A ABS ac a ac

ASTM at ATH B C CPVC D d de DOP DP DS DSC DTA. (DT) E Ea EMI EP EPDM F

f

G H H HOPE

HDT

* Appendix: Acronyms and Abbreviations

Atomic contributions to polarization; Area; Wavelength of light Copolymer of acrylonitrile. butadiene. and styrene Alternating current Shift Factor; Area Coefficient of expansion American Society for Testing and Materials Atactic Alumina trihydrate Boron filaments Partial volume; Capacity; Concentration; Compliance; Stress-optical coefficient Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Diffusion. diffusion coefficients; Density Diameter; Density Direct current Dioctyl phthalate Degree of polymerization Dielectric strength; Degree of substitution Differential scanning calorimetry Differential Thermal Analysis Young's modulus; Electronic contributions to polarization Activation energy Electromagnetic interference Polyethylene-eo-propylene Polyethylene-eo-propylene (cross-linked with a diene) Fillers, reinforcements; Weight of diffusate crossing a unit area per unit time; Force Distribution of fibers; Aspect ratio; Filler; Frequency of oscillation; Coefficient

of expansion of filler Shear modulus; Gibbs free energy Heat of reaction, change Hildebrand unit, solubility parameter value High-density (linear) polyethylene Heat deflection temperature

217

218

HIP I it K K k /, L L, Lo LOPE

LLOPE

In LOI M M M n N NBR NR P

P PA PAN PBD PBI PC PCTFE

PE PEEK PEO PET PF PHEMA

PI PIB PMA PMMA Po POM PP PPO PPS PS PTFE PU PYA PVAc PVB PVC PVDC PVDF

Appendix' Acronyms and Abbreviations

High-impact polystyrene Interfacial contribution to polarization Isotactic Kelvin Bulk modulus Polarizability; Absorption index Length Gauge length Low-density (branched) polyethylene Linear LOPE

Natural logarithm Limiting oxygen index Molecular weight; Chain stiffness factor Matrix Modulus, stiffness Refracti ve index Power loss; Number of cycles; Number of alternating loads causing failure Polybutadiene-co-acrylonitrile Natural rubber Polarizability; Permeability; Poisson's ratio; Dielectric polarization Phase angle between stress and strain; Specific resistance Polyamide (nylon) Polyacrylonitrile Poly butadiene Polybenzimidazole Polycarbonate Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Polyarylether ketone Polyethylene oxide Polyethylene terephthalate Phenol-formaldehyde resin Polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate Polyimide Polyisobutylene Polymethyl acrylate Polymethyl methacrylate Dipole contribution to polarization Polyacetals; Polyoxymethylene Polypropylene Polyphenylene oxide Polyphenylene sulfide Polystyrene Polytetrafluoroethylene; Teflon Polyurethane Polyvinyl alcohol Polyvinyl acetate Polyvinyl butyral Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinylidene chloride Polyvinylidene fluoride

Appendix· Acronyms and Abbreviations 219

PVF PVP Q R

Ro S, s So SAN SBR SMA st T

Tb Tg Tm TBA, (TB) TD TGA, (TG) TMA, (TM) TPX UF V w a

'Y A 'I)

E

Polyvinyl formal; Polyvinyl fluoride Polyvinyl pyrrolidone Charge (electric); Heat flow Universal gas constant; Stress relaxation modulus; Weight change per day;

Resistance Refraction Stress; Solubility; Solubility coefficient; Scattering coefficient; Entropy Amplitude of stress response Polystyrene-eo-acrylonitrile Copolymer of butadiene and styrene Copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride Syndiotactic Temperature; Direct transmission factor; Thickness Time; Thickness Boiling point Glass transition temperature Melting transition temperature Torsional braid analysis Thermal diffusion Thermal gravimetric analysis Thermal mechanical analysis Poly-4-methylpentene-l Urea-formaldehyde resin Voltage; Fractional volume; Volume Weight; Width Proportional; Shift factor Poisson's ratio; Surface tension; Strain Thermal conductivity; Wavelength of light Viscosity, coefficient of viscosity; Index of refraction Dielectric constant; Strain Density Partial volume Solubility parameter

Acronyms and abbreviations are not used to confuse the student nor to save printing space, but rather because it is often industrial practice to employ these abbreviations. Thus it is to the reader's advantage to do likewise. A fuller listing appears in Polymer News 9 (4), 101-110 (1983).

