Appendix II

SUPPLEMENT

Promoting Active Learning: The “Self-Assembly” of Model Analytical Instruments

W. Russ Algar and Ulrich J. Krull

Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North,

Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Appendix II

Examples of Assembled Instruments

1. Single beam UV-visible spectrophotometer• Power supply • Tungsten lamp• Deuterium lamp• Mirror (ellipsoidal)• Monochromator (with slits and bend)• Cuvette (solution)• PMT• Electronics (general)• Analog meter

Suggested marks:Components /4.5Assembly /2.5

2. Double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer• Tungsten-halogen lamp• Rotating chopper_sector mirror• Mirror (flat)• Cuvette (solution)• Beam-splitter• Monochromator slit• Holographic grating• Diode array• Electronics (general)

Suggested marks:Components /5.5Assembly /2

3. Fluorescence spectrophotometer• Arc lamp• Lens [x2]• PMT [x2]• Cuvette (solution)• Monochromator (no slits) [x2]• Monochromator slit [x4]• Beam-splitter


4. Confocal fluorescence microscope• Laser (cylinder)• Band-pass filter (short-pass)• Band-pass filter (long-pass)• Dichroic mirror• Lens• Pinhole• CCD camera• Microscope slide and sample• Objective lens 150x• XYZ translation stage• Computer (desktop)


5. Raman spectrometer• Laser• Cuvette (solution)• Lens• Notch filter• Monochromator slit [x3]• Holographic grating [x2]• Mirror (ellipsoidal) [x2]• CCD camera

The images of individual optical components have been used to assemble a double monochromator rather than using the images of full monochromators.

Suggested marks:Components /6Assembly /3

6. Raman microscope• Laser (cylinder)• Beam-splitter• Objective lens 100x• Microscope slide and sample• XYZ translation stage• Notch filter• Lens• Monochromator slit• Monochromator (no slits)• CCD camera


7. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometer• IR source (shielded)• Michelson interferometer (with detail)• DRIFTS accessory*• Photodiode (TO-CAN 3 pins)**• Electronics (general)• Analog to digital conversion• Fast Fourier Transform• Computer (laptop)


* The drifts accessory can be substituted by the “ZnSe crystal for ATR-FTIR” image or a conventional sample.

**The TO-CAN photodiode is being used as a representation of a pyroelectric detector. The TO-CAN can also be used as a representation of an MCT detector. This requires liquid nitrogen cooling. The “cryostat with window” and “liquid nitrogen dewar” images can be incorporated in the schematic. The “MCT detector” image can also be used.

8. Fourier transform infrared absorption microscope• IR source (unshielded)• Michelson interferometer (simple with rays)• Mirror (flat)• XYZ translation stage• Microscope slide with sample• Objective lens 60x• Lens• Photodiode (TO-CAN 3 pins)• Cryostat with window• Liquid nitrogen dewar• Fast Fourier transform• Computer (desktop)

The photodiode (TO-CAN) and cryostat are being used as an MCT detector.


9. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer• Gas cylinder (argon)• Hollow cathode lamp (simple)• Graphite furnace• Monochromator (no slits)• Monochromator slit [x2]• PMT

Exhaust

The hollow cathode lamp can be replaced with an electrodeless discharge lamp, or a turret of hollow cathode lamps.


Waste

Magnetic Field

10. Zeeman corrected flame atomicabsorption spectrometer• Electrodeless discharge lamp• Polarizing filter (rotating)• Nebulizer 3• Beaker (rim, full)• Spray chamber and burner (two inlets and one drain)• Gas cylinder (acetylene)• Gas cylinder (compressed air)• Monochromator (no slits)• Monochromator slit [x2]• PMT


* As an alternative to having students draw in the magnetic field, one of the magnet images could be incorporated.

waste

NaB

H4 (a

q)

HC

l (a

q)

