials Proteins and Cells at Interfaces (SIG)

International Liaison Committee of the Biomaterials Soc

Biomedical Engineering Society, USA

Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices

Academy of Osseo integration

European Association for Osseo integration

American Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Americal Assocation of Hip and Knee Surgeons

Academic Orthopaedic Society

Association for the Study of Internal Fixation

Belgian Orthopedics Online Project and Orthogate

European Orthopaedic Research Society

Gateway to the Orthopaedic Internet

Hip Society

Medscape Orthopaedics information site

Orthopaedics Internet Portal

Orthopedic Research Society

Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation

Orthopaedic Web Links

Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society

Society of Thoracic Surgeons

www.aats.org

www.asm-intl.org

www.surfaces.org

www.eastman.ucl.ac.uk/~ssbii

www.titanium.org

www.titan-japan.com

World-Wi de-Web Sites (URL Addresses) 1003

American Association for Thoracic Surgery

ASM - Materials Information Society

Surfaces in Biomaterials Foundation

Surface Science of Biologically Important Interfaces

International Titanium Organization

Japan Titanium Society

Networks, Interest Groups, Education, Information

www.csa.com.tw/hottopics/ titaniumloverview.html

www.titaniumservices.com

www.titaniuminfogroup.co.uk

www.titanium.org/links.htm

www.asmwest.com

www.biomat.net

www.biomateria.com

biomat404.mse.uc.edu/ link_biomat

Titanium, basic information

Professional information on titanium

Titanium information group

Links to Titanium Organizations and Educational Materials

Materials Information Society

Biomaterials-related communication resource and links to organizations, research/education, meetings, journals

Biomaterials-related information and service site

Universities and biomaterial research programs

www.ifm.liu.se/AppIPhys/ Swedish Biomaterial Consortium biomaterial/sbc

www.biomaterials.gu.se/gsmsGraduateSchoolinMaterialsScience.Giiteborg.SE

www.nottingham.ac.uk/ UK Biomaterials Network biomaterial/uk_net

www.forum-medtech-pharma.deForumMedizintechnikundPharmainBayern-Bayern.DE

www.itv-denkendorf.de/coelbmoz German Center of Excellence for Biomaterials and Organ Replacement Stuttgart-Tiibingen, DE

www.ugsolutions.com CAD/CAM/CAE software

www.marc.com Finite element analysis programs for mechanical and bio-medical applications

www.cadfem.de Finite element analysis system

www.adina.com Finite element system for solid and structure analysis

www.sdrc.com A mechanical design automation software for the design, analysis, testing, and manufacturing of mechanical products

www.ibm.comlcatiaiprodukte CAD/CAM/CAE software

www.ctsnet.org Cardiothoraic surgery network

www.rcsb.org/pdb Protein database

www.medweb.emory.edu/ Search routine in the medical area

www.bmn.com BioMedNet - a website for biological medical researchers

www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/ Surface science links and teaching resources surfaces

Appendix E: Index

1,25--dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 ,25-(OH)zD3) 575

3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) 421,424

Abrasion 814 abrasive contaminants 764 abrasive particles 748 abrasive-corrosive wear 754 acceptance procedures 933-934 adhesive bonding 248 adhesive cues 505 adsorbed proteins 7, 94, 136,214,437,459,

495,516,527 adsorption 115 a-haloacetyl 427 albumin 4, 115, 134--136,309,334,429,

437,445,458,462-463,468,475,524--525,565,602

alkaline phosphatase 429,479,567,572,618 alkoxy-derived coatings 255 allergic response 68 allergy to nickel 820 alpha case 44 alpha minimum essential medium (a-MEM)

210 alpha phase 31 alpha stabilizing elements 34 alpha-beta titanium alloys 31, 34, 36, 220,

784,786 alumina 705 alumina-alumina bearings 709 aluminum leaching 564 aluminum oxide 135 amino- and carboxyl-directed immobiliza-

tion 428 anatase 174, 184,246,253,275,284,662 animal models 880 annealing 38, 47-48 anodized surfaces 91,250,253,526,692,

802 anodizing - in chromic acid 251,255 - in sulfuric acid 251 - process 249 - spark anodizing 251, 253 antithrombin III 438

anuloplasty rings 893 APR prosthesis 748 arch wire 69 arteries 70 arthritis 624 arthroplasties 588 artificial heart 895 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 78,93, 111,

127 attenuated total reflectance Fourier trans­

form infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) 104

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 77, 100, 123,200

aural rehabilitation 910 austenite 56 autogenous grafted bone - healing ability 628 avulsion 530, 537

Bacteria 530,543,544,547,660,663,666, 820,836,846,858-859

balloon catheter 71 bar 41, 44-45 bending load 696 beta phase 31 beta titanium alloys 29-30, 34, 45-46 beta transus 36 BHK cell line 360 bicarbon heart valve 892 bicortical fixation 623 biliary obstructions 70 billet 41, 47 bimodal structure 36 bioactive glass 618 bioactivity 22-23,268,275-278,376,412,

420 biochemical surface modification 418,443 - amino- and carboxy-directed immobiliza-

tion 428 - biological studies 443 - peptide immobilization 445 - photochemistry 429 biocompatibility 1-9,14--23,27,68,284--