* Index

Note a. italicized page numbers note appearance of a definition of that term b. boldfaced page numbers note appearance of a structure of that compound

Abrasion 44 Absorption 52-54 Absorption coefficient 52 Acrylic fibers 157 Activation energy, diffusion 108, 109 Additives 121-131

effect on thermal properties 87,88 Adhesive (also see specific polymer and types

of adhesives) 211-214 examples 212-214 theory 211, 212

Alkyds (also see Polyesters) 185-190 properties 189 unsaturated 185-190 uses 188

Allylic resins 185-190 Alternating current measurements 78-80 Alumina trihydrate 51, 122, 123, 192, 208 Amino and amido derived resins 192-194

fillers 192, 194 properties 192, 194

Amylose, properties 14 Antioxidants 126, 127 Antistats, effect on properties 131 Aramids (also see specific nylon) 13, 66, 84,

121, 171, 172 properties 171 Tm 84,85

Arc resistance 45 Aromatic nylons: see Aramids

Aromatic polymers, chemical activity 120 Asbestos 122 Atactic 6 Attenuation coefficient 52

Barites, ground 123 Barrier resins 157 Biocides, effect on properties 131 Birefringence 50, 51 Bisphenol A 194, 196 Blending 131 Block copolymer: see Copolymer Boron fi bers 66, 121 Boron filaments 123, 125 Brewster's angle 53 Brittle point 34 Bulk modulus (also see specific polymer) 67 Bulk-molding compound 125, 187 Bulk specific resistance 77 Burning: see Combustion; Chemical

resistance Butyl rubber 140, 208

permeability 211

Calcium carbonate fillers 122, 123 Capacity 73 Carbohydrates 1 Carbon black 121-123, 126

221

222

Carboxymethylcellulose 207 Catalysts, effect on properties 131 Caulking cements 214 Cellulose I, 13, 19, 123

alpha 192 chemical resistance 119 combustion 117 effect by additives 65 forces, between chains 22 permeability 210 properties 14, 178, 179 solubilities 178, 179, 206, 207

Cellulose acetate 179 fibers 180 permeability 210

Cellulose nitrate 121, 129, 179 Cellulose triacetate 179 Cellulosic fillers 123, 124 Cellulosics, modified 179-181 Chain transfer agents 58 Charpy test 43 Chemical resistance (also see specific

polymer) 113-120 aromatic polymers 120 combustion 116-119 condensation polymers 119, 120 dependencies

antioxidance, presence of 115 crosslin king 114 plasticizer 113 radiation liS, 118 rate of diffusion 113 sol u bili ty parameters 114 solvent 113, 114 state 113 structure 113, 114 surface 114 temperature 113, liS

oxidation liS, 116 polyolefins 118, 119 rate of attack 113 tests 45

Chloroprene 9, 10 p-Chlorostyrene, polymers of ISO Clarity: see Optical clarity Clay 124 Coatings (also see specific polymer) 214

requirements 214 Coefficient of expansion, linear expansion 23,

92, 122 Cohesive energy density 22, 23, 95 Color 44

Index

Coloran ts, effect on properties 131 Combustion (also see specific polymer) 116-

119, 128, 129, 208 heats of 117

Composites 122, 123 combustion 129 conductive 124 high strength 125, 126 strength 125

Compressibility 23 Compression measurements 33 Compressive strength 123 Conductivity 73, 74 Configuration 4. 5. 6, 20 Conformation 5. 20 Contact adhesives 214 Copolymer

acrylonitrile-butadiene 10, 61, 144 acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene II

stress-strain curve 71 alternating /0 block 10. II, 87

Tg 87 Tm 87

ethylene-propylene 10 graft 11 isobutylene-isoprene 10 plasticization of 130 styrene-butadiene 10, II, 144 styrene-butadiene-styrene II, 87, 144

properties 144 Tg 87

vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate 10 vinylidene-hexafluoropropylene 154

properties 154, 156 Corrosion-resistant polymers 214, 215 Cotton 121, 123, 178 Coupling agents 125, 126 Crazing 116 Creep 38, 42, 71

measurements 41 resistance 123

Crystallinity 26-29 block copolymers 60 degree 28 determination using IR 55 factors affecting 26-29

regularity 27 random copolymers 60 solubility 27 tendency 58-61

Crystallization 33

Index

Cubical coefficient of expansion 35 Cyanoacrylates 213, 214 Cyclic fatigue 43 Cyclic strain 38

