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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTALMICROBIOLOGYVOLUME 59 0 JANUARY 1993 * NUMBER 1

Lars G. Ljungdahl, Editor in Chief (1995)University of GeorgiaAthensRobert A. Bender, Editor (1997)University ofMichiganAnn ArborJane Gibson, Editor (1994)Comell UniversityIthaca, N.Y

Robert J. Maier, Editor (1995)The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Md.

Barrie F. Taylor, Editor (1994)University ofMiamiMiami, Fla.

Kenneth W. Nickerson, Editor (1997) Richard F. Unz, Editor (1995)University ofNebraskaLincolnJim C. Spain, Editor (1997)U.S. Air ForceTyndall Air Force Base, Fla.

Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkJudy D. Wall, Editor (1997)University ofMissouriColumbus

EDITORIAL BOARDDonald G. Ahearn (1993)Jan R. Andreesen (1994)Tamar Barkay (1995)David R. Benson (1995)Claire M. Berg (1994)Kostia Bergman (1993)Deepak Bhatnagar (1993)Linda F. Bisson (1995)Robert Blanchette (1995)Hans Blaschek (1995)David R. Boone (1993)Robert E. Brackett (1995)James Brierley (1994)Daniel R. Caldwell (1994)Douglas G. Capone (1993)Carl E. Cerniglia (1994)Arun Chatterjee (1995)G. Rasul Chaudhry (1995)Tyrrell Conway (1994)Everly Conway de Macario

(1994)Donald A. Cooksey (1994)Donald Crawford (1994)Kurt Dahlberg (1995)Edward F. DeLong (1993)Richard Devereux (1995)Martin Dickman (1993)Harold Drake (1994)Gabriel Drapeau (1993)David W. Emerich (1995)Stanley L. Erlandsen (1993)Douglas Eveleigh (1994)Scott Feighner (1994)Gerald F. Fitzgerald (1994)Madilyn M. Fletcher (1993)

James C. Fogleman (1993)Larry Forney (1993)Cecil W. Forsberg (1994)Shelby N. Freer (1994)Michael S. Gilmore (1993)Bonita Glatz (1995)Richard V. Greene (1995)D. Jay Grimes (1993)Charles N. Haas (1993)Bairbel Hahn-Hagerdal (1994)Kenneth E. Hammel (1995)Caroline S. Harwood (1993)George Hegeman (1994)Walter E. Hill (1995)Alan Hooper (1993)Christon J. Hurst (1994)Robert W. Hutkins (1995)Lonnie 0. Ingram (1995)Thomas W. Jeffries (1994)Michael G. Johnson (1995)Anna Johnson-Winegar (1994)Ronald D. Jones (1993)David M. Karl (1994)Jeffrey Karns (1994)Eva Kaskhet (1993)Gary M. King (1993)Brian K. Kinkle (1995)Staffan Kjelleberg (1994)Linda Kohn (1994)Allan E. Konopka (1994)John M. Kuchta (1995)Rajiv K. Kulkarni (1994)Cletus Kurtzman (1994)R. Victor Lachica (1995)Thomas Langworthy (1995)

Robert A. LaRossa (1994)Donald J. LeBlanc (1993)Jane A. Z. Leedle (1994)John F. Leslie (1994)Derek R. Lovley (1995)Peter Luthy (1995)Eugene L. Madsen (1995)Edward 0. Mason, Jr. (1993)Thomas L. Mason (1993)Ann G. Matthysse (1995)Michael J. McInerney (1995)Richard D. Miller (1994)Aaron L. Mills (1993)Charles Moran (1993)David P. Nagle, Jr. (1994)Louise M. Nelson (1995)Walter G. Niehaus, Jr. (1994)Fergal O'Gara (1995)James D. Oliver (1993)Eric Olson (1994)Tairo Oshima (1993)Hans W. Paerl (1993)William J. Page (1995)Samuel A. Palumbo (1994)Leo Parks (1995)Bruce Paster (1994)Christine Paszko-Kolva (1994)Gary Payne (1995)Ian L. Pepper (1994)James J. Pestka (1995)Allen T. Phillips (1995)Wesley 0. Pipes (1995)John I. Pitt (1993)Malcolm Potts (1993)J. T. Pronk (1995)

Robert Ramaley (1995)Donald J. Reasoner (1995)John N. Reeve (1993)John L. Richard (1993)Donald C. Robertson (1993)Joseph A. Robinson (1993)John P. N. Rosazza (1994)James B. Russell (1995)Michael Jay Sadowsky (1994)Abigail A. Salyers (1995)Peter M. Scott (1993)Barry F. Sherr (1994)C. Jeffrey Smith (1994)James Steele (1995)Michael E. Stiles (1995)Anne 0. Summers (1995)John B. Sutherland (1995)P. G. Thiel (1994)Linda S. Thomashow (1995)John Thompson (1994)Edward Topp (1995)Peter Van Berkum (1995)Vincent H. Varel (1994)Ross A. Virginia (1994)Edward Voss (1993)Mark Wach (1995)Larry Wackett (1994)Marleen Wekell (1995)Carol L. Wells (1994)Bryan A. White (1993)Michael G. Wolfersberger

(1994)Stephen H. Zinder (1994)David A. Zuberer (1995)