285,330-332,650 - and corrosion 3 - of stainless steel 4

1006 Appendix E

-ofTiNi 68 biofunctionality of TiNi 68 bioinertness 3 biological safety 16, 18-19 biological tests - genotoxicity 310 - haemocompatibility 311 - haemolysis 311 - irritation tests 310 - pyrogenicity 310 - sensitization tests 310 - sub-chronic toxicity 310 - systemic toxicity 310 biomaterials 33 biostability 19 bleeding 840 blood compatibility 134-135,331,334,892,

905 biological factors 621 body-centered cubic structure 31 bone 6,589 -lamellar 590 - woven bone 590 - apposition 6, 879 - formation 588 - fracture 772 - grafts 628 - growth 576 - healing 576, 779 - lining cells 589 - nodules 365 - ongrowth 725 - quality 837-838 - remodelling 677 - resorption 68 - sialoprotein 618 bone morphogenic proteins 4, 9 -BMP-2577 -BMP-3577 bone-anchored hearing aid 588, 911 bone-anchored percutaneous implants 537 bone-conduction physiology 911 bone-implant contact 879 bone plates 72, 284-285,345,620,654,686,

692,783,789-797,807-812,854 bone screws 789, 804 bone-titanium interface 588 boundary lubricants 766 bovine serum albumin 463 braided wire 70 Brfmemark dental implant system 833, 882 brookite 174

Clq 471 cages 801 calcification 573 calcitonin 621 calcium ion adsorption 212 calcium phosphate ceramics 268 calcium phosphate coatings 212, 276, 278,

434,436,859 - by chemical deposition 434 - by electrochemical methods 435 - by laser ablation 436 - by plasma spraying 394,397,398,404 - by thermal spraying 436 - by vapor deposition 436 - effect on bone response 618 calcium phosphate deposition 209 calcium phosphates 22, 65, 531, 859 callus 76 canaliculi 577 cancellous bone 590 cancellous-structured titanium 727 cancer cells 663 carbon 531-532 carcinogenicity 2 cardiac application 890 cardiovascular application 890 cardiovascular diseases 900 cast titanium 688 casting 44, 849 casting alloys 47 catheters 70 cell adhesion 359,444-446,490,492, 570 cell behavior 343-370,485-507 - BHK cells 368 - epithelium 361-362,490-492,529-546,

631,910 - fibroblasts 6,332,358, 362-369, 440,

487-492,500-507 - in vitro vs. in vivo 506 - macrophages 4,7,320-322,365-367,

518-547,593-605,835,848,854 - neuroblasts 358 - neutrophils 4,7,365-366 - osteoblasts 4, 8, 444, 563-578, 589-622 - platelets 599 - transformed (tumor-like) cells 359 cell contractile activity 501 cell culture 68, 657 cell death 487 cell differentiation 4,448,479,487,496,

572,660 cell growth 4,310,333,487,496 cell locomotion 361,499, 503

cell mechanics 497 cell morphology 488, 658 cell population densities 493 cell response: mechanical stimuli 498 cell selection 493 cell shape 488 cell sociology 503 cell carriers 650 cell-culture scaffolds 653 cemented anchorage 708 cemented hip prosthesis 721,734 cementless anchorage 708 cementless hip prosthesis 724, 730 cementless implantation 708 cement line 590-591 ceramic films 268 ceramic particles 239 ceramics: bioactive ceramics 5 chemical modifications 5 chemical precipitation processes 651 chemical vapor deposition 322, 719 - diamond-like coatings 323 - electron beam evaporation 326 - electron cyclotron resonance 325 - kinetic models 329 - laser plasma 325 - operating temperatures 323 - plasma assisted 323, 326 - reactive evaporation 326 - saddle field source 325 chemical-vapor-deposited coatings - abrasion resistance 331 - biocompatibility 330 - crystallographic orientation 330 - diamond-like carbon 332 - hardness 326, 328 - orientation 328 - phase transformations 327 - properties 326-327 - texture 327 - titanium carbide 322 - titanium nitride 322, 331 chondrocytes 492, 572 chromium 856 chronic otitis media 918 clinical evaluation 941 clinical procedures 836 clinical results 410,628,632,718,721-723,

730,735-736,842,918-919 clinical studies 852, 877 clinical success 737, 877 coagulation 459 - intrinsic pathway 471

Index 1007

- factor XII 462,471 - factor XIII 622 - blood 470 - proteins 471 coating characterization - contact-angle methods 312 - corrosion behavior 314 - infrared spectroscopy (IR) 312 - microscopic examination 311 - secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)

311 - surface-charge measurements 312 - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

311 - X-ray diffraction (XRD) 313 cobalt 856 cobalt-chromium alloys 212, 284, 331, 395,

548,566-568,604,678,689,705-707, 718,720,723,726,751,754-755,853,890

cold drawing 34 cold formability 34, 36 cold workability 34, 44 collagen 7,215,529-531,536-545,573,

589-632,658-660 - type I 431,524-525,602 - type III 524, 542 collagen fibrils 590 collagen gels 488 color 802 commercially-pure titanium 27,30,40-48,

133,191,682-687,710-711,782-823 - chemical composition 33,59,98-102,

121,191,257-258,284,311,564, 710-712,785

- mechanical properties 9-19,35-47, 305-306,676-698,710-719,785-805

complement 459 - factor 3, 524 - proteins 473 - system 470, 473 complications 845 compression fixation 774 computer aided design 693-694 computer aided engineering 694 computer integrated manufacturing 694 conductive hearing losses 914 confocal laser scanning microscopy 107, 109 conformity assessment 934 congenital malformation 918 connective tissue 364, 542 contact (topographic) guidance 489 contact allergy 531 contact angle measurements 105