Degree of polymerization 2 Denaturation 177 Dextran 206 Diamond, thermal conductivity 88 Diatomaceous earth 124 Dielectric breakdown voltage 45 Dielectric constant 44, 73, 74, 78, 79 Dielectric loss 73 Dielectric polarization 73, 77 Dielectric properties 73-76 Dielectric strength: see Electric strength;

Dielectric breakdown voltage Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 168 Differential scanning calorimetry 32-34

determinations 33 Differential thermal analysis 32-34

determinations 33 Diffusion 107-120

dependencies 107 alkanes 109 concentration 108 crosslink density 107, 109 degree of crystallinity 107 density 107 filler concentration 107 free volume 108 glass transition temperature 108 membrane 108 molecular weight 107 orientation 107 process-mechanism 108 rate 108 size 110 solubility coefficient 110 solubility parameter 110 state 109-111 temperature 108, 109

determination 36, 37 gas 107-113 liquids 113 vapors 107-113

Diffusion coefficient 109 Dioctyl adipate 153 Dioctyl phthalate 65, 129, 130, 153, 209 Dipole moment, induced 79 Direct current measurements 77, 78

Dissipation factor 78, 80 DNA 175 Drawing stress 40 Ductile 39 Ductile polymers 40 Durability 65

Elastic memory 137 Elastic modulus 33 Elastic range 71 Elastomers I, 122

behavior 40 properties 29 requirements 29

Electric breakdown strength 73 Electric conductance 45 Electric properties 73-81

tests for 44, 45 Electric relaxation time 79 Electric resistance 45 Electric resistivity 79 Electric strength 77. 78 Electrostatic charge 80, 81 Enantiomers 6 Endurance strength 43, 71 Engineering plastics (also see particular

polymer) 15 Epichlorohydrin 194, 196 Epoxy plastics, thermal dependence 91 Epoxy polymers 14, 15 Epoxy resins 121, 194, 196

adhesive 213 filled 196 properties 196

Ethoxyline resin: see Epoxy resin Ethylcellulose 109 Ethylene, copolymers

with methacrylic acid 136, 137 with vinyl acetate 137

Fatigue life 43 Fibers I, 61

properties 30 requirements 30 Tg 30

Fick's law 108, 110

223

Fillers (also see Reinforcements) 26, 122-124 nonreinforcing 123 resistance 123 Table of 123

224

Flame retardants 128, 129, 208, 209 Flammability, tests for 44 Flexible polymers 209 Fluorine-containing polymers and

copolymers 154-156 Foaming agents, effect on properties 131 Forces (also see London forces and

Hydrogen bonding) boiling points, relation to 21 covalent 20-23 dipolar 2 \, 22 hydrogen bonding 21, 22 interchain 20-23 intrachain 20-23 ionic 20 London, London dispersion 21, 22 melting points, relation to 21 primary 20-23 secondary 20-23 van der Waals 20-22

Free volume 23 effect on Tg 23, 83 effect on T m 83

Fresnel's law 51, 53 Furan resins 197, 198

chemical reactivity 197 properties 198

Gaseous permeation, resistance to 210, 211 Glass

thermal conductivity 88 viscoelasticity 71

Glass fiber 66 Glass fillers 123 Glass spheres, fillers 123 Glass transition temperature, Tg (also see

specific polymer) 3, 11, 23-26, 62-65, 83-86, 96

additives 87, 88 blends 26 block copolymers 26, 87 conductivity 76 copolymers 26, 86, 87 crosslinking, effect on 26, 83, 86 crystallinity, effect of 59-61 crystallinity, effect on 83 flexibility, effect on 83 free volume 23, 83 heat capacity 89 intermolecular forces, effect on 83

Glass transition temperature (cont.) kinetic descriptions 23 measurement 33-36, 76, 79 modulus 23 molecular weight, relationship to 58 polar groups, effects of 86 property, relation to 23-26 side chains, effects of 85, 86 states 23-26 steric, effect on 84, 85 stiffening groups 84, 85 stiffness, effect on 23 stress-strain behavior 41 symmetry, effects on 83, 86 thermodynamic descriptions 23