Barbara H. Iglewski, Chairman, Publications BoardJohn N. Bell, Production Editor

Linda M. Illig, Director, JoumalsDiane Smith, Assistant Production Editor

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.,Washington, DC 20005-4171, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of applied knowledge as well as ecological knowledge, bothapplied and fundamental, concerning microorganisms. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year; reprints areavailable from the editors and the Journals Division. Applied and Environmental Microbiology is published monthly, one volume per year.The nonmember print subscription prices are $252 (U.S.1 (Canadians add 7% GST) and $299 (other countries) per year; single copies are $40(Canadians add 7% GST). The member print subscription prices are $50 (U.S.) (Canadians add 7% GST) and $86 (other countries); singlecopies are $10 (Canadians add 7% GST). For prices of CD-ROM versions, contact the Subscriptions Unit, ASM. Correspondence relating tosubscriptions, defective copies, missing issues, and availability of back issues should be directed to the Subscriptions Unit, ASM;correspondence relating to reprint orders should be directed to the Reprint Order Unit, ASM; and correspondence relating to disposition ofsubmitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Division, American Society for Microbiology,1325 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005-4171. Phone: (202) 737-3600.Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of

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DC 20005-4171.Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. ISSN: 0099-2240Copyright X) 1993, American Society for Microbiology. CODEN: AEMIDFAll Rights Reserved. a * : 9$¢ A#I(r'J4tcThe code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be

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Author IndexAddleman, Katherine, 266Ahearn, Donald G., 183Ahrne, S., 15Alabouvette, Claude, 74Almkerk, Jose W., 52Anikis, Michael S., 47Archibald, Frederick, 266Archibald, F. S., 260Asins, Maria Jose, 309Averill, Bruce A., 250

Bak, Friedhelm, 101Bakker, Peter A. H. M., 74Barea, J. M., 129Bartha, Richard, 290Batt, Carl A., 304Bengmark, S., 15Bezborodnikov, Serguei G.,

250Bhatnagar, D., 156Blomberg, L., 34Bourbonnais, R., 260Broer, Stefan, 316Brousseau, R., 114Bsat, Nada, 304Buttner, Mark P., 219

Cabana, Jean, 114Carroll, Karen, 344Castenholz, Richard W., 163,

170Chapot-Chartier, Marie-Pierre,

330Choi, Sung-Chan, 290Chopin, Alain, 330Chopin, Marie-Christine, 330Choquet, C. G., 27Civerolo, E. L., 243Cleveland, T. E., 156Colwell, Rita R., 47Conway, P. L., 34Costerton, J. William, 340Cotta, Michael A., 189Cunningham, Daryl P., 7Czajka, John, 304

Datta, Atin R., 144de Kogel, Willem Jan, 74Demirci, Ali, 203de Vos, Willem M., 213Diels, Ludo, 334Dodge, C. J., 109Dostal, Larry, 281

Drury, William J., 327Durmaz, Evelyn, 208

Eggeling, Lothar, 316Entian, K.-D., 296

Finster, Kai, 101Fogleman, James C., 1Foster, Joan L. M., 1Francis, A. J., 109Fries, Marcos R., 250

Gambin, O., 243Gandhi, Parul A., 183Garcia-Pichel, Ferran, 163,

170Giuseppin, Marco L. F., 52Glatz, Bonita A., 83Gordon, Andrew S., 60Gripon, Jean-Claude, 330

Hansen, Egon Bech, 21Hansen, Jens Wurgler, 101Harwood, Valerie J., 60Hashimoto, Yoshiteru, 347Heistek, Jolanda C., 52Hemme, Denis, 177Henriksson, A., 34Herman, David C., 340Herrera, M. A., 129Hill, Russell T., 47Hino, Tsuneo, 255Hooyberghs, Liliane, 334Hugenholtz, Jeroen, 213

Israelsen, Hans, 21

Jacquemoud-Collet, J. P., 243Jeppsson, B., 15Johansson, M.-L., 15Johnson, Kenneth E., 203Jurasek, L., 260

Kaletta, C., 296King, G. M., 120Klaenhammer, Todd R., 197,

208Klein, C., 296Knight, Ivor T., 47Kodama, Tohru, 285Kramer, Reinhard, 316Kreps, Sabine, 334Krishnan, Hari B., 150

Kuipers, Oscar P., 213Kuroda, Shinji, 255

Lane, John, 144Lemanceau, Philippe, 74Longo, Elisa, 322Lopez, Maria M., 309Luisetti, J., 243Lundie, Leon L., Jr., 7Lyon, Wanda J., 83

Masson, L., 114Mehnert, D. U., 140Mergeay, Max, 334Mizunashi, Wataru, 227Moineau, Sylvain, 197, 208Molin, G., 15Monna, Lisa, 285Moore, Melissa A., 144Mottice, Susan, 344Mulders, John W. M., 213Murakami, Katsuji, 347Murga, Ricardo, 327Murooka, Haruyoshi, 97Murooka, Yoshikatsu, 347

Nakajima, Mutsuyasu, 97Nakamura, Tetsuji, 227Nardi, Michele, 330Nash, J. H. E., 27Nobaek, S., 15Nystrom, G. J., 156

Oda, Hiroshi, 97Olson, M. E., 67Omori, Toshio, 285

Paice, M. G., 260Pandian, Sithian, 197, 208Patel, G. B., 27Payne, G. A., 156Pefialver, Ram6n, 309Peyton, Brent M., 327Piani, Marcos, 304Pometto, Anthony L., III, 203Prefontaine, G., 114Pruvost, O., 243Pueppke, Steven G., 150

Reid, I. D., 260Renault, Pierre, 177Roach, P. D., 67Rosazza, John P. N., 281

Russ, William, 304

Saint-Onge, Alain, 114Salamanca, C. P., 129Sawant, Anil D., 183Sawyer, T. E., 120Sayyar, Sean, 60Schippers, Bob, 74Shahbal, Samaha, 177Sharma, H. D., 134Siezen, Roland J., 213Smith, Lori, 344Smith, M. L., 134Springael, Dirk, 334Sprott, G. D., 27Stetzenbach, Linda D., 219Stewart, Philip S., 327Stewien, K. E., 140Strobel, H. J., 40Sultana, Khalida, 304Sunairi, Michio, 97

