Applying the Urban Health Index to Shanghai, China

Dajun Dai Richard Rothenberg Scott Weaver Christine Stauber Ruiyan Luo

Georgia State University

Megumi Kano Amit Prasad

The WHO Kobe Center

Hua Fu Junling Gao Jiang Li

Fudan University

Why Shanghai • Largest city proper by

population in the world – 24 million in total – 17 million in core district – 6,845/km2

• Global financial center – GDP: US$352.36 billion

Examining the UHI for Shanghai • Health determinants

– Data source: 2000 Census Statistics – Small area unit: township (n=329) – Indicators

• Economic, demographic, educational, and built environmental variables

– Directions • make lower levels “worse” and higher levels

“better”

Examining the UHI for Shanghai • 10 indicators

– Demographic • Non-agricultural population (%)

– Economic • Employed population (%) • Professional and managerial job (%)

– Education • Middle-school graduation (%) • High-school graduation (%) • Junior-college graduation (%)

– Built environment • Household cooking using gas and electricity (%) • Household using tab water (%) • Household having its own bath heating facilities (%) • Household having its own lavatory (%)

• Standardize Indicators

Where min*(I) is the sample minimum minus small constant (0.1) to prevent zero values for IS.

• Compute the Index using geometric mean of the standardized indicators

UHI = Ii

S

i=1

n

∏

1n

Examining the UHIs for an Urban area

Shanghai UHI graph • UHI1: 10 indicators

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0.6

0.8

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uhi1_1

UHI

1_1

Scaled Rank

100% data Middle 80% data

y = 0.6855x + 0.1116

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Shanghai UHI graph • UHI1: 10 indicators

Shanghai UHI graph • UHI1: 10 indicators

Selection of variables • 10 indicators

– Demographic • Non-agricultural population

– Economic • Employed population • Professional and managerial job

– Education • Middle-school graduation • High-school graduation • Junior-college graduation

– Built environment • Household cooking using gas and electricity • Household using tab water • Household having its own bath facilities • Household having its own lavatory

• UHI1_1 • UHI1_2 • UHI1_3 • UHI1_4 • UHI1_5

Selection of variables • 8 indicators

– Demographic • Non-agricultural population

– Economic • Employed population • Professional and managerial job

– Education • Middle-school graduation • High-school graduation • Junior-college graduation

– Built environment • Household cooking using gas and electricity • Household using tab water • Household having its own bath facilities • Household having its own lavatory

• UHI1_1 • UHI1_2 • UHI1_3 • UHI1_4 • UHI1_5

Selection of variables • 6 indicators

– Demographic • Non-agricultural population

– Economic • Employed population • Professional and managerial job

– Education • Middle-school graduation • High-school graduation • Junior-college graduation

– Built environment • Household cooking using gas and electricity • Household using tab water • Household having its own bath facilities • Household having its own lavatory

• UHI1_1 • UHI1_2 • UHI1_3 • UHI1_4 • UHI1_5

Selection of variables • 4 indicators

– Demographic • Non-agricultural population

– Economic • Employed population • Professional and managerial job

– Education • Middle-school graduation • High-school graduation • Junior-college graduation

– Built environment • Household cooking using gas and electricity • Household using tab water • Household having its own bath facilities • Household having its own lavatory

• UHI1_1 • UHI1_2 • UHI1_3 • UHI1_4 • UHI1_5

Selection of variables • 4 indicators

– Demographic • Non-agricultural population

– Economic • Employed population • Professional and managerial job

– Education • Middle-school graduation • High-school graduation • Junior-college graduation

– Built environment • Household cooking using gas and electricity • Household using tab water • Household having its own bath facilities • Household having its own lavatory

• UHI1_1 • UHI1_2 • UHI1_3 • UHI1_4 • UHI1_5

Scat ter Plot Mat r ix

uhi1_1 x uhi1_20.80.70.60.50.40.30.2

0.90.85

0.80.75

0.70.65

0.60.55

0.50.45

0.40.35

0.30.25

0.20.15

uhi1_1

uhi1

_5

uhi1_2

uhi1

_4

uhi1_3

uhi1

_3

uhi1_4

uhi1

_2

uhi1_5

43.532.521.510.50

Boxp

lot

1

0.950.9

0.85

0.80.75

0.70.650.6

0.550.5

0.450.4

0.35

0.30.250.2

0.150.1

0.050

Discussion • Disparities exist • No sharp upturn

– Less disparities among higher-end towns • Hollowed out center of cities

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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

uhi1_1

UHI

1_1

Scaled Rank

Thank you! Questions?

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