Gloss 53, 54 Graft copolymer: see Copolymer Graphite 66, 77, 12\, 123, 125

fibers 125 thermal conductivity 88

Gutta-percha 10, 60

Hardness 44 crystallinity, dependence on 60

Haze 53, 54 Heat capacity 89 Heat deflection 122 Heat deflection test 35 Heat-resistant polymers 210 Heat stabilizers 130, 131 Henry's Law 110 Heptane numbers 97 Hevea brasiliensis: see Natural rubber Hookean 40, 43 Hooke's law 23-25, 39, 67-69, 71 Hot-melt adhesives 212 Huggins' equation 102, 103 Hydrogen bonding 1, 177, 178, 210

Impact modifiers 131

Index

Impact resistance, dependence on molecular weight 59

Impact strength 58, 123 Impact tests 43 Index of refraction: see Refractive index Induced polarization 78 Inorganic polymers, thermal dependence 91 Insulating polymers 211 Insulators, electric 80

Index

Internal plasticization 26 Ionomers: see Ethylene, copolymers Isoprene 9, 10 Isotactic 6 Izod test 43

Kauri butanol values 97 Keratin, alpha 175, 176

Lambert-Beer law 50 Lambert relationship 53, 54 Latex adhesives 212 Leathery region (state){also see Glass

transition temperature) 23-26, 62, 83 Lignin-based fillers 123 Limiting oxygen index 117, 118 Linear coefficient of expansion (also see

Coefficient of expansion, linear expansion) 35

London forces, I, 2, 134, 176 Lorenz-Lorentz relationship 49 Loss factor 45. 73 Loss index 44 Lubricants, effect on properties 131 Luminous reflectance 44

Macromolecule 2 Mark-Houwink equation 104 Maxwell model 67, 70 Mechanical loss factor 79 Mechanical properties 57-71

additives 64-66 crystallinity 59-61 models 66-71 molecular weight 57-59 pressure 66 temperature 62-64 tests 37-44

Mechanical relaxation time 79 Melamine polymers 14, 15, 189

thermal dependence 91 Melamine resins 194, 195

chemical reactivity 194 properties 194

Melt index 20, 35, 123 Melting transition temperature, T m 59, 62-

65, 83-86 additives 87, 88

Melting transition temperature (cant.) block copolymers 87 copolymers 86, 87

crystallinity, effects of 59-61 free volume, effect on 83 heat capacity 89 measurement 33-35, 76, 79 side chains, effect of 85 steric, effects on 84, 85 stiffening groups 84, 85 structural regularity, effects of 86

Melt viscosity (also see Viscosity) critical molecular weight 19, 20 geometry, effect of 25, 26 molecular weight, relation to 20 temperature, effect of 24, 25

Methacrylic esters, chemical resistance 119 Methylcellulose 207 Methylstyrene, alpha

copolymers of 150 polymers of 150

Mixed aniline points 97 Modacrylic fibers 157 Model compounds 2 Modulus 62, 126

dependency on structure 59 flexural 122, 123 molecular weight, relation to 58

Molar polarizability 73 Molecular weight

distribution 19

225

mechanical properties, dependence on 57- 59 melt viscosity 19, 20 number average 19 weight average 19, 53

Monomer 2

Natural rubber (also see Poly-I A-isoprene) 10, 19, 60, 61, 109, 116, 121, 126, 131, 143, 208

adhesive 213 bound 126 properties 143 Tg 83

Neoprene 10, 162, 213 Newtonian solutions 105 Newton's law 24, 67-69, 105 Novolacs 190, 191 Nucleic acids 19

conformation 28, 29

226

Nylon (also see specific nylon) 15, 22, 123, 168-172

additives, effect of 65 combustion 128 comparison of nylons 169-171 impact strength 64 properties 168 -172 reinforcement of 125 Tg 64 Tm 29,84,85,172

Nylon-6 169-171 comparison with nylon-66 170

Nylon-12 170,171 Nylon-5685 Nylon-66 12, 13, 28, 29, 60, 123, 168, 2\0

chemical reactivity 169 chemical resistance liS fibers 169 forces, between chains 22 glass-filled 169 impact modifiers 131 impact strength 64 properties 13, 61, 168, 169 Tg 25 T m 22, 27-29, 85, 168 viscoelasticity 71