Taylor, Barrie F., 93Taylor, H. W., 134Taylor, Kenneth B., 231Thamdrup, Bo, 101Thomas, M. D., 236Tiedje, James M., 250Topisirovic, L., 274

van Tilburg, A.-U. B., 236Vemiere, C., 243Verrips, C. Theo, 52Vezinhet, Francoise, 322Vicedo, Begonya, 309Visscher, Pieter T., 93Vujcic, M., 274

Wallis, P. M., 67Watanabe, Ichiro, 227Watanabe, Tatsunori, 97Wentz, Barry A., 144Whitaker, Richard, 304Whitehead, Terence R., 189Whitley, G., 67Wiedmann, Martin, 304Wilson, Louis A., 183Wingard, Christopher E., 170Woloshuk, C. P., 156Wong, T. Y., 89

Xu, Jie, 231

Yang, Wei, 281Ye, Rick W., 250Yu, Fujio, 227

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

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acceptable for publication on the basis of scientificmerit, it is sent to the Journals Division, where it ischecked by the production editor. If the manuscripthas been prepared according to the criteria set forth inthese instructions, it is scheduled for the next availableissue and an acceptance letter that indicates the monthof publication, approximate page proof dates, andsection is mailed to the corresponding author. Theeditorial staff of the ASM Journals Division completesthe editing of the manuscript to bring it into conformitywith prescribed style.

Page ProofsThe printer sends page proofs, the copyedited

manuscript, and the page charge/reprint order form tothe corresponding author. As soon as the page proofsare corrected and signed by the person who proofreadthem (within 48 h), they should be mailed to the ASMJournals Division.The proof stage is not the time to make extensive

corrections, additions, or deletions. Important newinformation that has become available between accep-tance of the manuscript and receipt of the proofs maybe inserted as an Addendum in Proof with the permis-sion of the editor. If references to unpublished dataor personal communications are added, it is expectedthat written assurance granting permission for thecitation will be included. Limit changes to correctionof spelling errors, incorrect data, grammatical errors,and updated information for "submitted" and "inpress" references.

Questions about late proofs and problems in theproofs should be directed to the ASM Journals Divi-sion, telephone (202) 737-3600.

ReprintsReprints (in multiples of 100) may be purchased by

all coauthors. An order form that includes a tableshowing the cost of reprints is sent with the proofs tothe corresponding author.

. .


ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the ele-

ments described in this section.

Title, Running Title, and Byline. Each manuscriptshould present the results of an independent, cohesivestudy; thus, numbered series titles are not permitted.Exercise care in composing a main title. Avoid themain title/subtitle arrangement, complete sentences,and unnecessary articles. On the title page, include thetitle, running title (not to exceed 54 characters andspaces), name of each author, address(es) of theinstitution(s) at which the work was performed, eachauthor's affiliation, and a footnote indicating thepresent address of any author no longer at the institu-tion where the work was performed. Place an asteriskafter the name of the author to whom inquiries regard-ing the paper should be directed, and give that author'stelephone and fax numbers. The BITNET or otherelectronic mail address of the corresponding author, ifsupplied on the title page of the manuscript, will beincluded as a footnote in the published article.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewerand concisely summarize the basic content of thepaper without presenting extensive experimental de-tails. Avoid abbreviations and do not include dia-grams. When it is essential to include a reference, use

the References citation but omit the article title. Be-cause the abstract will be published separately byabstracting services, it must be complete and under-standable without reference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi-cient background information to allow the reader tounderstand and evaluate the results of the presentstudy without referring to previous publications on thetopic. The introduction should also provide the ratio-nale for the present study. Use only those referencesrequired to provide the most salient background ratherthan an exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methodssection should include sufficient technical informationto allow the experiments to be repeated. When cen-trifugation conditions are critical, give enough infor-mation to enable another investigator to repeat theprocedure: make of centrifuge, model of rotor, tem-perature, time at maximum speed, and centrifugalforce (x g rather than revolutions per minute). Forcommonly used materials and methods (e.g., mediaand protein determinations), a simple reference issufficient. If several alternative methods are com-

monly used, it is helpful to identify the method brieflyas well as to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state, "cells were broken by ultrasonictreatment as previously described (9)," rather than tostate, "cells were broken as previously described (9)."

The reader should be allowed to assess the methodwithout constant reference to previous publications.Describe new methods completely, and give sourcesof unusual chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains.When large numbers of microbial strains or mutantsare used in a study, include tables identifying thesources and properties of the strains, mutants, bacte-riophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several

experiments reported in the paper may be described inthe Results section or very briefly (one or two sen-tences) may be included in a table footnote or figurelegend.

Results. In the Results section, include only theresults of the experiments; reserve extensive interpre-tation of the results for the Discussion section. Presentthe results as concisely as possible in one of thefollowing: text, table(s), or figure(s). Avoid extensiveuse of graphs to present data that might be moreconcisely presented in the text or tables. For example,except in unusual cases, double-reciprocal plots usedto determine apparent Km values should not be pre-sented as graphs; instead, the values should be statedin the text. Similarly, graphs illustrating other methodscommonly used to derive kinetic or physical constants(e.g., reduced viscosity plots, plots used to determinesedimentation velocity) need not be shown except inunusual circumstances. Limit photographs (particular-ly photomicrographs and electron micrographs) tothose that are absolutely necessary to show the experi-mental findings. Number figures and tables in the orderin which they are cited in the text, and be sure to citeall figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter-pretation of the results in relation to previously pub-lished work and to the experimental system at handand should not contain extensive repetition of theResults section or reiteration of the introduction. Inshort papers, the Results and Discussion sections maybe combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financialassistance and of personal assistance are given inseparate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl-edgment of grant support is as follows: "This workwas supported by Public Health Service grant CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen-tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles,authors, and References sections that are distinct fromthose of the primary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in thebyline or the Acknowledgment section of the primaryarticle, rewrite the appendix so that it can be consid-ered for publication as an independent article, eitherfull length or Note style. Equations, tables, and figuresshould be labeled with the letter "A" preceding the

1V


numeral to distinguish them from those cited in themain body of the text.