1008 Appendix E

contact guidance 362, 490 contact inhibition of cell movement 503 coordinate measuring machines 709 Core-Vent implant 833 corrosion 146 - cobalt--chromium alloys 150 - crevice corrosion 79, 161-162, 166, 723 - rate 163 - stainless steels 146, 150, 157, 158, 162,

167 - stress corrosion 162, 233, 284 - thermodynamic considerations 149 - uniform 163 corrosion fatigue 17 corrosion potential 148 - critical pitting 157 - free corrosion 156 - open circuit 156 corrosion protection 249 corrosion resistance 4,14--23,26-30,72,88,

146,152,167,172,314--320,783 corrosion tests - immersion 64 - potentiodynamic 64 - potentiostatic 64 cortical or compact bone 590 CP Ti: see commercially-pure titanium crack initiation 36, 233 crack propagation 36 craniofacial rehabilitation 532 creep 33 - resistance to 48 crevice corrosion 79, 161-162, 166,723 cues for cell behavior 368 cups - metal backed 706 - polyethylene 706 current density-potential curves 157 cutting 38 - fluid 38 cytokines 7, 478, 528,536,545,565 - release 6 - interleukin 528 cytotoxicity 18,478, 506

DeBakey Surgitool valve 890 defibrillators 894 deformation 66, 680, 684 deformation delayed hypersensitivity 530 dental applications 827-828, 875-876 - arch wire 69 - implants 131, 562, 876

- prostheses 849 - wires 79 dentistry 69 design 729 - criteria 674 - principles 65 - tools 693 desmosomes 539 desorption 115 dextran 438 DF-80 hip prosthesis 748 diabetes mellitus 547, 624 diabetic rats 624 diagnostic devices 71 diamond-like - carbon 332,323,719 - coatings 323 - adhesion 333 - blood compatibility 334 - in vitro assessment 333 - wear resistance 333 diaphysis 590 die forging 44 diffusion hardening 720 dimethyldichlorosilane 444 direct ageing 34 drawing 44 dual-axis joint simulator 749,751,755 ductile-brittle transformation 34 ductility 34, 679, 686, 782 dynamic compression plate 695, 783, 808 dynamic loading 684

EDTA (ethylenediamintetraacetic acid) 209 efthiophilia 501 elasticity 67, 677 elderly patients 708 electrochemical etching of titanium 355 - measurements 154,435 - potential 458 - reactions 148 -series 149,151 electrodes 41, 894 electrode reactions 248 electron beam lithography 360 electron beam melting 40 electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

(ESCA or XPS) 99 ellipsometry 94, 115, 119,461 elongation 683 embolization coils 903 encapsulation 3, 6, 8, 820

endodontics 856 endothelial cells 477, 501 endotoxin 3 enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)

115-116 epiphysis 590 epitenon 50 I epithelial attachment 542 epithelial cells 361, 488, 532 epithelial downgrowth 490, 506, 531 epithelial penetrations 529 epithelium 492, 529, 531, 539 equiaxed structure 36 ES-30 prosthesis 748 esophageal stenosis 70 evaporation deposition processes 298 expandable hollow meshes 900 external fixator 776,801 extracellular matrix 495, 572,589 extrusion 44

Failed cemented hip prostheses 758 failed oral titanium implants 629 failures 693, 845 fatigue 67,72,284,680, 684, 782 - corrosion 284 - resistance 684 - strength 679-680,713 - testing 684,715 Fe-based alloys 679,689 femoral cup 705 femoral head 705-706 FHRRIKA peptide 446 fibrin 470, 519, 565 fibrinogen 3-4, 134-139,334,440,462-

463, 466-480, 523-525 fibrinolytic system 470 fibroblasts 6, 358, 360, 362, 444, 487-448,

492, 519, 539, 547 fibrointegrated implants 540 fibrointegration 539, 629 fibronectin 134-135,213,364,466-468,

524-525,565 fibrous capsule 518,524,526,528,531,619 - connective tissue 74, 563 fine-grained microstructures 43 finite element analysis 693, 695 flame spraying 379, 394 fluid space 518, 820 fluorine contamination 846 focal adhesion 491 focal contacts 491

Index 1009

foil 44, 46 foreign body capsule 6 foreign body reaction 2-8, 319,518,525,

709,848,894 forging 38, 41, 43-44,713 forming processes 688 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(FfIR) 104 fracture fixation 686, 774 - toughness 48 - treatment 772 fretting 79, 284, 691, 693

Galling 814 galvanic corrosion 79 gene expression 487-488 giant cells 6, 709 glow-discharge optical emission

spectroscopy (GD-OES) 103 glow-discharge plasma 289 glutaraldehyde 428 glycerol phosphate 568 glycosylation 430 gold 6 good manufacturing practice (GMP)

931,936 Gouy-Chapman charge 312 grain boundaries 564 granulocytes 478 granulomas 709 granulomatous tissue 76 growth factors 577, 621-622 - TGF-fJ 574-578, 621 growth hormone 621

Hallux 73 Hank's buffer 210, 471 haptotaxis 490, 494-495 hard-hard bearings 706 Haversian canal 590 healing 3, 6--7, 9 healing period 836 health care costs 737 heat treatment 47,245 - solution treating plus aging 47 hemidesmosomes 492,529-542 heparin 438 hepatocytes 658 hexagonal close-packed structure 31 hierarchy 504 high cycle fatigue 34, 684

