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What is sonar?

Sonar (SOund NavigationAnd Ranging) is a techniquethat uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as insubmarine navigation ) to navigate communicate with ordetect objects on or under the surface of the water.

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The use of Sonar

Sonar may be used as :

I. acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of"targets" in the water

II. in air for robot navigation, and sodar (an upward looking in-airsonar) is used for atmospheric investigations.

III. used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound.

IV. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low(infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic).

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What is Ultrasound Scanning?

An ultrasound scan is a painless test that uses soundwaves to create images of organs and structures insideyour body. It is a very commonly used test. As it usessound waves and not radiation, it is thought to beharmless.

Ultrasound is a high frequency sound that you cannothear, but it can be emitted and detected by specialmachines.

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3D Ultrasound scanning

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The use of ultrasound

Help to monitor the growth of an unborn child, and checkfor abnormalities.

Detect abnormalities of heart structures such as the heartvalves. (echocardiogram.)

Help to diagnose problems of the liver, gallbladder (such asgallstones), pancreas, thyroid gland, lymph nodes, ovaries,testes, kidneys, bladder and breast. For example, it canhelp to determine if an abnormal lump in one of these

organs is a solid tumour or a fluid-filled cyst. Detect abnormal widening of blood vessels

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COMPARISON BETWEEN

ULTRASOUND AND

ENDOSCOPE

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What is an Endoscope?

An endoscope is a device with a light attached that isused to look inside a body cavity or organ.

A medical procedure using any type of endoscope iscalled endoscopy.

An endoscope is a medical device consisting of a long,thin, flexible (or rigid) tube which has a light and avideo camera.

Images of the inside of the patient's body can be seenon a screen.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003338.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003338.htm

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When is an endoscopy used?

To confirm a diagnosis

An endoscopy is often used to confirm a diagnosis whenother devices, such as an MRI, X-ray, or CT scan areconsidered inappropriate.

An endoscopy is often carried out to find out the degree ofproblems a known condition may have caused.

The endoscopy, in these cases, may significantly contributetowards the doctor's decision on the best treatment for thepatient.

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The following conditions and illnesses are most commonlyinvestigated or diagnosed with an endoscopy:

Breathing disorders

Chronic diarrhea

Incontinence

Internal bleeding

Irritable bowel syndrome Stomach ulcers

Urinary tract infections

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165408.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37063.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37063.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165408.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634.php

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What is ultrasound?

Ultrasound is a high frequency sound that you cannot

hear, but it can be emitted and detected by specialmachines.

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How does ultrasound work?

Ultrasound travels freely through fluid and softtissues. However, ultrasound is reflected back (itbounces back as 'echoes') when it hits a more solid(dense) surface.

For example, the ultrasound will travel freely thoughblood in a heart chamber. But, when it hits a solidvalve, a lot of the ultrasound echoes back.

Another example is that when ultrasound travelsthough bile in a gallbladder it will echo back strongly if

it hits a solid gallstone. So, as ultrasound 'hits' different structures in the body

of different density, it sends back echoes of varyingstrength.

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What is an ultrasound test used for?

the growth of an unborn child, and check forabnormalities.

Detect abnormalities of heart structures such as the

heart valves.

Help to diagnose problems of the liver, gallbladder(such as gallstones), pancreas, thyroid gland, lymphnodes, ovaries, testes, kidneys, bladder and breast.

Detect abnormal widening of blood vessels

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Thank you