References. The References section must include allrelevant sources, and all listed references must becited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabeticalorder, by first author, and number consecutively. Ab-breviate journal names according to Serial Sourcesforthe BIOSIS Data Base (BioSciences Information Ser-vice, 1992). Cite each listed reference by number in thetext.Follow the styles shown in the examples below.

1. Armstrong, J. E., and J. A. Calder. 1978. Inhibitionof light-induced pH increase and 02 evolution of ma-rine microalgae by water-soluble components of crudeand refined oils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:858-862.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E.Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi-bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schles-singer (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

3. Cox, C. S., B. R. Brown, and J. C. Smith. J. Gen.Genet., in press.*

4. Dhople, A., I. Ortega, and C. Berauer. 1989. Effect ofoxygen on in vitro growth of Mycobacterium leprae,abstr. U-82, p. 168. Abstr. 89th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1989.

5. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding.1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co-ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society forMicrobiology, Washington, D.C.

6. Fitzgerald, G., and D. Shaw. In A. E. Waters (ed.),Clinical microbiology, in press. EFH Publishing Co.,Boston.

7. Gill, T. J., HI. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p.169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manualof clinical immunology. American Society for Micro-biology, Washington, D.C.

8. Gustlethwaite, F. P. 1985. Letter. Lancet ii:327.9. Jacoby, J., R. Grimm, J. Bostic, V. Dean, and G. Starke.

Submitted for publication.10. Jensen, C., and D. S. Schumacher. Unpublished data.11. Jones, A. (Yale University). 1990. Personal communica-

tion.12. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen

novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons(ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology,8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

13. Powers, R. D., W. M. Dotson, Jr., and F. G. Hayden.1982. Program Abstr. 22nd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother., abstr. 448.

14. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellularcations on the germination of bacterial spores, p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Camp-bell (ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiol-ogy, Washington, D.C.

15. Sigma Chemical Co. 1989. Sigma manual. Sigma Chem-ical Co., St. Louis, Mo.

16. Smith, J. C. April 1970. U.S. patent 484,363,770.17. Smyth, D. R. 1972. Ph.D. thesis. University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles.18. Yagupsky, P., and M. A. Menegus. 1989. Intraluminal

colonization as a source of catheter-related infection.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2025. (Letter.)

* Note that an "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number (e.g.,AEM 576-93) or the name of the publication if it is abook.

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length papers.

They receive the same review, they are not publishedmore rapidly than full-length papers, and they are notconsidered preliminary communications. The Noteformat is intended for the presentation of brief obser-vations that do not warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50

words. Do not use section headings in the body of theNote; report methods, results, and discussion in asingle section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. Thetext should be kept to a minimum and if possibleshould not exceed 1,000 words; the number of figuresand tables should also be kept to a minimum. Materialsand methods should be described in the text, not infigure legends or table footnotes. Present acknowledg-ments as in full-length papers, but do not use aheading. The References section is identical to that offull-length papers.

MinireviewsMinireviews are brief summaries (limit of 4 printed

pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. Theymust be based on published articles; they may addressany subject within the scope of AEM. Minireviewsmay be either solicited or proffered by authors re-sponding to a recognized need. Irrespective of origin,minireviews are subject to editorial review. Threedouble-spaced copies must be provided.

Letters to the EditorLetters to the Editor must include data to support

the writer's argument and are intended only for com-ments on articles published previously in the journal.They may be no more than 500 words long. Send lettersto the Journals Division. They will be processed andsent to the editor who handled the article in question.If the editor believes that publication is warranted, hewill solicit a reply from the corresponding author ofthe article and inake a recommendation to the editor inchief. Final approval for publication rests with theeditor in chief. All letters intended for publicationmust be typed double spaced.

ErrataThe Erratum section provides a means of correcting

errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles.Changes in data and the addition of new material arenot permitted. Send errata directly to the JournalsDivision.

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Author's CorrectionsThe Author's Correction section provides a means

of adding citations that were overlooked in a publishedarticle. The author who failed to cite a reference andthe author whose paper was not cited must agree tosuch a publication; the editor, editor in chief, andchairman of the Publications Board will not be in-volved. Letters from both authors must accompanythe author's correction sent to the Journals Division.

DisclaimersStatements disclaiming governmental or any other

type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by theJournals Division.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESThe figure number and authors' names should be

written on all figures, either in the margin or on theback (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro-graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well.Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu-

script with paper clips. Insert small figures in anenvelope. To avoid damage in transit, do not submitillustrations larger than 81/2 by 11 inches.

Illustrations in published articles will not be re-turned to authors.

Continuous-Tone and Composite PhotographsWhen submitting continuous-tone photographs

(e.g., polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journalpage width: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67/8inches for a double column (maximum). Include onlythe significant portion of an illustration. Photos mustbe of sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable lossof contrast and detail inherent in the printing process.Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figurefor each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are notacceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should bethe size they will appear when published so that noreduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, makesure that all elements, including labeling, can with-stand reduction and remain legible.