Oil-insoluble polymers 208 Oil-soluble polymers 207, 208 Oligomer 2 Optical clarity 50-52

crystallinity, dependence 50, 51 fillers, dependence 51 pigment, dependence 51

Optical fi bers 51 Optical properties 47-55

tests for 44 Organometallic polymers, thermal

dependence 91 Orientation polarization 78 Oxidation of polymers liS, 116 Oxidative stability 90 Oxygen index 44 Ozonalysis 116

Palaquium oblongifolium: see Gutta-percha Peptizers 58 Permeability coefficient 110, 2\0 Permeability determination 36, 37

Index

Permeability of oxygen \16 Permeation (also see Diffusion) 107-120 Permittivity (also see Dielectric constant) 44 Phenolic polymers 14, 15 Phenolic resins 190-192

adhesives 213 chemical reactivity 190, 192 filled 192 filler 124 properties 190, 192 uses 190

Phenoxy resins 201, 202 Phosphazene elastomers 208 Phosphazenes IS, 16 Photoelastic stress 50 Pigment, refractive index 51 Plasticizers 26, 65, 129, 130, 209

containment 130 effect of Tg 87, 88 external 130 internal 129, 130 thermal conductivity 89

Plastics I properties 30 requirements 30 T g 30

Plastisol 152 Plywood 213 Poisson's ratio 39, 67 Polarizability 49, 73, 74 Polarization

atomic 74, 75 dipole 74-76 electronic 74

Polyacetals (also see Polyoxymethylene) 11, IS, 165

Polyacetylene color 53 conductivity 80

Polyacrylamide 157, 206 uses 157

Polyacrylates, Tg 85 Polyacrylic acid 157, 158, 209 Polyacrylonitrile 7, 22, 61, 77, 155-157

decomposition 90 filaments 125 properties 156, 157 solubility 157 Tg 157

Polyalkadienes 142-145 Polyalkyl-2-cyanoacrylate 158

Index

Polyalkylene phthalates 15 Polyalkyl methacrylates 158. 159

copolymers 159 degradation 159 properties 159

Poly-p-alkylstyrene 150 Polyamides (also see Nylon)

chemical resistance 120 forces. between chains 22

Polyarylether ketones 15. 16. 84. 199 chemical resistance 120 Tg 25

Polyaryl methacrylate 159 Polyaryl sulfones 15. 16. 84. 199. 200

chemical resistance 120 properties 199. 200 T.199 uses 200

Polybenzimidazoles. thermal stability 90 Poly-3.3-bischloromethyl oxetane 167 Polybutadiene

chemical resistance 115 ozone 116 T.26

Poly-1,2-butadiene 143 properties 142. 143 T.143

cis-Po1y-l.4-butadiene 9. 142 chemical reactivity 142 cross-linked 142 effect of additives 142 properties 142

Poly-I-butene 140 properties 140 solubility 140 Tm 140

Polybutyl-2-cyanoacrylate 158 Polybutylene terephthalate 188-190. 209

uses 190 Polybutyl methacrylate. thermal dependence

91 Polycarbonates 15. 16. 28. 197 -199

additives. effect of 65 impact strength 64 impact value 43 optical properties 51 properties 197-199 T.64 uses 198. 199

Polychlorobutadiene 208 Polychloroprene (also see Neoprene) 162

Polychloroprene (cont.) adhesive 213 properties 162 T.162

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 155 properties 155. 156 T.85. 155

Po1ycyanoacrylates. adhesion 212 Poly-p-cyclohexylstyrene 151 Poly (2.6-dimethyI)phenylene oxide 15 Polydimethylsiloxane 180. 214 Poly-2.4-dimethylstyrene. T. 26 Polydye 54. 55 Polyepichlorohydrin 167

copolymers 167

227

Polyester resins. unsaturated. adhesive 213 Polyesters (also see Alkyds) 13. 22. 123. 185-

190 alkyl resin 187 chemical resistance 120 corrosion resistance 214 impact strength 64 polymers 14. 15 properties 189 T.64 thermosets 15 Tm 29. 84 unsaturated 185-190 with polystyrene 187. 188

