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PIC Microcontrollers on-line REE!
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Appendix A
Instruction Set
Introduction
Instruction set in PIC16Cxx microcontroller family Data Transfer
Arithmetic and logicBit operationsDirecting the program flowInstruction execution periodWord listInstruction list
Introduction
We hae already mentioned that microcontroller is not li!e any other integrated circuit" When they come out ofproduction most integrated circuits are ready to #e #uilt into deices which is not the case with
microcontrollers" In order to $ma!e$ microcontroller perform a tas!% we hae to tell it exactly what to do% or inother words we must write the program microcontroller will execute" We will descri#e in this chapterinstructions which ma!e up the assem#ler% or lower&leel program language for PIC microcontrollers"
Instruction 'et in PIC16Cxx (icrocontroller )amily
Complete set which includes *+ instructions is gien in the following ta#le" A reason for such a small num#er of
instructions lies primarily in the fact that we are tal!ing a#out a ,I'C microcontroller whose instructions arewell optimi-ed considering the speed of wor!% architectural simplicity and code compactness" The onlydraw#ac! is that programmer is expected to master $uncomforta#le$ techni.ue of using a reduced set of *+instructions"
Data transfer
Transfer of data in a microcontroller is done #etween wor! /W0 register and an f register that represents anylocation in internal ,A( /regardless whether those are special or general purpose registers0"
)irst three instructions /loo! at the following ta#le0 proide for a constant #eing written in W register /(234Wis short for (23e 4iteral to W0% and for data to #e copied from W register onto ,A( and data from ,A( to #e
copied onto W register /or on the same ,A( location% at which point only the status of 5 flag changes0"Instruction C4,) writes constant in f register% and C4,W writes constant in register W" 'WAP) instruction
http://www.mikroe.com/en/http://www.mikroe.com/en/tools/http://www.mikroe.com/en/contact/http://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/7_10chapter.htmhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/0_Uvod.htmhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/B_appendix.htmhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Introduction%23Introductionhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Instruction%20Set%20in%20PIC16Cxx%20Microcontroller%20Family%23Instruction%20Set%20in%20PIC16Cxx%20Microcontroller%20Familyhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Data%20Transfer%23Data%20Transferhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Arithmetic%20and%20logic%23Arithmetic%20and%20logichttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Bit%20Operations%23Bit%20Operationshttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Directing%20a%20program%20flow%23Directing%20a%20program%20flowhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Instruction%20Execution%20Period%23Instruction%20Execution%20Periodhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Word%20list%23Word%20listhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Instruction%20List%23Instruction%20Listhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/http://www.mikroe.com/en/tools/http://www.mikroe.com/en/contact/http://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/7_10chapter.htmhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/0_Uvod.htmhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/B_appendix.htmhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Introduction%23Introductionhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Instruction%20Set%20in%20PIC16Cxx%20Microcontroller%20Family%23Instruction%20Set%20in%20PIC16Cxx%20Microcontroller%20Familyhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Data%20Transfer%23Data%20Transferhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Arithmetic%20and%20logic%23Arithmetic%20and%20logichttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Bit%20Operations%23Bit%20Operationshttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Directing%20a%20program%20flow%23Directing%20a%20program%20flowhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Instruction%20Execution%20Period%23Instruction%20Execution%20Periodhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Word%20list%23Word%20listhttp://www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbook/A_appendix.htm#Instruction%20List%23Instruction%20List
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exchanges places of the 7it ni##les field inside a register"
