Animals without flight: gariyali 'goanna', garnanganyja 'emu', karnanggurr 'dog'; yawurda 'horse', etc. Animals with flight jarringgu'fruit-bat' Flying animals (Birds and ?insects) loya 'bird', Bird species (from Vas.) 'white cockatoo', 'crow', 'eaglehawk', 'brolga' A Things associated with the animals or the masculine sphere through e.g hunting or ritual: miila 'spear', 'axe', 'knife', bunduwali'headband i , murdura 'hat', garagi 'bark bucket', jilaay 'kangaroo tail sinew' N Things associated with the feminine sphere: namarrga 'coolamon', (possibly) namandi 'canoe' by extension, warna 'honey & 'eggs' (pollen cells)', ?barramarr 'fighting stick/club. APPENDICES Appendix One: Some principles of noun class assignment Sphere: Non-human Animates: A N human-like gulingi 'wanjina', agurla 'devil', juwarru 'dead person', ngawa 'rain (associated with gulingi)' , barndiwun 'lightning' and gugugu 'thunder'. Animals Non-animate Shape: long straight shapes: A miila 'spear', ananggarr 'kids spear' Concave inner vessel shapes: N namandi, 'canoe' namarrga 'coolamon', warna 'honey' (think honey dripping, honey inside a hollow, honey 'eggs' (pollen cells), winji 'nose', yarn.gal 'woomera, spearthrower' Plants and products: A: mee 'vegetable food(generic)', food types: , arrowa/orrawa 'pandanus', banjorl/bonjoyi 'kurrajong' jilirndi 'bush tobacco' (cigarette and tobacco also A-class), gangia 'ashes'. ?colour: ngumal 'white ashes', ornmal 'white ochre', alamarr 'bitter bulb, ?white before prep'n', anbirrma 'white currant [fluggea virosa[1[JK] N: bunu 'scrub-nettle, ladies' powder', yurluwi 'flower' 198
Transcript
Animals without flight: gariyali'goanna', garnanganyja 'emu',karnanggurr 'dog'; yawurda 'horse', etc.
Animals with flightjarringgu'fruit-bat'
Flying animals (Birds and ?insects)loya 'bird', Bird species (from Vas.)'white cockatoo', 'crow', 'eaglehawk','brolga'
AThings associated with the animals or themasculine sphere through e.g hunting orritual: miila 'spear', 'axe', 'knife',bunduwali'headband i , murdura 'hat',garagi 'bark bucket', jilaay 'kangaroo tailsinew'
NThings associated with the femininesphere:namarrga 'coolamon', (possibly) namandi'canoe' by extension, warna 'honey &'eggs' (pollen cells)', ?barramarr 'fightingstick/club.
APPENDICES
Appendix One: Some principles of noun class assignment
N: bunu 'scrub-nettle, ladies' powder',yurluwi 'flower'
198
APPENDICES
Sphere: inanimates
M-class W-class
'relative height' in the physical environment:
M 'surface'things associated with the earth's surfacee.g: 'plain', 'fighting ground' 'ground',
W 'on top'things that can be or grow 'on top' of theearth's surface, rock, hill, all kinds of
'sand', 'mud', 'swamp', 'cave', 'cliff, objects bashing stone, trees, leaves.'hearth/camp', 'river', 'sea', `scrub/bush', Also 'sky' and 'cloud'.'bandemal \ path', 'shade', all kinds ofgrasses, many root foods.
Individuality:
Mass substances: e.g. 'plain', ground,sand, 'dust', julu 'mud', 'swamp', river,sea, grass, marnju 'wind', shade.
conceptual/language:
W Naturally occurring objects that can beindividuated, things associated with woodand rock: lumba 'tree/stick',winjangun/wundal 'fire/firewood', wunon'charcoal', ngali 'paperbark used as a'plate",All kinds of artefacts/tools e.g. liija'digging stick', mudiga 'motor-vehicle'yarn 'dream'[V], Wunambal 'Wunamballanguage', yee 'speech'
Things that can be associated with 'on topof a body surface e.g: gubarn 'blood',Other body parts: anggarru'foot' ,wumanda 'sole of foot'[Lit: it'schest], wunambarr 'heel' ,wurirr 'ribs',wumbul 'eye', wirrngi 'fat', jangulany'fat'.
Food bearing plants and trees: Non-edible fruit bearing trees:anbirrma 'white currant'[WG], baruwa anggurru 'river red-gum', balmangan'nut tree', daarlu 'peanut tree', dingala 'Kimberley Christmas tree', barle 'wattle','apple tree, big leaf ?gardenia sp?,ngaruwarri 'small leaf apple tree), guloyi
dembal 'tree with large seed pods.'
'green plum'[Buchanania obovata],gurngurru (cycad nuts, special prep'nrequired.