1010 Appendix E

high resolution electron energy loss spectros-copy (HREELS) 102

high-molecular-weight kininogen 462,471 high temperature oxide films 189 hip joint replacement 705 - prosthesis 704 - simulators 693 histocytes 709 hot isostatic pressing 620, 688 hot workability 34 hot working 233 humoral immune system 470 hyaluronic acid 565 hydrogen 39, 46--47 - embrittlement 44,47 hydrothermal post-treatment of

anodic coatings 435 hydroxyapatite 277-279,398-411,568,

618-621 - effect on bone response 618-619 - produced by electrochemical techniques

435 - plasma-sprayed coatings 404 - resorption 619 - spray powder 40 I hydroxyapatite-titanium composites 620 hypersensitivity 530, 846

Ilmenite 26 immunity 153 immunoglobulin 471, 475, 524-525, 565 immunological reactions 846 implant integration in bone: processes 566,

591 implant stability 839 implants - artificial hearts 895 - audiological 910 - bone anchored hearing aids 911 - bone plates 72, 284-285, 345, 620, 654,

686,692,783,789-797,807-812,854 - bone screws 692,789, 804 - bone-anchored percutaneous 537 - cochlear 532 - defibrillators 894 - dense hydroxyapatite 620 - dental 22,30, 193-196,562, 876,938 - dental applications of 828, 876 - dynamic compression plate 695 - embolization coils 903 - endodontics 856 - endoprosthesis 704

- endosseous 833 - endosseous oral 539 - experimental 515 - for orthopaedic rehabilitation 537 - for spinal fusion 588 - general failure modes 537 - heart valves 890 - hip prosthesis 704 - in auricular epistheses 588 - in bone-anchored hearing aids 588 - in compromised host 546 - in knee joints 588 - in middle ear vent 588 - in osteosynthesis 588 - in thumb 588 - infusion pumps 899 - intramedullary nailing systems 797 - intracardiac devices 902 - intraluminal vascular grafts 901 - knee prosthesis 704, 706 - left ventricular assist devices 895 - material properties 516 - maxillofacial 795 - mechanical properties of 803 - oral 536, 539-548, 625-630,

828-835,842,846-849,857,859 - orthodontics 855 - orthopedic 562-563,704 - osteosynthesis 772, 783 - pacemakers 894 - percutaneous 514, 529, 532, 910 - periodontal 562 - spinal surgery 799 - stent grafts 90 I - subcutaneous 514 - subperiosteal 832 - surgical staplers 903 - titanium-nitride coated 525 - transmucosal 514 - transosteal 832 - vascular access ports 899 - vascular stents 900 - wire mesh devices 903 implant -supported fixed restorations 850 IMZ implants 848 induction skull melting 40 infection 530, 537, 822, 833,836-837,846,

858,922 - influence of materials 858 inflammation 3,9,518,527-528,530-531,

534,544,546,841 infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy

(IRAS) 104

infrared spectroscopic techniques 93,209-210

infusion pumps 899 ingot 47 inorganic contaminants 566 insulin-like growth factor 860 integrin receptors 565 integrins 565 interfacial failure 629 - processes 215 interference microscopy (1M) 93, 107, 110 internal fixation of fractures 781 internal fixator 776 intracardiac devices 902 intraluminal vascular grafts 901 ion implantation 719 ion milling 360 ion plating processes 302 ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) 103 irradiated bone: healing ability 628 irradiation therapy 546 irritation 2 IT! dental implant system 833, 848, 876, 882

Keratinocytes 362 knee components 716 knee prosthesis 706 Kroll's process 26, 39

Lactalbumin 464 lamellae 590 lamellar bone 76 lamina limitans 590, 627 laser cut tubing 70 laser marking 716 laser patterning of titanium 356 laser profilometry (LPM) 93, 107, 109 laser welding 850 lateral force microscopy (LFM) 111 LC-DCP plates 812 leading lamella 503 left ventricular assist devices 895 less invasive stabilization system 694 leucocytes 477 leucoxene 26 leukotriene B4 525 load - bending 696 - torsional 697 - resistance 782 loading of screws 696

local factor production 574 locomotion 362-363

Index 1011

loosened cemented prostheses 709 loosening 708 low-cycle fatigue 34, 684 lubricants 766 lymphocytes 535, 545 lysozyme 464

Machinability 38 macrophages 6-7, 9, 365, 519, 522, 535,

545,547,593,598 macrotopography 576 magnetic force microscopy 111 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 678, 890 magnetron discharge 291 Magovern-Cromie prosthesis 890 maleimide 423 manufacturing process 688 marketing 933 marsupialization 530, 537 martensitic state 71 maxillofacial implants 795 - surgery 284, 854 mechanical heart valves 893 mechanical interlocking 497, 836 mechanical properties of titanium 35, 305-

306,710-713,785-786 mechanical stability 588 mechanical stimuli 498 mechanical stylus profilometry (MSP) 93,

108 medical devices 15 - classifications 932 Medtronic-Hall valve 891 mesenchyme cells 363,589 metabolic response 528 metal dissolution 155 - sensitivity 530 metal-backed cups 706 metallic debris 764 metal-metal bearings 709 metaphysis 590 metatarsal-phalangeal joint 73 micro droplet density measurements 106 microenvironment 496 microfabricated surfaces 357 - cell adhesion 359 - cell behavior 357, 489 - cell locomotion 361 - dimples 366 - epithelial cell shape and orientation 361