Arithmetic and logic
2f all arithmetic operations% PIC li!e most microcontrollers supports only su#traction and addition" )lags C% DCand 5 are set depending on a result of addition or su#traction% #ut with one exception8 since su#traction is
performed li!e addition of a negatie alue% C flag is inerse following a su#traction" In other words% it is set ifoperation is possi#le% and reset if larger num#er was su#tracted from a smaller one"
4ogic unit of PIC has capa#ility of performing operations A9D% 2,% :;&2,% complementing /C2()0 and rotation/,4) and ,,)0"Instructions which rotate the register contents moe #its inside a register through flag C #y one space to theleft /toward #it
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storing of register alues and status is proided"
Conditional @umps are synthesi-ed into two instructions8 BT)'C and BT)''" Depending on a #it status in fregister that is #eing tested% instructions s!ip or dont s!ip oer the next program instruction"
Instruction :xecution Period
All instructions are executed in one cycle except for conditional #ranch instructions if condition was true% or ifthe contents of program counter was changed #y some instruction" In that case% execution re.uires twoinstruction cycles% and the second cycle is executed as 92P /9o 2peration0" )our oscillator cloc!s ma!e up oneinstruction cycle" If we are using an oscillator with 7(- fre.uency% the normal time for executing aninstruction is 1 s% and in case of conditional #ranching% execution period is ? s"
Word list
f any memory location in a microcontrollerW wor! registerb #it position in f registerd destination #it
label group of eight characters which mar!s the #eginning of a part of the programTOS top of stac![] option! #it position inside register
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1 If I2 port is source operand% status on microcontroller pins is read? If this instruction is executed on T(, register and if dE1% prescaler assigned to that timer will automatically
#e cleared* If PC was modified% or test result E1% instruction was executed in two cycles"
Instruction 4ist
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Appendix contains all instructions presented separately with examples for their use" 'yntax% description and itseffects on status #its are gien for each instruction"
• A"1 (234W
• A"? (23W)
• A"* (23)
• A"7 C4,W
• A"+ C4,)
• A"6 'WAP)
• A"< ADD4W
• A"F ADDW)
• A"G '=B4W
• A"1 '=BW)
• A"11 A9D4W
• A"1? A9DW)
• A"1* I2,4W
• A"17 I2,W)
• A"1+ ;2,4W
• A"16 ;2,W)
• A"1< I9C)
• A"1F D:C)
• A"1G ,4)
• A"? ,,)
• A"?1 C2()
• A"?? BC)
• A"?* B')
• A"?7 BT)'C
• A"?+ BT)''
• A"?6 I9C)'5
• A"?< D:C)'5
• A"?F >2T2
• A"?G CA44
• A"* ,:T=,9
• A"*1 ,:T4W
• A"*? ,:T)I:
• A"** 92P
• A"*7 C4,WDT
• A"*+ '4::P
A"1 (234W Write constant in W register
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A"? (23W) Copy W to f
A"* (23) Copy f to d
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A"7 C4,W Write in W
A"+ Write in f
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A"6 'WAP) Copy the ni##les from f to d crosswise
A"< ADD4W Add W to a constant
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A"1 '=BW) 'u#tract W from f
A"11 A9D4W 4ogic A9D W with constant
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A"1? A9DW) 4ogic A9D W with f
A"1* I2,4W 4ogic 2, W with constant
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A"17 I2,W) 4ogic 2, W with f
A"1+ ;2,4W 4ogic exclusie 2, W with constant
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A"16 ;2,W) 4ogic exclusie 2, W with f
A"1< I9C) Increment f
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A"1G ,4) ,otate f to the left through CA,,H
A"? ,,) ,otate f to the right through CA,,H
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A"?1 C2() Complement f
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A"?? BC) ,eset #it # in f
A"?* B') 'et #it # in f
A"?7 BT)'C Test #it # in f% s!ip if it E
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A"?+ BT)'' Test #it # in f% s!ip if E1
A"?6 I9C)'5 Increment f% s!ip ifE
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A"?< D:C)'5 Decrement f% s!ip if E
A"?F >2T2 ump to address
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A"?G CA44 Call a program
A"* ,:T=,9 ,eturn from a su#program
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A"*1 ,:T4W ,eturn from a su#program with constant in W
A"*? ,:T)I: ,eturn from interrupt routine
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A"** 92P 9o operation
A"*7 C4,WDT Initiali-e watchdog timer
A"*+ '4::P 'tand #y mode
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