If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tonephotograph and a drawing or labeling, the originalcomposite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not aphotograph of the composite). This original, labeled"printer's copy," may be sent with the modifiedmanuscript to the editor.

Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop-ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnificationwith a scale marker on each micrograph.

Computer-Generated ImagesAt this time, the highest-quality and simplest repro-

duction of gels (and similar illustrations) continues tobe scanning of author-supplied continuous-tone photo-graphs by the printer. However, ASM recognizes theincreasing use of new technology by authors. Thefollowing information and guidelines will help to en-

sure good reproduction of computer-generated im-ages.The new image-processing software/hardware pro-

duces digitized hard-copy images consisting of pat-terns of dots. To produce the negatives essential forplate making and web printing, the printer must shoot/scan this hard copy through a "screen," which breaksdown the image into dots. When the two sets ofdot patterns are thus combined, the resulting printedimage is often of unacceptable quality. To avoid thisproblem, you may want to consider using a fileinterchange known as tagged image file format (TIFF)or encapsulated postscript (EPS). Files (along withprints, which the copy editor will use for sizing) shouldbe supplied on a floppy disk (either MS-DOS orMacintosh) with the accepted manuscript. For largeimages, 40- or 80-megabyte Syquest cartridges ormagneto-optical cartridges may be used. For transferfrom UNIX systems, either 9-track or 8-mm "tar"archives may be submitted. (Note that floppies, car-tridges, and tapes will not be returned to the author.)Remember that for this method, all final lettering,labeling, tooling, etc., must be incorporated in the finalsupplied material. It cannot be added at a later date.Do not include figure numbers on the images in casefigure order must be changed during the editing pro-cess.

Since the contents of computer-generated imagescan be manipulated for better clarity, the PublicationsBoard at its May 1992 meeting indicated that a descrip-tion of the software/hardware used should be includedin the figure legend(s).

Color PhotographsColor photographs are discouraged. However, if

they are necessary, include an extra copy at the timeof manuscript submission so that a cost estimate forprinting may be obtained. The cost of printing colorphotographs must be borne by the author.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, complicated chemical or

mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other drawingsas glossy photographs made from finished drawingsnot requiring additional artwork or typesetting. Com-puter-generated graphics produced on high-quality la-ser printers are also usually acceptable. No part of thegraph or drawing should be handwritten. Both axes ofgraphs must be labeled. Most graphs will be reduced toone-column width (35/16 inches), and all elements in thedrawing should be large enough to withstand thisreduction. Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printermay not be able to reproduce in the legend.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well astable column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num-bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to usethe International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m for10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.) A complete listing of SI

Vi


symbols can be found in the International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual ofSymbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan-tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 dpm on a figureordinate is to be made by the number 20 accompaniedby the label kdpm.When powers of 10 must be used, the journal

requires that the exponent power be associated withthe number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml,the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and thelabel would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x10-4"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml(milliunits per milliliter).

Presentation of Nucleic Acid SequencesNucleic acid sequences of limited length which are

the primary subject of a study may be presentedfreestyle in the most effective format. Longer nucleicacid sequences must be presented in the followingformat to conserve space. Submit the sequence ascamera-ready copy of dimensions 81/2 by 11 inches (orslightly less) in standard (portrait) orientation. Printthe sequence in lines of 100 bases, each in a nonpro-

portional (monospace) font which is easily legiblewhen published at 100 bases/6 inches. Uppercase andlowercase letters may be used to designate the exon/intron structure, transcribed regions, etc., if the low-ercase letters remain legible at 100 bases/6 inches.Number the sequence line by line; place numerals,representing the first base of each line, to the left of thelines. Minimize spacing between adjacent lines ofsequence, leaving room only for annotation of thesequence. Annotation may include boldface, underlin-ing, brackets, boxes, etc. Encoded amino acid se-quences may be presented, if necessary, immediatelyabove the first nucleotide of each codon, using thesingle-letter amino acid symbols. Comparisons of mul-tiple nucleic acid sequences should conform as nearlyas possible to the same format.

Figure LegendsLegends should provide enough information so that

the figure is understandable without frequent referenceto the text. However, detailed experimental methodsmust be described in the Materials and Methodssection, not in a figure legend. A method that is uniqueto one of several experiments may be reported in a

legend only if the discussion is very brief (one or twosentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations usedin the figure that have not been defined elsewhere.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange the

data so that columns of like material read down, notacross. The headings should be sufficiently clear sothat the meaning of the data will be understandable

TABLE 1. Distribution of protein and ATPase in fractions ofdialyzed membranesa

ATPaseMembranes Fraction U/mg of Total U

protein

Control Depleted 0.036 2.3membrane

Concentrated 0.134 4.82supernatant

El treated Depleted 0.034 1.98membrane

Concentrated 0.11 4.6supernatant

a Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted membranes from control andtreated bacteria were 0.21 and 0.20, respectively.

without reference to the text. See "Abbreviations" inthese instructions for those that should be used intables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, butmore extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of the exper-iment. Tables must include enough information towarrant table format; those with fewer than six piecesof data will be incorporated into the text by the copyeditor. A well-constructed table is shown above.

Tables that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting or artwork arereferred to as "camera ready." They should not behand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con-form with the style of the journal. The advantage ofsubmitting camera-ready copy is that the material willappear exactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicated tablesand when the division of material and spacing areimportant.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of chemical

compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Ab-stracts Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) andits indexes. The Merck Index (llth ed., 1989; Merck &Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) is also an excellent source.For biochemical terminology, including abbreviationsand symbols, consult Biochemical Nomenclature andRelated Documents (1978; reprinted for The Biochem-ical Society, London) and the instructions to authorsof the Journal of Biological Chemistry and the Ar-chives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (first issues ofeach year).Do not express molecular weights in daltons; mo-

lecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass isexpressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name

assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry as described inEnzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1992).