Polyethylene 2 I, 209. 211 additives. effect of 65 adhesion of 212 branched 3. 5

branching 135 chemical resistance 136 density 28 dielectric constant 136 films 136 permeability 136 properties 135. 136 solubility 136 specific gravity 135. 136 tensile strength 135. 136 T.27. 136

chemical resistance 114. 115 combustion 128 conductivity 78. 80 corrosion resistance 214 crosslinked 13 7 forces. between chains 22 linear 2. 10

228

Polyethylene (cont.) branching 133, 134 comparison with it-PP 138, 139 density 28 dielectric constant 134 ductility 134 filled 135 impact strength 134, 135 index of refraction 133, 134 modulus 134, 135 optical properties 51, 52 properties 133 -135 Rockwell hardness 134, 135 solubility 134 specific gravity 133 tensile strength 134, 135 Tg 27, 133 Tm 134

penneability 210, 211 pressure, effect of 66 Tg 23, 83, 85 thennal conductivity 58 ultra-high molecular weight 59

comparison with HDPE 135 properties 135

Polyethylene adipate 167, 168 Polyethyleneimine 206 Polyethylene oxide 12, 166, 206, 207 Polyethylene terephthalamide 210 Polyethylene terephthalate 13, 28, 29, 61,

188-190, 209 chemical reactivity 189 impact value 43 properties 13 T m 28, 29, 188 uses 190

Polyethyl vinyl ether, Tg 86 Polyfluorocarbons 122, 208

combustion 129 corrosion resistance 214

Polyglycolides 168 Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate 207 Polyimides 15, 16

aromatic 171, 172 properties 173

pressure, effect of 66 thennal dependence 92

Polyisobutylene 20, 101, 207 properties 140 stress-strain curve 71

Polyisobutylene (cont.) Tg 140 uses 140

Index

Poly-lA-isoprene (also see Natural rubber) I, 142, 209

crystallinity 27 properties 143 solubility 143 trans 143

chemical reactivity 143 properties 143 Tg 84 Tm 143

Polymer 2 Polymethacrylamide 157 Polymethacrylic acid 158, 206, 207 Polymethacrylonitrile, thennal dependence 91 Polymethyl acrylate 7, 158

copolymers 158 properties 158 Tg 25, 86, 158

Poly-2-methyl-I,4-butadiene: see Natural rubber

Polymethyl ether 161 properties 161

Polymethyl methacrylate 7, 20, 28, 121, 159, 160, 190,207,208

chemical reactivity 159 copolymers 159 properties 159 refractive index 49-51 Tg 25, 86

Polymethyl pentene 52 Poly-4-methylpentene-1 141

chemical resistance 141 properties 141

Polymethyl vinyl ether 207 Tg 86

Polyoctadecyl methacrylate, Tg 85 Polyolefin polysulfides 167

uses 167 Polyolefins 118, 119, 123

combustion 118 filler 124 properties 13 3 -145 reaction with acids 119, 120 reaction with halides 119, 120 Tg 86

Poly-p-oxybenzoate phthalamide 210 Polyoxymethylene II, 165

Index

Polyoxymethylene (cont.) chemical reactivity 166 combustion 117 properties 165. 167 solubility 166 T,25 thermal conductivity 88

Polypeptides 174. 175-177 bonding 175. 176 structure 175-177

Polyphenylene 76 T,25 Tm 86

Polyphenylene oxide 16. 200-202 chemical reactivity 201 chemical resistance 120 filler 201 impact modifiers 131 processing 200. 201 properties 201 Tm 86. 200

Polyphenylene sulfide IS. 16. 122. 202. 203. 210

chemical reactivity 203 chemical resistance 120 properties 202 thermal dependence 91. 92 Tm 86

Polyphenylene sulfones 15 T,25 thermal dependence 91. 92

Polyphosphazenes 90. 182. 183 combustion 129 T,92 thermal behavior 182. 183 thermal stability 92

Polyphosphate esters 128, 208. 209 Polyphosphonate esters 128. 208. 209 Polypropylene 5. 6. 138

additives 65 antioxidants. addition of 126. 127 at 138. 139

properties 138 chemical resistance 114. 115. 139 degradation 126. 127 it 10. 60. 138. 139

comparison with HOPE 138. 139 crystallinity 61 permeability 139 properties 138

Polypropylene (cont.) solubility 139 T,138 Tm 138

optical properties 51 oriented film 64 pressure. effect of 66 properties 138. 139 solubility 139 T,25. 27. 84 thermal conductivity 88. 89 thermal resistance 124

