Approaches to Management
CLASSICAL APPROACHES: Focus on developing universal principles for use
in various management situations. Assumes that people are rational and
economically oriented.
1. Scientific Management
-Designjobsandmethodsthatmaximizeaperson’sperformancepoten8al-Useresults-basedcompensa8onasanincen8ve-Carefullyselectemployees,basedonabili8es-Trainpeopleforspecifictasks-Provideworkerswithsupervisorysupport
2. Administrative Management
-Foresight:Completeaplanofac5on;prepareaschemeforthefuture-Organiza5on:Provideresourcesforplan;mobilizeeffortinsupportofplan-Command:Getthebestoutofpeople;selectandevaluateworkers-Coordina5on:Ensurethatsubunitsfittogether-Control:Verifyprogress;takenecessarycorrec5veac5on
3. Bureaucratic Management
-ClearDivisionofLabour.Specializedintorou5neandwell-definedtasks-Well-definedhierarchy-FormalRulesandProcedures-Impersonality:Impar5al,anduniformlyapplied-CareersBasedonMerit:Managersarecareeremployees.Promo5onbasedonabili5esandaccomplishments
BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH: Focuses on human needs, the
work group, and the role of social factors in the workplace.
1. HAWTHORNE STUDIES
-People’sfeelings,aQtudes,andrela5onshipswithco-workersshouldbeimportanttomanagers-Contributedtothehumanrela*onsmovement-HawthorneEffect:TendencyofpeoplesingledoutforspecialaTen5ontoperformasan5cipatedsimplybecauseofexpecta5ons
2. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
-Physiological,Safety,Social,Esteem,Self-Actualiza5on-DeficitPrinciple:Asa5sfiedneedisnotamo5vatorofbehaviour-ProgressionPrinciple:HierarchyofPrepotency.Nextlevelisonlyac5vatedoncethelowerlevelissa5sfied.-Roleofmanageristoremoveobstaclesbetweenlevelsforemployees
3. MCGREGOR’S SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES
…THEORYX- Believesthatsubordinates: -dislikework -lackambi*on -areirresponsible -areresistanttochange -prefertobeled,featherthantolead
…THEORYY-Believesthatsubordinatesare: -willingtowork -willingtoacceptresponsibility -capableofself-direc*on -capableofimagina*onandcrea*vity
4. PERSONALITY AND ORGANIZATION
!-Theworkplacecommontotradi5onalandhierarchicalorganiza5onmayconflictwithanindividual’sneedsandcapabili5es
QUANTITATIVE/MANAGEMENTSCIENCEAPPROACHES:Focusesontheuseofmathema8caltechniquesformanagementproblem-solving.
QUANTITATIVE / MANAGEMENT
!-simula5ons:totestvarioussolu5ons-forecas5ng-inventorymodelling-re-alloca5ngpersonnelformaximumefficiency-NetworkModels:breakingdowntaskforgreateranalysis
MODERN APPROACH: Focuses on total systems thinking and
contingency thinking, and an awareness of global developments
in management.
MODERN!-Nooneapproachappliesuniversally(requireacomboofclassical,behavioural,quan5ta5ve)-ask:whenandhowcanmanagersusetheinsightsofthevariousapproachestoachieveproduc5vityandacompe55veadvantageinadynamicenvironment-Con5ngencyThinking:Triestomatchresponseswithuniqueproblemsandopportuni5esposedbydifferentsitua5ons