. .


If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper(trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstractand text. Use the EC number when one has beenassigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of micromoles perminute.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names, consisting of a generic name and a

specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), must be usedfor all microorganisms. Names of higher categoriesmay be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi-thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded bya generic name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated tothe initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided therecan be no confusion with other genera used in thepaper. Names of all taxa (phyla, classes, orders,families, genera, species, subspecies) are printed initalics and should be underlined (or italicized) in themanuscript; strain designations and numbers are not.The spelling of names should follow the Approved

Lists ofBacterial Names (amended edition) (V. B. D.Skerman, V. McGowan, and P. H. A. Sneath, ed.) andthe Index of the Bactenial and Yeast NomenclaturalChanges Published in the Intemational Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology since the 1980 ApprovedLists ofBacterial Names (1 January 1980 to 1 January1989) (W. E. C. Moore and L. V. H. Moore, ed.), bothpublished by the American Society for Microbiologyin 1989, and the validation lists and articles publishedin the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriol-ogy since 1 January 1989. If there is reason to use aname that does not have standing in nomenclature, thename should be enclosed in quotation marks and anappropriate statement concerning the nomenclaturalstatus of the name should be made in the text (for anexample, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).

It is recommended that a strain be deposited in arecognized culture collection when that strain is nec-essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte-riological Code, 1990 Revision, American Society forMicrobiology, 1992).

Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it isthe responsibility of the author to determine the ac-cepted binomial for a given organism. Some sourcesfor these names include The Yeasts: a TaxonomicStudy, 3rd ed. (N. J. W. Kreger-van Rij, ed., ElsevierScience Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984) andAinsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, In-cluding the Lichens, 7th ed. (Commonwealth Myco-logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983).Names used for viruses should be those approved

by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vi-ruses (ICTV) and published in the 4th Report of theICTV, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses(Intervirology 17:23-199, 1982), with the modificationscontained in the 5th Report of the ICTV (Arch. Virol.,Suppl. 2, 1991). If desired, synonyms may be addedparenthetically when the name is first mentioned.

Approved generic (or group) and family names mayalso be used.

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should begiven designations consisting of letters and serial num-bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker'sinitials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory,etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant,isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial)designation. This designation should be distinct fromthose of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypicand phenotypic symbols should not be included.

Genetic Nomenclature

Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria aredescribed in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. Thephenotype describes the observable properties of anorganism. The genotype refers to the genetic constitu-tion of an organism, usually in reference to somestandard wild type. Use the recommendations of De-merec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) as a guide to theuse of these terms.

(i) Phenotypic designations must be used whenmutant loci have not been identified or mapped. Theycan also be used to identify the protein product of agene, e.g., the OmpA protein. Phenotypic designa-tions generally consist of three-letter symbols; theseare not italicized, and the first letter of the symbol iscapitalized. It is preferable to use roman or arabicnumerals (instead of letters) to identify a series ofrelated phenotypes. Thus, a series of nucleic acidpolymerase mutants might be designated Poll, Pol2,Pol3, etc. Wild-type characteristics can be designatedwith a superscript plus (Pol+) and, when necessary forclarity, negative superscripts (Pol-) can be used todesignate mutant characteristics. Lowercase super-script letters may be used to further delineate pheno-types (e.g., Strs for streptomycin sensitivity). Pheno-typic designations should be defined.

(ii) Genotypic designations are similarly indicatedby three-letter locus symbols. In contrast to pheno-typic designations, these are lowercase italic (e.g., arahis rps). If several loci govern related functions, theseare distinguished by italicized capital letters followingthe locus symbol (e.g., araA araB araC). Promoter,terminator, and operator sites should be indicated asdescribed by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol. Rev.44:1-56, 1980), e.g., lacZp, lacAt, and lacZo.

(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with a super-script plus (ara+ his'). A superscript minus is not usedto indicate a mutant locus; thus, one refers to an aramutant rather than an ara- strain.

(iv) Mutation sites are designated by placing serialisolation numbers (allele numbers) after the locussymbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If it is not known in whichof several related loci the mutation has occurred, ahyphen is used instead of the capital letter (e.g.,ara-23). It is essential in papers reporting the isolationof new mutants that allele numbers be given to themutations. For Escherichia coli, there is a registry of

* *ii


such numbers: E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Depart-ment of Biology, Yale University, P. 0. Box 6666,New Haven, CT 06511-7444. For Salmonella, theregistry is: Salmonella Genetic Stock Center, Depart-ment of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary,Alberta, T2N 1N4 Canada. For Bacillus, the registryis: Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, Ohio State Univer-sity, Columbus. A registry of allele numbers andinsertion elements (omega [Qi] numbers) for chromo-somal mutations and chromosomal insertions of trans-posons and other insertion elements has been estab-lished in conjunction with the ISP collection ofStaphylococcus aureus at Iowa State University.Blocks of allele numbers and fl numbers are assignedto laboratories on request. Requests for blocks ofnumbers and additional information can be obtainedfrom Peter A. Pattee, Department of Microbiology,Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. A registry ofplasmid designations is maintained by the PlasmidReference Center, Department of Medical Microbiol-ogy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

(v) The use of superscripts with genotypes (otherthan + to indicate wild-type alleles) should beavoided. Designations indicating amber mutations(Am), temperature-sensitive mutations (Ts), constitu-tive mutations (Con), cold-sensitive mutations (Cs),production of a hybrid protein (Hyb), and other im-portant phenotypic properties should follow the allelenumber [e.g., araA230(Am) hisD21(Ts)]. All othersuch designations of phenotype must be defined at thefirst occurrence. If superscripts must be used, theymust be approved by the editor and they must bedefined at the first occurrence.