1012 Appendix E

- fibroblast shape and orientation 362 - fibroblasts 358 - grooves 361 - hills 366 - keratinocyte behavior 362 - macrophage behavior 365 - neuroblasts 358 - neutrophil behavior 365 - osteogenic cell orientation and locomotion

365 - pillars 366 - pits 366 - ridges 361 - rust fungus 358 - spirals 367 - subcutaneous implantation 365 - titanium-coated epoxy replicas 360 - transformed (tumor-like) cells 359 microfabrication 344, 496 - anisotropic etching of silicon 349 - chemical vapor deposition systems 348 - differential etch rates 351 - electrochemical etching of titanium 355 - electron beam lithography 360 - etching 344 - in silicon 348 - in titanium 352 - laser patterning of titanium 356 - mask aligner 345 - ovens 345 - photoresist 360 - plasma deposition 344 - plasma enhanced chemical vapor

deposition (PE-CVD) 347 - plasma etcher 347 - plasma systems 346 - process sequence 350 - reactive-ion etcher 347 - reactive-ion etching of titanium 354 - silicon dioxide etching 349 - surface topography 357 - thermal evaporators 344, 346 - titanium deposition 352 - wet etching 348 microfilaments 498 micromachined substrates 344 micromachines 369 micromotion 497, 562, 836, 846 micromovements 685, 691 microstructure 34, 36 microtopography 564, 576 microtubules 498 Miller/Galante knee prosthesis 748

mineralization 8, 93, 572, 590 minimally invasive surgical instrumentation

71 misaligned teeth 69 modulus of elasticity 38, 718 molecular adlayer 91 monocortical fixation 623 monocytes 518 motion at the interfacial area 529 mRNA expression 578 mucosal tissue-plaque interactions 544 Muller cemented straight femoral stems 163 muscle reeducation systems 72

N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxy-silane (EDS) 444

nailing systems 767,797 nanophase titanium dioxide 660 Natural Knee prosthesis 748 neuritogenesis 444 neuroblastoma cells 444 neuroblasts 358 neutral proteinase 362 N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) 428 nickel 856 - hypersensitivity 54 -release 54, 67,69,79 niobium oxide 135 Ni-Ti: see titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni) Nitinol 54, 900-901, 903 non-contact laser profilometry (LPM) 93,

107, 109 notified body 931

Occluded coronary arteries 90 I oligosaccharides 442 optical waveguide technique 94, 116, 134 oral implant therapy 828, 836 oral implants 536, 539-548, 625-630,

828-835,842,846-849,857,859 organ cultures 815 organic contamination 185 orthodontic stimulation 498 orthodontic wire 68 orthodontics 855 orthodontics anchorage 499 orthopedic 72 - implants 131 - prosthesis 537 - surgery 284 osseointegrated implants 539

osseointegration 30-31,497,539-540,562, 576,577,578,591,625,704-708,724, 733-736,828

-loss 846 - success criteria 837 osseoperception 537 osteoblasts 4, 8,444,563-578, 589-622 - differentiation 566-567 - proliferation 479 osteocalcin 477 osteoclasts 493, 589, 593 osteoconduction 564 osteocytes 577, 589 osteogenic cells 365 osteoid 566, 589 osteointegration: see osseointegration osteolysis 706, 709, 736 osteopontin 477, 618 osteoprogenitor cells 566, 589 osteosynthesis 73,779,782-783,789 - plates 692 - screws 692 osteotomized bone fragments 72 ovalbumin 464 oxidation 67, 692 oxide films 8, 153 - dissolution 206 - electrolyte interactions 208 - growth 206 - physico-chemical properties 176 - thickness 182 - on titanium alloys 197 - structural changes 206

Pacemakers 531, 890, 894 parathyroid hormone (PTH) 618 partial removable dentures 853 particles 29,239-240, 285-290, 294-302,

318-321,377-378,380-389,393-404, 547-548,651,661-667,748-767,811-812,835,847-848

- acrylic cement 753 - cobalt-chromium 848 - metallic 764 - titanium 758, 760, 848 particulate materials: biological effects 548 passivation 77,237 - procedure 219 -film 151, 158 - state 152-154 pathogen 530 Pd alloying 158

peptides 430, 446 - FHRRIKA 446 -RGD 446 -RGE 446

Index 1013

percutaneous bone-anchored implants 910 - devices 362 - implants 529,533,910 - clinical outcome 537 peri-implant conditions 838 - hyperplastic mucositis 547 - mucosa 541-542, 544 peri-implantitis 546-547 permigration 530, 537 perovskite (CaTi03) 620 phagocytes 547 phosphorylcholine 438 photocatalytic effect 660 photocatalytically-active titanium dioxide

660 photochemistry 429 photolithography 344, 360 physical vapor deposition 57, 286, 719 - carbides 303 - cathode-spot arc 318 - cleaning 294 - coating parameters 286 - coating properties 303 - comparison to chemical vapor deposition

