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Approaches to Brain and Educational Research in Down Syndrome
Elaine Bonorato
Down syndrome
Definition
Karyotype for most people with Down syndrome
Glenn Doman
Doman-Delacato early intervention
Early intervention for Patrick—program includes patterning, masking, flash cards for reading, patterns, cold and warm touch, rough and smooth touch
Book—What to do about your brain injured child…
Fidler and Nadel’s research
Extra chromosome causes particular brain damage seen after nine months, very little seen at birthDamaged areas include cortex, hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellumRapid forgetting—short term memory loss, caused prenatally by damage to hippocampus
Fidler and Nadel (cont)
Auditory memory deficits caused by damage to planum temporale or auditory memory cortex
Hearing loss in 65-80% of persons with DS
Education should be in inclusive environment
Reading skills a strength
Visual learnersPatricia Oelwein’s book and DVD—Teaching Reading to Children with DSProgram first of its kind—only children with DS (in 1960s)—University of WashingtonPersonal sight words, personal books, word banks, word games
Genetic Research
Gave mice the extra chromosome
All changes associated with the syndrome
Facial features
Motor difficulties
Neuron damage—including the plaques seen in Alzheimer’s disease
Poor muscle tone
Genetic research (cont)
Treatment—GABAA receptor antagonist drugs
Exercise and physical therapy
Patrick is very active in sports
More genetic research
Vicari, et. al. found that children with Williams syndrome (have missing portion of a chromosome) and children with DS learn differently
Explanation in DS—normal basal ganglia
WS—atrophied basal ganglia
Down syndrome—more spatial abilities
Control group matched for mental age—creates problems
Dr. Libby Kumin
One of most famous speech and language pathologists in USResearch devoted to DSNeed training in how to attend, look at others, and listen—not automaticSensory overload Learning difficulties—generalization, short term auditory memory, expressive language, abstractions
Lieber & Rejke (2002) Netherlands
Studied several syndromes cause neurological impairmentsDown syndrome, CP, and Rubinstein-Taybi (16th chromosome)Many interventions—Doman-Delacato, Bobath intervention, Feuerstein’s Individual Enrichment Program, Option method (Kaufman & Kaufman)
Leiber & Rijke (cont)
Some parents did their own program
Example—taking a child to beach and supporting them with sand
Findings—No matter what program or no program, all children did better with a stimulating home environment
Research from Israel
Longitudinal study—People with DS and other development disabilities tutoring others with DD
Design similar to Vgotsky research
Not ethical to use control group
Developed friendships, social skills, and tutoring became collaborative learning
Alternative treatments for the Brain—Cohen (2002)
Sicca Cell Therapy—injecting animal cells
Injections with neurotransmitter precursors
Free radical inhibitors
None proven to work any better than good healthcare and stimulating environment
Alzheimer’s and DS—(Singh 2008)
As people with DS age, they all get plaques associated with Alzheimer’sTwo amyloid precursor proteins must be in balancePeople with DS have extra chromosome—duplicates protein—toxic affect on brainTreatment—endothelin—like asp venom—effective
Study in England (Jervis & Prinsloo 2008)
Should do a baseline evaluation in order to evaluate dementia in persons with DS
People over age 35 start showing signs
CAMCOG test and Dementia Questionnaire
Reevaluated six months later
Results—
Want Patrick to have best healthcare and delay dementia
Patrick’s life
Active—swimming, weightlifting, working daily—Special Olympics
Works at CCDS
Good health
As parent do not feel he has to be cured