Applied Poultry Nutrition 

M.E. PersiaIowa State University

What Do We Really Feed Poultry?Grains:

Byproduct meals:

Corn Contains Anti-nutrients

Nonstarch Polysaccharides (Meng and Slominski, 2005) 7.6% total 0.6% water soluble

Phytate (Hidvegi and Lasztity, 2003) 1.0%

Indirect Consequences of Phytate• Traditional mechanism

• Ca/phytate complex chelates protein and digestive enzymes

P-

P-

P- P-

P-

P-

Ca++

Ca++

Ca++

Ca++

Ca++

Ca++

P-

P-

P- P-

P-

P-

P-

P-

P- P-

P-

P-

Zn++

Fe++

Cu+

P-

P-

P- P-

P-

P-

Ca++

= Protein

= Digestive enzyme

Calcium and pH on phytate solubility

6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5pH

Solution: Phytase

Diet PhytaseDose, FTU/kg

Body Wt, g

FCR, g/g

Mortality, %

PC None 0 3108b 1.78 4.28b

NC* None 0 2999c 1.80 13.36a

NC* Phytase 500 3187a 1.78 5.88b

Results at 49 days

Parr and Wyatt, 2006

Diet formulated with reduced phosphorus, calcium, amino acids and energy

DDGS Contains Anti-nutrients

Nonstarch Polysaccharides (Villamide et al., 1997) 19.1 – 22.0% total 0.0 – 2.1% water soluble

Phytate (NRC, 1994) 0.7%

Discussion Question

Why would corn have more phytate than DDGS?

Soybean Meal Contains Anti-nutrients

Nonstarch Polysaccharides (Meng and Slominski, 2005) 13.7% total 1.3% water soluble

Phytate (NRC, 1994) 1.40%

Raffinose 1.9%

Stachyose 5.2%

Barley Contains Anti-nutrients

Nonstarch Polysaccharides (Villamide et al., 1997) 10.2 – 19.9% total 3.3 – 4.4% glucans

Phytate (NRC, 1994) 0.9%

O

HO

H

H

H

CH2OH

OH

OHH

HO

H

H

H

CH2OH

OH

OHH

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH

OH

H

HO

O

H

H

H

CH2OH

OH

OHH

HO

Wheat Contains Anti-nutrients

Nonstarch Polysaccharides (Gutierrez del Alamo et al., 2008) 9.8 – 11.2% total 1.3 – 2.4% water soluble

Phytate (NRC, 1994) 0.8%

O O

O

H

H

H OH

OH

H

H

O

H

H

H OH

OH

H

H

O

H

H

H O

OH

H

H

O

OH

OH

H

H

H

HHOH2C

O

OH

OH

H

H

H

HHOH2C

O

OH

OH

H

H

H

HHOH2C

Solution – treatment with enzymes

Soybeans Contain Anti-nutrients

Trypsin Inhibitor

Relationship with CCKSBTI (mg/kg) 0 100 1000

Plasma CCK (fmol/ml) 9.6 13.4 18.1

• Soybean trypsin inhibitor enhanced CCK release into circulation in a dose-dependent fashion.

 Gross Effects• Performance

Solution: Heat treatment• Trypsin Inhibitors are heat labile• Heat treatment of soybean meal

– Drive off oil extraction medium– Dry soybean meal– Destroy Trypsin Inhibitors

• Caution: too much heat has negative effects on protein digestibility

Maillad Reactions (Browning)

Intermediate reaction products

Late reaction products

Moisture and HeatIngredient     Lysine 

DigestibilityCorn   92%Wheat   86%Soybean meal (SBM)   90%DDGS   75%M and B meal   81%Lysine HCl 100%