297 - deposition process 286 - electric gas discharge 287 - evaporation 297 - evaporation deposition processes 298 - glow discharge 289-290, 296 - ion plating 287, 296-297,302 - magnetron discharge 291 - nitrides 303 - oxides 303 - plasma 287 - process 296 - RF discharges 291 - sputter deposition processes 299 - sputtering 287, 296-297 - substrate preparation 294 - surface reactions 292 physical-vapor-deposited coatings - biological coating evaluation 309 - coating adhesion 307 - coating structure 303 - corrosion 315 - electronic structure 307 - failures 319 - leaching 320

1014 Appendix E

- mechanical properties 305 - repassivation 319 - titanium nitride 318 - titanium oxide 318 - (Ti,Ta)OxNy coatings 316 - (Ti,Zr)02 317-320 pickling 237,242 pin-on-disk wear testing 749 plasma-anodization process 435 plasma arc melting 40 plasma cells 545 plasma-sprayed coatings 383 - animal studies and clinical results 410 - bone response 619,627 - hydroxyapatite 398, 404,619 - titanium 396 - titaniUm/hydroxyapatite bilayer 408 plasminogen activator 362 plastic deformation 677 plate 44, 46 - fixation 776 platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 565 platelets 477 platinum 901, 903 Pluronics 439 PMNs 518,535,545 polarization diagrams 156 poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 438 poly(ethylene imine) (PEl) 440 poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 438 polyethylene (PE) 706, 748 polyethylene cups 706 - wear 760 poly-L-lysine-g-poly( ethylene glycol)

(PLL-g-PEG) 442 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 358,

564, 707, 763, 858 - particles 749 polymorphonuclear 477 - granulocytes 518 polysaccharides 438 polystyrene (PS) 566, 568, 573 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 476, 525,

531 porosity 47 porous ceramics 653 - coating 734 - surface 547 post-marketing surveillance 942 Pourbaix diagram 152 powder metallurgy 47 - production 44 pre-clinical biological evaluation 940

prekallikrein 471 press-fit technique 706 pre-warning of impending failure 782 Procera system 851 processing 688 prostaglandin E2 574 prostanoids 565 prostheses 68 prosthetic heart valves 890 prosthodontics 849 protein adsorption 437,446, 461,528 - albumin 134, 462, 475 -Clq 471 -C3473 - collagen I 475 - factor XII 471 - fibrinogen 134, 136-137,466,471,475 - fibronectin 134, 466, 475 - hemoglobin 136-137 - high-molecular-weight kininogen 471 - human fibronectin 135 - human serum albumin 136-137 - human serum albumin (HSA) 134--135 - IgG 471, 475 - lactalbumin 464 -lysozyme 464 - multi-protein solutions 468 - osteocalcin 477 - osteopontin 477 - ovalbumin 464 - prekallikrein 471 - serum 468 - serum albumin 462 protein-resistant surfaces 437 - by alginates 442 - by oligosaccharides 442 - by phosphorylcholin 437 - by Pluronics 439 - by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 437 - by polysaccharides 437 - by poly-L-lysine-g-poly( ethylene glycol)

(PLL-g-PEG) 442 proteins 4--9,134--137,437-449,458-480,

518 - adsorption 6 - in vivo 474, 518 - properties 458 proteoglycan 589 pseudoelastic TiNi 69, 71, 72 pyrolytic carbon 890

Quality assurance 92 - of medical devices 930 quality systems 936 quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) 94, 120

Radiofrequency discharges 291 radiolabeling 115 radiological analysis 730 radiotherapy 538 reactive-ion etching of titanium 354 recombinant human TGF-j3 621 recovery deformations 79 recrystallization 36 redox reactions 249 refIectometry 461 regulation 930 regulatory factors 578 regulatory issues 92 regulatory systems 931 remodelling of bone 589 removal torque values 880 repassi vation 172 replicas 360 resonant mirror 118 retrieved hip cups 709 - implants 77, 215, 627, 758 revisions 758, 762 RGD peptides 430, 466, 495, 565 - bone response 622 RGE peptide 446 risk management 941 rods 41, 44--45 rolling 43--44 rolling mill 45 root channel surgery 72 rough surfaces 879 roughness 113 - measurement techniques 93 - parameters 113-114 rugophilia 492 rugophobia 492 rust fungus 358 rutile 26, 39, 174, 253

Saliva 468 sandblasted titanium surfaces: bone response

620 scanning Auger electron microscopy (SAM)

201 scanning near-field optical microscopy

(SNOM) 111

Index 1015

scanning probe microscopy (SPM) 111 scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 111 scoliosis 72 screw load 696 second phase precipitation 34 secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)

93, 101, 124, 185, 199, 244, 252 secretion of proteinases 487 self-assembled monolayers (SAM) 432 - alkyl phosphates 432 - thiols on gold 528 self-expanding stents 70 semiconductor 660 sensitivity 2 sensorineural hearing loss 914 sensorineural hearing losses 924 serum 207-213,462--463,468--469,473-

477,565,752 - proteins 65 shape memory alloys 54 - effect 56, 69 - martensitic transformation 56 - pseudoelasticity 57 - superelasticity 57 shear modulus 681 shearing stress 67 sheet 44, 46 silane chemistry 422 silanization - alkylalkoxysilanes 422 - alkylchlorosilanes 422 silicone 531, 890 simulated interstitial electrolyte 209 single axis ball-in-socket machine 750, 754 single axis ball-in-socket wear testing 749 sintering of titania 655 Six Ti-28 hip prosthesis 748 - Ti-32 prosthesis 748 Smelof--Cutter valve 890 soft tissue 3, 513-549, 820 - adherence of cells 820 - around osseointegrated implants 539 - percutaneous implant interface 531 - repair and regeneration 527 - response in relation to material properties

