Application of GIS in Health_CONSULTANCY UNIT Ok

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Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

˜ General Introduction – GIS & RS˜ Prehistoric GIS in Epidemiology˜ GPS & GIS as tools for Public Health˜ Benefits of GIS and RS in Health Sector˜ Challenges of GIS and RS˜ Models in GIS ˜ Practical Section

Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012 2


A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.


GIS uses geography, or space, as the common key element between data sets. Information is linked only if it relates to the same geographic

area.

•What is …?… common in area

•Where is ...?… best location

•What has changed since…?… change detection

•What spatial patterns exist?… cluster detection

•What if..?… prediction / modeling


Refers to data referenced by location on the earth using a global

coordinate system.

• Latitude/Longitude• Northing/Easting• Standard Format• Many different conventions

Longitude

Latit

ude


John Snow figured out that water from the pump was the cause cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in1854.

John Snow (1813 – 1858)Broadwick Street showing the John Snow memorial public pump and public house


Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854

Map of cholera outbreak in London



• Spatial information describes the location and shape of geographic features, and their spatial relationship to other features, and

• Descriptive information which characterizes the geographic feature attributes data.


Lines (Arcs)Points

13

2 4 2

31

House RoutingArea

Analysis

A data model for storing, representing or displaying spatialdata in a digital form.• It uses geospatial coordinate pairs (x,y) to represent a location on the earth. Vector features are usually described by:– Points: sampling locations, disease cases, town centroidsLines (Arcs): streams, power lines, transportation routesPolygons (Areas): land use, lakes, census tracts, town boundaries


A data model that is based on a grid of pixels.Each pixel has an individual value, typically from 0 to 255Typical file formatsinclude:Georeferenced TIFF, IMG, and JPEG files.

• GPS are used for navigational aides

– Locating a single point– Navigating between points• GPS provides a basis for mapping– Tracking changing locational

information– Collecting coordinates of features

for use in GIS– Collecting information about

features for use in GIS






• Determining geographic distribution of diseases• Analyzing spatial and temporal trends• Mapping populations at risk• Assessing resources allocation• Planning and targeting interventions• Monitoring diseases and interventions over time.• GIS integration into Emergence Management Respond.• Tracking Trends in Health Care with GIS

• No enough skilled personnel to implement GIS projects in health sector.

• No tools to run GIS applications (Software and Hardware).

• Getting spatial data is still an issue…(too expensive).


˜ Spatial interaction models reflect two general principles: Ø that interaction decreases with distance Ø and increases with population size or "attractiveness.“

The models can then be used to predict spatial interaction patterns.

Although spatial interaction models and GIS developed separately, some GIS now have spatial interaction modeling capabilities.



˜ Spatial diffusion models analyze and predict the spread of phenomena over space and time and have been widely used in understanding spatial diffusion of disease.

˜ Such models are quite similar to spatial interaction models except that they have an explicit temporal dimension.

˜ By incorporating time and space, along with basic epidemiologic concepts, the models can predict how diseases spread, spatially and temporally, from infected to susceptible people in an area and aid in understanding the emergence of infectious disease.



˜ Basics Spatial statistic ˜ Measuring Spatial distribution˜ Analyzing Spatial pattern ˜ Analyzing Spatial relationship


MAPPING MALARIA INCIDENCE IN ABUJA


Bar representation malaria incidence in Abuja


˜ Find the mean center i.e. concentration of malaria incidence.

˜ Find central feature i.e. indentifies the most centrally located area distribution of malaria incidence.

˜ Find the standard distance i.e. degree which malaria features are concentrated or dispersed around the geometric mean center.

˜ Find Directional distribution (standard deviational ellipse) i.e. measuring whether a distribution of features exhibits a directional trend.


˜ Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) make judgment on distribution of malaria incidence

˜ Finding degree of clustering for either high or low values using High/Low clustering (Getis- ord General G)


3 levels Hot Spot Map

˜ Geopraphically Weighted Regression (GWR) performs a local form of linear regression used to model spatially varying relationships. i.e. There is significant relation between malaria incidence and population.




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Application of GIS in Health_CONSULTANCY UNIT Ok

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