Subscripts may be used in two situations. Subscriptsmay be used to distinguish between genes (having thesame name) from different organisms or strains, e.g.,hisE. coli or hisKl2 for the his genes of E. coli or strainK-12 in another species or strain, respectively. Anabbreviation could also be used if it were explained.Similarly, a subscript is also used to distinguish be-tween genetic elements that have the same name. Forexample, the promoters of the gln operon can bedesignated glnAp1 and glnAp2. This form departsslightly from that recommended by Bachmann andLow (e.g., desClp).

(vi) Deletions are indicated by the symbol A placedbefore the deleted gene or region, e.g., AtrpA432,A(aroP-aceE)419, or Ahis(dhuA hisJ hisQ)1256. Simi-larly, other symbols can be used (with appropriatedefinition). Thus, a fusion of the ara and lac op-erons can be shown as FD(ara-lac)95. Similarly,F(araB'-lacZ+)96 indicates that the fusion results in atruncated araB gene fused to an intact lacZ, and1?(malE-lacZ)97(Hyb) shows that a hybrid protein issynthesized. An inversion is shown as IN(rmD-rmE)l. An insertion of an E. coli his gene into plasmidpSC101 at zero kilobases (0 kb) is shown as pSC101f1(0kb::K-12hisB)4. An alternative designation of aninsertion can be used in simple cases, e.g., galT236::Tn5. The number 236 refers to the locus of the

insertion, and if the strain carries an additional galmutation, it is listed separately. Additional examples,which utilize a slightly different format, can be foundin the papers by Campbell et al. and Novick et al. citedbelow. It is important in reporting the construction ofstrains in which a mobile element was inserted andsubsequently deleted that this latter fact be noted inthe strain table. This can be done by listing thegenotype of the strain used as an intermediate, in atable footnote, or by a direct or parenthetical remarkin the genotype, e.g., (F-), AMu cts, mal::AMu cts::lac. In setting parenthetical remarks within the geno-type or dividing the genotype into constituent ele-ments, parentheses and square brackets are usedwithout special meaning; square brackets are usedoutside parentheses. To indicate the presence of anepisome, parentheses (or brackets) are used (X, F+).Reference to an integrated episome is indicated asdescribed above for inserted elements, and an exo-genote is shown as, for example, W3110/F'8(gal+).Any deviations from standard genetic nomenclature

should be explained in Materials and Methods or in atable of strains. For information about the symbols incurrent use, consult Bachmann (B. J. Bachmann, p.807-876, in J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik,M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger, ed., Escherichiacoli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molec-ular Biology, 1987, American Society for Microbiol-ogy, Washington, D.C.) for E. coli K-12, Sandersonand Roth (Microbiol. Rev. 52:485-532, 1988) for Sal-monella typhimurium, Holloway et al. (Microbiol.Rev. 43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas, Piggot andHoch (Microbiol. Rev. 49:158-179, 1985) for Bacillussubtilis, Perkins et al. (Microbiol. Rev. 46:426-570,1982) for Neurospora crassa, and Mortimer and Schild(Microbiol. Rev. 49:181-213, 1985) for Saccharomycescerevisiae. For yeasts, Chlamydomonas, and severalfungal species, symbols such as those given in theHandbook of Microbiology (A. I. Laskin and H. A.Lechevalier, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 1974) should beused.

Conventions for naming genes. It is recommendedthat new genes whose function is yet to be establishedbe named by one of the following methods. (i) Whenapplicable, the new gene may be given the same nameas a homologous gene already identified in anotherorganism. (ii) The gene may be given a provisionalname based on its map location in the style yaaA,analogous to the style used for recording transposoninsertions (zef) as discussed below. (iii) A provisionalname may be given in the style described by Demerecet al. (e.g., usg, for gene upstream of folC).

"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc-tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primarysequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (astrain carrying one or more mutations). One mayspeak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannot

lx

INSTRUCIIONS TO AUTHORS

map a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no geneticlocus, only a phenotype.

Strain designations. Do not use a genotype as a name(e.g., "subsequent use of leuC6 for transduction"). Ifa strain designation has not been chosen, select anappropriate word combination (e.g., "another straincontaining the leuC6 mutation").

Viruses. The genetic nomenclature for viruses dif-fers from that for bacteria. In most instances, viruseshave no phenotype, since they have no metabolismoutside host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype cannot be made. Superscriptsare used to indicate hybrid genomes. Genetic symbolsmay be one, two, or three letters. For example, amutant strain of X might be designated as XAamll int2redll4 cI857; this strain carries mutations in genes cI,int, and red and an amber-suppressible (am) mutationin gene A. A strain designated X att434 imm21 wouldrepresent a hybrid of phage X which carries the immu-nity region (imm) of phage 21 and the attachment (att)region of phage 434. Host DNA insertions into virusesshould be delineated by square brackets, and thegenetic symbols and designations for such insertedDNA should conform to those used for the hostgenome. Genetic symbols for phage X can be found inSzybalski and Szybalski (Gene 7:217-270, 1979) and inEchols and Murialdo (Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591,1978).

