AppleFruit trees(pomology)

D.Faisal shraimTaqwa Saleh

King dom: PlantaeSubkingdom: Vascular plantDivision: Mango liophytaSubdivision: AngiospermClass: DicotFamily: RosaceaSubfamily: PomoideaeGenus: MalusSpecies: Malus Dometica

Scientific classification

Growth habit:•Woody crops_deciduous fruit tree_pome fruit•reaching (2_12)m tall•Ther are more than 7500 known cultivers of apple.•different in size, day to harvest, frut size, color, storage days,test & uses

The tree originated in Central Asia,  Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought

to North ..America by European colonists

about 69 million tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2010, and China produced almost half

of this total. The United States is the second-leading

producer, with more than 6% of world production. Turkey is

third, followed by Italy, India and Poland

Cold temperate zone

Botanical description

Body of tree:The root system :

tap root and adventitious rootStem:

The stem of apple must be thickness& endurance to hold the branch system (branch,twig,sprouts,productive parts)Branch type:

(straight,bendingdownwards the top,curving upword at the top, bending down in arch_like way

 The leaves are alternately  arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides

leave

Flower & fruit

flowerflowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with

an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4–6 flowers. The central

flower of the inflorescence is called the

"king bloom"; it opens first, and can develop a

larger fruit

Inferior ovary (epigynous

flower)

Classification *based on Position of ovary:

*based on structure:

Complete flower

Mixed flower bud :

Give flower and leaves

Growth stage in apple fruit

Anatomy of

FruitSimple fruit Pericarp Fleshy Pome

Endocarp

Exocarp

Mesocarp

Energy 50 Kcal 2.5%Carbohydrates 13.81 g 11%

Protein 0.26 g 0.5%Total Fat 0.17 g 0.5%

Cholesterol 0 mg 0%Dietary Fiber 2.40 g 6%Vitamins

Folates 3 µg 1%

Niacin 0.091 mg 1%Pantothenic 

acid 0.061 mg 1%

Pyridoxine 0.041 mg 3%

Riboflavin 0.026 mg 2%

Thiamin 0.017 mg 1%

Vitamin C 4.6 mg 8%

Vitamin E 0.18 mg 1%

Vitamin K 2.2 µg 2%

Nutrition value

ElectrolytesSodium 1 mg 0%

Potassium 107 mg 2%

MineralsCalcium 6 mg 0.6%

Iron 0.12 mg 1%Magnesium 5 mg 1%Phosphorus 11 mg 2%

Zinc 0.04 mg 0%

Phyto-nutrientsCarotene-ß 27 µg --

Crypto-xanthin-ß 11 µg --Lutein-zeaxanthin 29 µg --

Nutrition value

Cultivar & species of apple

Microsoft Office Word Document

soil must be well-drained and easily workedthree types based on its texture:Clay soil:Sandy soilLoamy soil

Apples prefer a slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH between 5.8 and 7.0)

Winter chilling

requirements for most varieties

are 500 to 1000 hr.

below 45° F (7°c) but

above freezing

Chilling reqirment

Root stock

There are more than 20 root stock for apple

It determine the tree eventual size

Apple grafting

Whip &tongue grafting

Bud grafting technique

Pruning & training

TrainingModified leaderCentralleader

r

harvestigBefore they begin to ripen

 Apples picked too early are susceptible to shrivel, scald, and bitter pit.

Hand-pick fruit into bags, transfer gently into field bins, shade fruit in bins, then transport to packing sheds

The most mature have the shortest shelf life and should be removed from storage first .Cool fruit as rapidly as possible following harvest, using forced air or hydrocooling

Packaging

packed into plastic bags or corrugated cardboard boxes

Storage

Temperature and Humidity:

Optimal temperatures for long term storage are 30 to 32 Fhigh humidity (95% relative humidity at 32 degrees F)

Atmosphere.

atmospheric pressure of 102 mm mercury (0.16 atmosphere) is often used.

Apple diseases

Apple flat

limb virus

v

Fire bligtB

Apple scab

F

Apple codlin

g moth

Pug moth

Wooly aphid

Green apple aphid

الشمس  : SUN SCALDلسعة

الصقيع FROST

ة Kالمّر النقّرة -Bitter Bit: 

Life cycle

Any qustion

???

thanks