229

Polypropylene oxide 166 Polyquinoxaiine 91 Poly-resin-impregnated fibrous glass 125 Polysaccharides 177-181

properties 178. 179 solubilities 178. 179

Polysiloxanes 180. 182. 209 T,25

Polystyrene 7. 20. 121. 122. 147-151. 207. 208

additives. effect of 64 at 60. 148

crystal clear 28 properties 61

chemical reactivity 147. 148 chemical resistance 114. 115 combustion 128. 148 conductivity 81 copolymers: see Polystyrene. copolymers crystallinity 27 derivatives 86 electrical properties 147 impact modifiers for 131 it 148 pressure. effect of 66 properties 147-151 refractive index 49-51 solubility 147. 148 stress-strain 69. 71 T, 26. 85. 147 thermal conductivity 88 Tm 86

Polystyrene. copolymers with acrylonitrile 148. 149

chemical reactivity 149 properties 148. 149 solubility 149

with acrylonitrile-butadiene 149

230

Polystyrene, copolymers (cant.) permeability 149 properties 149 reinforced 149

with butadiene 150 chemical reactivity 150 properties 149, 150

with methyl methacrylate 150 Polysulfide elastomers 213, 214 Po1ysulfones 211 Polysulfur nitride, conductivity 80 Polytetrafluoroethylene 122, 155, 208

additives, effect of 64, 65 chemical reactivity 115 chemical resistance 119 cohesive energy density 23 oxidation 115, 116 properties 155, 156 refractive index 49, 51 Tg 27 thermal conductivity 88 thermal dependence 91 T mISS

Polyureas 171, 174,174 properties 173, 174

Polyurethanes 13, 22, 29, 61, 171-174 additives, effect of 65 adhesive 213 chemical resistance 120 compressive strength 124 properties 173, 174 Tm 29

Polyvinyl aceta1s 161 properties 161 Tg 161

Polyvinyl acetate 7, 160, 189 crystallinity 27 properties 27, 60 solubility 160 Tg 160 thermal dependence 91

Polyvinyl alcohol 7, 60, 160, 206, 207, 209 chemical resistance 119 conductivity 80, 81 forces, between chains 22 permeability 110, 210 properties 160 Tg 25

Polyvinyl alkyl ethers 131 Polyvinylamine 206 Polyvinyl butyral 130, 161

Index

Poly-N-vinyl carbazole 162 Polyvinyl chloride 7, 61, 62, 67, 107, 151-

153 additives 65 chemical reactivity 151, 152 chemical resistance 115, 119 chlorinated 151-153 combustion 153 conductivity 80, 81 filler 124 forces, between chains 21, 22 heat stabilizers for 130, 131 impact modifier 131 it 151 permeability 158 plasticized 59, 209 plasticizers 129, 130, 152, 153 pressure, effect of 66 properties 151-153 solubilities 152 stress-strain curve 71 Tg 27, 83 thermal conductivity 88, 89 thermal degradation 90, 91, 119, 120 Tm 86,87

Polyvinyl fluoride 154 properties 154 thermal dependence 91

Polyvinylidene chloride 7, 60 chemical resistance 119 permeability 111, 211 properties 153, 154 Tg 27 thermal dependence 91

Polyvinylidene fluoride 7, 154 corrosion resistance 214 properties 154, 156 Tg 83, 154 thermal dependence 91

Polyvinyl isobutyl ether, Tg 86 Polyvinyl methyl ester: see Polymethyl vinyl

ether Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 162, 206

uses 162 Polyvinyl tert-butyl ether, Tg 86 Power factor, dissipation factor 45 Power loss 78, 79 Pressure-sensitive adhesives 212 Promotors: see Coupling agents Propylene, copolymers

EPDM 139

Index

Propylene. copolymers (cont.) uses 139 with ethylene 139

Proportional limit 39 Proteins (also see Polypeptides) I, 13. 19.