Sample

11. Hydride generation atomic emission spectrometer• Media bottle (with outlet) [x2]• Beaker (rim, full)• Peristaltic pump [x3]• Coil• Gas-liquid separator• ICP torch• Rowland circle• PMT [x4]• Gas cylinder (argon)


12. Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer• Coolidge tube• X-ray filter (zirconium)• X-ray collimator (simple) [x2]• Crystal (lattice)• Goniometer• HPGE detector and cryostat• Liquid nitrogen dewar (flat)• Pulse height analyzer• Computer (desktop)

Suggested marks:Components /5Assembly /2.5

13. Gas chromatograph• Gas cylinder (helium)• Gas cylinder (compressed air)• Gas cylinder (hydrogen)• Moisture trap [x3]• Split-splitless injector• GC oven• GC column• Flame ionization detector

To exhaust


• Power supply• Ground symbol [x2]• Resistor symbol• Current follower• Low pass RC filter• Analog to digital conversion• Computer (desktop)

14. Gas chromatograph with dual detectors• Gas cylinder (helium)• Moisture trap• Valve (simple)• Vaporizer direct injector• GC column (simple in oven)• Thermal conductivity conductor (cross-section)• Electron capture detector

Exhaust

Exhaust


waste

15. HPLC• Gas cylinder (helium)• Solvent proportioning valve• HPLC solvent bottle (with sparge) [x4]• HPLC pump• Autosampler• Valve system• HPLC guard column• HPLC column • HPLC UV-vis detector

* The waste outlet on the column or UV-Vis detector can be connected to a second detector or an ESI component to create LC-MS instruments.


16. Laser ablation ICP-MS• Gas cylinder (argon)• Ablation cell• Pulsed laser (with mirror and lens)• ICP torch (cross-section)• Sampler skimmer (with ion transfer optics)• Quadrupole (with vac connect)• Electron multiplier• Turbomolecular pump (cross-section)• Vacuum pump


17. Tandem MS with ESI and Q-ToF• Gas generator (simple)• ESI source (with hexapole)• Syringe pump (with syringe)• Quadrupole (with vac connect• Hexapole (with vac and gas connect)• TOF reflectron• Oil diffusion pump (cross-section)• Vacuum pump (rotary)


18. GC-MS• Gas cylinder (helium)• Moisture trap• GC oven (with injector)• Jet separator• Electron impact source• Ion trap (with octupole guide)• Electron multiplier• Vacuum pump• Turbomolecular pump (exterior view)


19. Double-focusing secondary ion mass spectrometer• Ion gun• Electrostatic lens• Magnetic sector 90 deg• Electrostatic analyzer 90 deg• Electron multiplier• Vacuum pump (rotary)• Turbomolecular pump (cross-section)


20. MALDI-TOF• Pulsed laser (with lens)• Ablation cell• Crystal (lattice)• TOF with reflectron• Channel electron multiplier

To Vac


In this case, the vacuum pump(s) are not included as components and vacuum connections are to be indicated by the student.

21. SEM with Everhart-Thornley detector• Rotary pump• PMT• Crystal (lattice)• XYZ translation stage• Oil diffusion pump (exterior view)• Magnetic lens [x2]• Electron gun

Suggested marks:Components /4Assembly /2.5

water out

water in

22. Liquid scintillation counter• Scintillation vial (with sample)• PMT [x2]• And operator• Multichannel analyzer• Computer (desktop)

23. Home-made pH meter• Digital meter• Salt bridge (with frits)• Glass electrode (not combo)• Ag AgCl electrode• Beaker (rim, full)Suggested marks:

Components /3Assembly /2


24. Differential pulse voltammetry• Waveform (linear ramp)• Waveform (pulse train)• Addition operator• Resistor symbol [x2]• Voltage follower• Op amp symbol 1• Ground symbol 1 [x2]


• Metal electrode (wire)• Ag AgCl electrode• Electrode (carbon)• Gas cylinder (helium)• Beaker (rim, full)• Analog to digital conversion• Computer (laptop)• Digital to analog conversion

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Appendix II

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