547 sol-gel process 268-269 - aging 270 - colloidal particles 269-270 - crystallization 270 - densification 270 -drying 270 - gelation 270

1016 Appendix E

- hydrolysis 269 sol-gel thin films 271 - adhesion 274 - calcium phosphate 276 - composite coatings 278 - condensation 271 - crystallinity 277 - electrophoresis 271 - mechanical adhesion 278 - microstructure 273 - spraying 271 - Ti02 coatings 274 solid solutioning 34 spacers 801 spark anodization 435 spinal surgery 799 sputter deposition processes 299 stainless steel 64, 72-73, 284, 334, 477,

525,531,562,568,683,686,692,705, 718,754-755,784-785, 791, 858, 901

standard operating procedures (SOP) 936 standard potential 150 standardization 936 standards - devices 938 - materials 939 - processing and testing 939 Staphylococcus aureus 530 Staphylococcus epidermidis 530, 858 Starr-Edwards caged ball valve 890 static loading 682 steel 679, 687,781 steel screw 687 stem 705 stent 70, 900-902 - grafts 901 stereo-scanning electron microscopy 110,

127-128, 131 sterilization 2, 256 -y-rays 220 - thermal 220 steroid administration 625 STH hip prosthesis 748 stiffness 66, 677, 679, 681, 782 strength 34 stress 66 - corrosion 38, 162 - relief annealing 47 - relieving 48 - shielding 677, 717 - fiber formation 444 - shielding 677,704,717-718,784 strip 46

success rate 843 succinimidyl ester 423 surface (phenomena; see also "surfaces") - acoustic wave 115 - adsorptivity 91 - area 67 - biomolecule adsorption 134 - charge 204, 564 - chemistry 564 - composition 178, 239, 564, 847 - contaminants 46, 88, 185,238,245, 847 - crystallinity 91 - definition 90 - energy 91 - fatty acids 238 - finish 45 - hydrocarbons 238 - hydroxides 182 - impurities 90, 238 - morphology 390 - organic reactions 241 - oxide film 562 - porous 876 - processing 233 - properties 88,91,107,458,516,568 - quality 45 - reconstruction 90 - silicones 238 - textures 5 - vacancies 91 - wettability 91 surface force apparatus (SFA) 105 surface modification (see also "surface treat-

ment,,) 5, 88, 285 - biochemical 418 - electrochemical 431 - in electrolytes and body fluids 203 - ion milling 360 - poly(ethylene glycol) immobilization 438 - protein-resistant surfaces 437 - radio frequency glow discharge 359 - self-assembled monolayers 432 - silanization 422 surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 94, 117,

461 surface roughness 5,130.313,493,

525-526, 547, 563, 835, 837, 879 - effect on cell response 570 - effect on tissue response 526,615 - influence on bacteria colonization 547 - influence on cell adhesion 570 - influence on cell proliferation 571 - influence on local factor production 574

- influence on matrix production 573 - influence on calcification 573 - influence on cell differentiation 572 - mechanism of biological action 575 - modulates response to hormones 575 - response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

575 - wavelength-dependent roughness 130 surface techniques 89 surface topography 107,113-114,128,238-

240, 243, 357-358, 498, 525, 532 - 3-D roughness values 114 - characterization 125 - influence on foreign body reaction 525 - wavelength-dependent surface roughness

129 surface treatment 563,691,718, 834 - abrading 237 - abrasive blasting 239 - acid etching (pickling) 242 - alkaline etching 237, 243 - anodic oxidation 237, 248, 609 - anodizing 237 - blasting 239 - blasting particles 240 - cast structures 726 - chemical etching 131, 835 - chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 322 - cleaning solvents 238 - cutting 233 - diamond-like carbon 332 - diffusion hardening 720 - electrochemical 247 - electropolishing 237, 247,611 - etching 237, 725 - glow discharge treatment 237,255 - grinding 239 - grit blasting 131,237 - hydrogen peroxide treatment 237, 246 - ion implantation 237, 256, 719 - machining 233, 238, 725 - mechanical 236 - nitric acid passivation 244 - oxygen plasma 179 - passivation treatments 244 - physical vapor deposition (PVD) 286,317 - pickling 237, 242 - plasma-sprayed titanium 876 - plasma spraying 728, 835 - polishing 237, 239 - shot peening 237 - sintered structures 726 - solvent cleaning 237, 241

Index 1017

- sputtering 256 - UV/ozone treatment 179 - vacuum methods 255 - vapor deposition 719 surface-analytical techniques 98 surface-charge measurement 312 surfaces (technological; see also "surface")

45 - acid-etched 571 - blasted and acid-etched 878 - cancellous-structured titanium 727 - coarsely-blasted 126 - diffusion-nitrided titanium 755 - electropolished 571, 882 - fluoride-modified oxide 860 - grit-blasted 725, 835, 878 - grit-blasted plus acid-etched (SLA)

126,571,575-576,879 - ion-implanted 756 -leaning procedures 218 - machined 835, 878 - machined and acid-etched 878 - manufacturing aspects 218 - mesh structures 728 - porous coatings 734 - porous sintered coatings 878 - sandblasted 571 - sintered beads 727 - SLA surface 126,571,575-576,879 - stabilization procedures 219 - titanium plasma-sprayed 126,571,878 - titanium-nitride coated 894 - titanium-plasma-coated 791 surfacing 376 surgical fracture treatment 773 - procedures 853 - staplers 903 - tools 79 survival rates for implants 732 suture expansion 499 systemic hormones 574 - reactions 820