174 conformation 28. 29 globular forces. between chains 22

Pyrogenic 124 Pyrolysis gas chromatography 32

Quartz. thermal conductivity 88

Rank 167 Rayon 180

filaments 125 Reactive adhesives 213 Reflectance 52-54

coefficient 52 Reflection 48 Refraction 47. 48. 51 Refractive index 23. 44. 48-50

dependencies 48-50 Regenerated cellulose 178. 179 Reinforcements 26. 125 Relaxation time 78 RNA 175 Rockwell tests 44 Rubber

elasticity. requirements 62 viscoelasticity 71

Rubbery region (state) (also see Glass transition temperature) 23-26. 62. 83

SBR 143. 208 adhesive 213 cold

composition 144 properties 144

properties 144 T.I44

Scotch tape 213 Scratch resistance 44 Sealants 214 Semiconductors 76 Shear modulus 67 Sheet molding compound 125. 187 Shellac 1. 121

Shell flour filler 124 Shore durometer 34 Side chain crystallization 26 Silica-based fillers 123. 124 Silicates 123. 124

231

Silicones (also see Polysiloxanes) 15. 16. 110. 122. 208. 213

Silk 13. 22 viscoelasticity 71

Silk fibroin 176 Siloxanes (also see Silicones; Polysiloxanes)

180. 182 thermal stability 92

Single-fiber modulus 33 Small's relationship 96 Sodium hydroxycarbonate 125 Sol par: see Solubility parameter Solubility 95-105 Solubility parameter 36. 79. 95 -105. 110 Solubility tests 36 Solvent-based adhesives 212 Specific heat 23. 33. 122 Specific heat capacity 89 Specific inductive capacity: see Dielectric

constant Specific resistance: see Bulk specific

resistance Specific volume 33 Spherulites 28 Stabilizers 126-128 Starch I, 13. 14. 177

forces. between chains 22 Stiffness 122

dependency on structure 59 Strain 24 Strength. dependency on crystallinity 60 Stress 24. 25

crystallinity. dependence on 60 real 37. 39

Stress cracking 116 Stress decay 25 Stress optical coefficient 50 Stress relaxation 38

measurements 41 Stress response 42. 43 Structure

primary 174. 176 secondary 174.176

Styrene. substituted polymers 150. 151 Syndiotactic 6 Synthetic rubber 131

232

Talc 124 Tensile compliance 41 Tensile strength 33, 38, 123 Tensile strength test 37 Tertiary structure 177 Thermal conductivity 35, 36, 88, 89, 92

crystallinity, effect with 89 density, effect with 89 order, effect with 89 temperature, effect with 88

Thermal diffusivity 89 Thermal gravimetric analysis 32, 33, 34

determinations 33 Thermal linear expansivity 89 Thermal mechanical analysis 32, 33, 34

determinations 33 Thermal properties 83-92

effect of crosslinking· 83 Thermal stability 90-92

resistance to combustion 92 Thermal tests 32-36 Thermoplastic (also see particular polymer)

15, 62, 63 polystyrene 147-151

Thermoplastic elastomers 11 Thermoplastic resoles 190, 191 Thermoset (also see particular polymer) 15,

63,64 thermal dependence 91

Titanate, potassium 125 Titanium dioxide 51, 125 Torsional braid analysis 32, 33, 34 Toughness, measure 71 Transmission 52 Transmission factor 52 Transmittance 44 Transparency 52 Transparent polymers 211 Triboelectric properties 80, 81 Tricresyl phosphate 129, 153

Ultimate elongation 58 Ultimate strength 58

Index

Ultraviolet light stabilizers 127, 128 Urea plastics: see Amino and ami do derived

resins Urea resins, filler 124

Vicat softening point test 35 Vinyl chloride, copolymers

properties 153, 154 with vinyl acetate 153 with vinylidene chloride 153

Vinylidene chloride, copolymers with acrylonitrile 154 properties 153, 154 with vinyl chloride 153, 154

Vinyl polymers, chemical resistance 115-119 Viscoelasticity 71 Viscosity 101-105

ball-and-ring method 35 Voigt-Kelvin model 70 Volume specific resistance: see Bulk specific

resistance Vulcanization: see specific polymer

Water absorption 37, 64, 65 Water entrapment 65 Water-repellent polymers 209, 210 Water-soluble polymers (also see specific

polymer) 205-207 Water vapor transmission 37 Weatherability, tests for 45 Whiskers 123, 125 WLF equation 24, 25, 41 Wood flour 121, 124 Wool 13,22,175

Yield stress 39 molecular weight, relationship to 58

Young's modulus 39, 67

Zinc oxide 123