Deer

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By:Apple Tong

Small deer in the forest

With the exception of the Chinese water deer, which have tusks, all male deer have antlers. Sometimes a female will have a small stub. The only female deer with antlers are rein-deer (caribou). Antlers grow as highly vascular spongy tissue covered in a skin called velvet. Before the beginning

of a species’ mating season, the antlers calcify under the velvet and become hard bone. The velvet is then rubbed off leaving dead bone which forms the hard antlers. After the mating season, the pedicle and the antler base are separated by a layer of softer tissue, and the antler falls off.White-tailed deer .One way that many hunters are able to track main paths that the deer travel on is because of their “rubs”. A rub is used to deposit scent from glands near the eye and forehead and physically mark territory.During the mating season, bucks use their antlers to fight one another for the opportunity to attract mates in a given herd. The two bucks circle each other, bend back their legs, lower their heads, and charge. The tines on the ant-lers create grooves that allow another male’s weapon to lock into place. weakened by genetic defects and are less likely to escape being caught by predators.[citation needed]

arly reports from the late 1600’s reveal that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were quite numerous in the Florida Panhandle, however, by the mid 1700’s a sizable trade in deer hides was well under way. Localized declines in deer numbers were probably evident by the early 1800’s which may have prompted enactment of an 1828 territorial law prohibiting fire hunting west of the Suwannee River. The development of Florida’s

rail system in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s opened up much of Florida to commerce and settlement. Commercial and subsistence exploita-tion of white-tailed deer undoubtedly increased dramatically during this period. Florida’s white-tailed deer herd reached its nadir near the end of the 1930’s, a fate shared by many other states. The con-cept of wildlife conservation was still in its infancy. Establishment of wildlife sanctuaries or refuges was a popular method of address-ing the problem of rapidly vanishing wildlife. Game laws varied by county and were often difficult to enforce. In fact, enforcement of game laws outside the confines of established refuges was almost nonexistent. For example, The State Board of Conservation reported apprehending a total of five individuals in 1934 for killing a doe deer. The advent of widespread automobile use brought with it the construction of roads providing unparalleled access to wildlife habitats. Timbering also provided truck trails and fire lanes deep into the forest where subsistence hunting by logging camps was not uncommon. The advent of widespread automobile use brought with it the construction of roads providing unparalleled access to wildlife. habi-

tats. Timbering also provided truck trails and fire lanes deep into the forest where subsistence hunting by logging camps was not uncommon. To make matters worse a campaign to eradicate the cattle-fever tick (Boophilus microplus) saw the destruction of at least 10,000 deer in south-ern Florida from 1939-1941.

History Of Deers

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The 1940’s saw the beginnings of Florida’s deer herd recovery. In 1941 the Florida Legislature passed the necessary assent legislation to par-ticipate in the Federal-Aid-to-Wildlife program created by the Pittman-Robertson (P-R) Act of 1937. Not only did participation in this program guarantee sizable sums of federal money each year for wildlife management, but it also ensured that hunting and fishing license fees could not be diverted from the Commission of

Game and Fresh Water Fish. One of the first projects to be undertaken by the Commission with P-R funds was the restoration of white-tailed deer herds

depleted by The Livestock Sanitary Board during its campaign to eradi-cate the cattle-fever tick. Also in 1941 the Florida Legislature proposed a constitutional amendment establishing a Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission with five members appointed to serve 5-year terms. In 1942 the amendment was voted in by a substantial margin thereby ending the proliferation of a perplexing and unenforceable array of county game laws. The birth of the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish

Commission also marked the birth of the Wildlife Management Area (WMA) System. The newly formed commission recognized immediately

that wildlife populations could only be restored and maintained on wildlife habitat. In 1941 60,000 acres of land in Charlotte County were purchased for

public hunting. Six years later 50,000 acres were purchased in north Palm Beach County. By the end of the 1940s the Commission’s WMA system totaled just over 2.5 million acres.By 1951 deer numbers were believed to be between 45,000 and 50,000. The screw-worm, responsible for limiting growth of deer herds in south Florida was eradicated in 1958. In 1959 the Commission’s WMA system grew to encompass over 4 million acres of wildlife habitat.During the decade of the 1960’s Florida’s deer herds were experiencing strong annual increases. The art and science of wildlife management was becoming more science and less art. Arrests for game violations increased 5-fold from the early 1940’s. Deer numbers increased 10-fold and annual deer harvest was over 40,000 animals. Sound wildlife and habitat man-agement practices coupled with more effective law enforcement caused deer num-bers to continue growing throughout the decades of the 1970’s and 80’s.

The Large deer in the forest

piebald deer is a deer with a brown and white spotting pattern that is not caused by parasites or diseases.

They can appear to be almost entirely white. In addition to the non-standard coloration, other differences have been observed: bowing or Ro-man nose, overly arched spine (scoliosis), long tails, short legs, and underbites. Deer are widely distributed, with indigenous representatives in all continents except Antarctica and Australia, though Africa has only one native deer, the Bar-bary stag, a subspecies of red deer that is con-

fined to the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of the continent. However, fallow deer have been introduced to South Africa.Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest. While often associ-ated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional ar-eas between forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and sa-vanna (open space). Small spe-cies of brocket deer and pudús of Central and South America, and muntjacs of Asia generally occupy dense forests and are less often seen in open spaces, with the possible exception of the Indian Muntjac.

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Credic: www.en.wikipedia.org

Go to the zoo to see the deers!!!!!