Tantalum 30, 901 Teflon 6 tendon/muscle replacement 72 tensegrity 489 tensile strength 34 tetracalcium phosphate 400 T -helper cells 535 therapeutic devices 71 thermal spray coatings 388

1018 Appendix E

thermal spraying 378 - flame spraying 379 - high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 380 - plasma-spraying 383 - vacuum plasma spraying 393 thermo-mechanical processing 36, 677 thermoplastic forming 654 thin oxide films 172 thiol-directed immobilization 423 thiol-modified surfaces 444 - cellular response 528 thrombospondin 3 thrombotic occlusion of stents 90 I Ti--coated epoxy replicas 360 time point of loading 623 tissue engineering 21 titania ceramics 650 titanium 39,531 - cast 849 - chemical composition 33, 785 - commercially-pure titanium 27,30,40-48,

133,191,682-687,710-711,782-823 - mechanical properties 35, 786 titanium alloys 705, 710 - alpha-beta alloys 31,34,36,220,784,786 - beta alloys 685, 736, 784 - chemical composition 33, 711-712, 785 - mechanical properties 711, 786 - Ti-5AI-2.5Fe 160,525,675-676,683,

704. 720 - Ti-5.5AI-2.5Fe 284 - TiAINb alloys 200-221, 725-726 - Ti-6AI-7Nb 33, 133, 159-163,200-212,

219,676,682-685,704,710,712-713, 720, 784, 786, 788, 789, 790, 799-802

-Ti-6AI-6Nb-lTa 159,160 - Ti-7AI-5Nb 284 - Ti-6AI-2Sn--4Zr-6Mo 37 - TiAIV alloys 198,200,202,221,397,548 - Ti-3AI-2.5V 33 - Ti--4AI-6V 858 - Ti-6AI--4V 27-28,37,133,198-200,219,

245,284,524-525,562,565-568,599-605,704,710,712,717-718,786,788, 802,846,834-835,895

- Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn 37 - Ti-15Mo 33 - Ti--45Nb 33 - Ti-Nb-Zr 177 - Ti-13Nb-13Zr 720, 736 - Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta 177 - Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta 33 - Ti-55.8Ni 33

titanium metal ion release 847 titanium oral implants 625 titanium oxide 9, 152 - phototoxic effect 663, 665 - colloid 660 titanium oxide films 30,157, 172,235,284,

516,846 titanium particles 547 titanium screw 687 titanium sponge 39 titanium surgical instruments 905 titanium tetrachloride 39 titanium-bone interface 588, 628 - grafted and irradiated bone 628 titanium-containing minerals 39 - ores 39 titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni) alloys 54, 855, 900 - corrosion 64 - crack propagation 64 - dislocations 63 - elastic deformation 60 - fatigue 63 - fatigue cracks 63 - intermetallic compound 57 - martensitic transformation 55 - nickel hypersensitivity 54 - nickel release 54 - orthodontic wire 68, 855 - passive diffusion 65 - powder metallurgy 57 - pseudoelasticity 60 - recovery 60 - shape memory implants 76 - stents 70 - strain-stress hysteresis 63 - thermal hysteresis 60 - Ti-Ni implants 68 - Ti-Ni PE wire 71 - titanium oxide film 65 titanium-palladium (Ti-Pd) alloys 158 titanium-tissue interface 518 time-of-flight secondary ion mass

spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 186-188, 193-197

tooth-supported fixed restorations 851 topographic cues 505 topographic guidance 489 torque moment 686 torsional load 697 total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)

461 toxicity 2,6,68,310,332,814-817,940 - cytotoxicity 2

- genotoxicity 2 trabecular bone 590 transformation temperatures 65, 72 transformed (tumor-like) cells 359 transforming growth factors 565,574 - TGF-f:l574-577, 621 transmucosal abutment 543 Treacher-Collins syndrome 914 tricalcium phosphate 400 tumor 665 tumor necrosis factor 528 two-way shape memory effect 72

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) 705-706,718-720, 751-752

ultimate strength 683 Ultracor disc valve 891 ultrasonic inspection 45 ultrastructure 601 urethral obstructions 70

Vacuum arc melting 40 - plasma spraying 393 vanadium leaching 564 vapor deposition 719 vascular access ports 899 - applications 70 - stents 900 vascularization 562 vena cava filters 71, 902 vessel clips 903 vinculin 491 vitronectin 446, 491, 530, 565

Index 1019

Vroman effect 115

Wada-Cutter valve 890 wear 4, 17,28-31,79,257,268,285,320-

333,376,412,544-548,691-696,705-709,718-737,747-767,802,811-815, 823,847-849

- particles 847 - resistance 233, 766 welded wire 70 whitlockite 475 Widmanstatten structure 37 Wilhelmy balance 106 wire 44-45 - mesh devices 903 wrist 588

Xerogel270 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 209 X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS or

ESCA) 65,93,99,121,178,180,193,246, 251-252, 311

- binding energies 122

YIGSR peptides 430 Young's modulus 676-678, 678, 681,722,

784 Yung's vent 925

Zirconia 705 zirconium 6, 605