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en-zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser-tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) shouldfollow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec-tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser-tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g.,zef-123::TnS, has been described by Chumley et al.(Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). The nomenclature rec-ommendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plasmid-specified ac-tivities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972) forF-prime factors, and of Roberts (Nucleic Acids Res.17:r347-r387, 1989) for restriction enzymes and theirisoschizomers should be used when possible. Recom-binant DNA molecules constructed in vitro follow thenomenclature for insertions in general. DNA insertedinto recombinant DNA molecules should be describedby using the gene symbols and conventions for theorganism from which the DNA was obtained. ThePlasmid Reference Center (E. Lederberg, PlasmidReference Center, Department of Microbiology andImmunology, 5402, Stanford University School ofMedicine, Stanford, CA 94305-2499) assigns Tn and ISnumbers to avoid conflicting and repetitive use andalso clears nonconflicting plasmid prefix designations.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Verb TenseASM strongly recommends that for clarity you use

the past tense to narrate particular events in the past,including the procedures, observations, and data ofthe study that you are reporting. Use the present tensefor your own general conclusions, the conclusions ofprevious researchers, and generally accepted facts.Thus, most of the abstract, Materials and Methods,and Results sections will be in the past tense, and mostof the introduction and some of the Discussion will bein the present tense.Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense

in a single sentence. For example, it is correct to say"White (30) demonstrated that XYZ cells grow at pH6.8," "Figure 2 shows that ABC cells failed to grow atroom temperature," and "Air was removed from thechamber and the mice died, which proves that micerequire air." In reporting statistics and calculations, itis correct to say "The values for the ABC cells arestatistically significant, indicating that the drug inhib-ited...."For an in-depth discussion of tense in scientific

writing, see p. 158-160 in How to Write and Publish aScientific Paper, 3rd ed.

Abbreviations

General. Abbreviations should be used as an aid tothe reader rather than as a convenience to the author,and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia-tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu-ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can bemade for necessity, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrasea long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "thesubstrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivialnames or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext.

It is strongly recommended that all abbreviationsexcept those listed below be introduced in the firstparagraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively,define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe-ses the first time it is used; e.g., "cultures were grownin Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener-ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at leastfive times in the text (including tables and figurelegends).

Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia-tions for Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units ofmeasurement, other common units (e.g., bp, kb, andDa), and chemical symbols for the elements, thefollowing should be used without definition in the title,abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid); cDNA (complementary DNA);RNA (ribonucleic acid); cRNA (complementary

x


RNA); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyribonu-clease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messengerRNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP,dAMP, ddATP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5' phos-phates of adenosine and other nucleosides) (add 2'-,3'-, or 5'- when needed for contrast); ATPase, dGT-Pase, etc. (adenosine triphosphatase, deoxyguanosinetriphosphatase, etc.); NAD (nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide); NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucle-otide, oxidized); NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinu-cleotide, reduced); NADP (nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate); NADPH (nicotinamide ade-nine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced); NADP+ (nic-otinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized);poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, polydeox-ythymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. (oligodeoxy-thymidylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophosphate); PPi (pyro-phosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque-formingunits); CFU (colony-forming units); MIC (minimalinhibitory concentration); MBC (minimal bactericidalconcentration); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh-ane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); A260 (absorbance at260 nm); EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid); andAIDS (acquired immunodeficiency [or immune defi-ciency] syndrome). Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g.,HeLa) also need not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used without

definition in tables:

amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)exptl (experimental)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting length,

weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity,use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9,and 10- , respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,u or ,u,u. Partsper million (ppm) may be used when that is thecommon measure for the science in that field. Units oftemperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 324 K.When fractions are used to express such units as

enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use wholeunits, such as g or min, in the denominator instead offractional or multiple units, such as ,ug or 10 min. Forexample, "pmol/min" would be preferable to"nmol/10 min," and ", mol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/p,g." It is also preferable that an unambiguous

form, such as exponential notation, be used; for ex-ample, ",umol g-1 min-m' is preferable to ",umol/g/min."

See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de-tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con-tained in this source is information on the appropriateSI units for reporting illumination, energy, frequency,pressure, and other physical terms. Always reportnumerical data in the applicable SI units.

StatisticsIf biological variation within a treatment (coefficient

of variation, the standard deviation divided by themean) is small (less than 10%) and the differenceamong treatment means is large (greater than 3 stan-dard deviations), it is not necessary to report statistics.If the data do not meet these criteria, however, theauthors must include an appropriate statistical analysis(e.g., Student's t test, analysis of variance, Tukey'stest, etc.). Statistics should represent the variationamong biological units (e.g., replicate incubations) andnot just the variation due to method of analysis.

EquationsIn mathematical equations, indicate the order of

operations clearly by enclosing operations in parenthe-ses, brackets, and braces, in that order: (a + b) x c ora + (b x c), 100 x {[(alb) x c] + d} or 100 x {aI[(b xc) + d]}. Italicize (by underlining) variables and con-stants (but not numerals), and use roman type fordesignations: E0, Eh, Mr, Km, Ks, a + 2b = 1.2 mM,Ca2+Vma = exp(1.Sx + y), BOD = 2.7x2.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, isotopic labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 14C02, 3H2, H35S04).Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol isattached to the name of a compound that in its naturalstate does not contain the element (e.g., 32S-ATP) orto a word that is not a specific chemical name (e.g.,311-labeled protein, '4C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope

introduced is placed in brackets directly preceding thepart of the name that describes the labeled entity. Notethat configuration symbols and modifiers precede theisotopic symbol. The following examples illustratecorrect usage.

[14C]ureaL-[methyl- '4C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[a-14C]lysine[.-32P]ATP

UDP-[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNAfructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphos-

phate

AEM follows the same conventions for isotopic label-ing as the Joumal of Biological Chemistry, and moredetailed information can be found in the instructions toauthors of that journal (first issue of each year).

Xi

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