Applied Sensor Technology

Outline

•Introduction

•Examples of Sensors

•Basic readout electronics

•Semiconductor detectors

Introduction

• A sensor measure various physical parameters– Motion

– Height, weight and volume

– Pressure, Tensile stress

– Temperature

– Flow

– Irradiation

– Energy

– ………

Introduction• Why do we need sensors?

Introduction

Elements of a measurement system

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

•Sensor Characteristics–Accuracy–Calibration–Dead-zone–Drift–Error–Hysteresis–Lag–Linearity–Operating life–Precision

•Sensor Characteristics–Range–Rating–Reliability–Repeatability–Reproducibility–Response–Resolution–Sensitivity–Stability–Static error–Tolerance

Introduction

Examples of Sensors

•Resistance Strain Gauge–Measure change in size of a solid object, due to the object being strained.

Examples of Sensors

•Measuring volume in a fuel tank

d

A

d

AC 2

21

1

1

2

Examples of Sensors

•Piezoelectric pressure sensor–Mechanical pressure–Gas pressure

Examples of Sensors• Audio (change in air pressure)

–Recording–Mixing (Signal processing)

Examples of Sensors

•Temperature measurement, thermocouple element

Examples of Sensors

•Temperature measurement by heat radiation

Basic readout electronics

•Purpose–Amplify small signal from the sensor–Signal processing to suppress noise

Basic readout electronics

•Operational amplifier–Voltage Comparator–Voltage amplifier

•Inverting•Non-inverting

Basic readout electronics

•Operational amplifier–Differential amplifier–Instrumentation amplifier

Basic readout electronics

•Operational amplifier–Voltage amplifier–Current amplifier

–Charge sensitive amp.

Semiconductor detectors

Sensors forradiation

measurement

Ionised particle detectors

Photon detectors

Photografic detectors

Photoelectric detectors

Photo-conductive

Photo-voltaic

Photo-emissive

Scintillators

Ionisation chambers

Semiconductor detectors

Particle identity

Time of flight

E-E de tector telescope

Integ rated E-E detector telescope

Pulse shape d iscrimination

Semiconductor detectors

Semiconductor detectors

Semiconductor detectors

Semiconductor detectors

W p W p + W

h v

E c

E v

h v

h v

X (c m )

D e p le tio n re g io nH o le d iffu s io n

~ e - a x

E le c tro nd iffu s io nd rif t

1 / a

Semiconductor detectors

21

21

2 II

IILX C

SiO2

Al

L

n-type Si substrate

P+

n+

hv

eh

eh

e h

i1 i20Xc

•Low non linearity ~0.1%

•Independent of light spot focus

•Simple calculation of the position

Lateral photoeffect PSD

Applied Sensor Technology

• Semiconductor physics• Semiconductor processing• Analog Electronics

• http://apachepersonal.miun.se/~gorthu/AST/