Other trees: Some trees with edible partsbaramambi/bunyju 'rock-fig tree' fruit dangana 'fan palm (Livistona-hearteaten by birds, barurru 'tree type ?used to eaten)', galgayi 'Personia falcata (fruitmake didgeridoo', binda 'big tree, white edible)', langande 'nut tree', yaala 'kapokflowers, (like a nawulu) little nut, don't tree' (young roots edible but pods haveeat'. other semi-ritual/cultural uses)'
Other plants Other plants:majal 'grass' dangayangarl 'orchid' (JK: A-class)M Root foods: W Other root-foods
babali 'root food', garnmanggu 'long Poisonous root foods in need of specialyam', gumi 'root food', wungunimbi 'root preparation:gurnu 'round yam', langanggufood' 'root food'
water plants:miyani 'lily', arnu 'smallerlily type', yarn.gu 'water plant'
200
APPENDICES
Appendix Two: Bivalent prefixes including all available plural forms
1/2/3B-class Objects
2SG A You
3B:SG (S)he
3 other A It1PL(in) A We (all)1PL(ex) A We
2PL A Youse3PL A They
jan-
?j a-n-0-
?Ø-ja-n-ngu-n-du-
ngu-n-
ngu-n-birr-ngu-n-bi-rr-
gun-du-
(gu-n-)
?gu-n-Ø-?jan/ ?fa-n-0-?ja-n-nya-(gu-nyarr-)
(gu-n-bu-rr-)
3SG her/him
bu-nga-
bu-0-
an-du-?a-n-du-bi-n-bu-ngarr-bi-nyarr-
(bu-O-rr-)an-bi-rr-
Objects>
1SG Me 2SG you
1SG A I gu-n-Ø-(gurr-nga-)
Objects> linPL us (all) lex(PL) 2PL youse 3PL themme and you/s us (not you)
1SG A I gu-n-Ø- burr-nga-
?guu-n-Ø-,(gu-nga-)
2SG A You nya-n-du- ?bu-0-(ba-n-bu-),(ban-bu-rru 76-)
3 other A It (nga-n-) (nya-n-) ?guu-n- (bu-n-)(gu-n-)
1PL(in) A We (burr-nga-)(all)1PL(ex) A We ?guu-n-0 / gu-n-Ø- birr-nyarr-
(gurr-nyarr-)2PL A Youse (nya-n-bu-rr-)
(burr-gu-rr-)
3PL A They (nga-n-bu-rr-) (nya-n-bu-rr-) gu-n-bi-rr- ?burr-m-bu-rr-(bu-n-bu-rr-)
201
APPENDICES
Non-B-class objects
Objects> A class It W class It M class It N class It
1 sg A I a-nga- wu-nga- mu-nga- nu-nga-
1PL(in) A We (all) a-ngarr- wu-ngarr- mu-ngarr- (nu-ngarr-)
1PL(ex) A We a-nyarr- wi-nyarr- mi-nyarr- (nu-nyarr-)
2SG A You a-0- wu-0- mu-0- (nu)-0-2PL A Youse (a-0-rr-) (wu-0—rr-) (mu-0—rr-) (nu-0—u-)3B:SG (S)he a-Ø- ga-Ø- ma-0- na-0-
(a-wu-) (ga-wu-) (ma-wu-) (na-wu-)3PL They a-wu-rr- ga-wu-rr- ma-wu-rr- na-wu-rr-Third-person non-B-class A's3 other A It a-n- wu-n- (mu-n-) (nu-n-)
The forms in brackets were recorded by Vasse. I have segmented inverse markers and Aplural markers. -0- marks either unrealized, zero (or nothing) A forms.
Appendix Three: Bivalent pronominal prefixes, negative polarity.In this table I have segmented 0 and A prefixes, and 'n' or putative (n) (based on thepositive prefix forms) inverse marking, but I have not included zero forms, as these wereshown on the charts in Appendix One. The negative prefixes are bolded.
I am indebted to Eric Vasse for providing me with complete paradigms for two bivalent roots from hisunpublished data. Most of the irrealis pronominal prefix forms used in this chart were drawn from hismaterial. Only those forms not bracketed were also attested in my own corpus. Where the forms in mycorpus differ from Vasse, the form used by my informants is the unbracketed variant.
203
APPENDICES
Appendix Four: Text One:
'Planning to visit my brother in Hospital'
William Bunjuck, Kalumburu 1996
The text below was a monologue spoken by a man at Kalumburu who is thinking of
visiting each of his two brothers. One has been taken from Kalumburu to the hospital in
Wyndham (to the East). The other (a resident at Mowunjum in the South) has asked to be
met at Mitchell Plateau (to the West of Kalumburu). His text demonstrates the way
demonstratives, demonstrative locationals and the verbally affixed directionals -yang
'toward(speaker e.g.)' and -nda: 'away(from speaker e.g.) are used to orient the
individuals, happenings and tentatively planned events with which he is concerned in time
and in space.
1 Gayanba bangiyangga bugayaGaya -n -ba ba -ngi -yang -ga bu -gayaover.there -? ?IMP -1SG -'go' IMM 3B:SG -that.over.there
I want(ed)/could/should (to) go to him (WG?) over there
21 dii-wa arrgu, rnuumba bi=yangapound rock ball.up 3sg=YANG'go'
they pound it (with the) rock, they ball it up
APPENDICES
22 rnuumba gey minja nyarra=minggaball.up then eat lex:PL=MA'do':IMM
ball it up and then we eat!
Free translation
The ladies used to dig for gurnu, the bitter round yam. Gathering them up, they burn
gurloy bark till the ashes are as white as white-ochre. Then they slice the gurnu, bleeding
them to let out the bitterness, and pile them up. They fetch water, and they rub the (wet)
ashes onto the gurnu and put them in the fire-place. Placing them in the stone-oven they
leave it, it stays buried in the oven for one night. When they get up in the morning they
open up the oven. They take it to the water and soak them, rinsing off the ashes. When
its good and clean they smash it up with a rock, roll it into a round ball and then - we eat
it up!
209
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