Approved Specialization 2 - SARAT Housing for the Aetas

7/23/2019 Approved Specialization 2 - SARAT Housing for the Aetas

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Submitted by:

BAROA, Franze Emmanuelle CBRAVO, Earl Patrick C

GUTIERREZ, Marlin Noah P

MENDOZA, Robiewill B

PIEDAD, Christine Jesusa

RETERACION, Reymond S

SEBIDO, Fevanne BBS Architecture 5-3D

Submitted to:

AR. REY S. GABITAN


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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

I.1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Indigenous peoples (IP) in the Philippines represent 15-20 per cent of the total population of 80million and live in 50 of the 78 provinces. The National Commission on Indigenous People

(NCIP) estimates that one third of their overall population reside in Luzon. By diminishing to

mountainous areas and forest, some IP was able to retain their values, traditions and cultures

but has been subdued to increasing pressure as a result of colonial and neo-colonial rule. The

indigenous economy was traditionally one of subsistence, based on hunting and gathering,

fishing, farming and settled agriculture. Property was, and continues to be, considered as

communal among indigenous communities, with traditional leaders as custodians of the land.1

Pabahay Caravan is a program by Vice President Jejomar Binay that seeks to build a stronger

partnership between the national government and the LGUs to build more affordable homes

and enhance the delivery of housing services to the people. During the eighth leg of the

Pabahay Caravan in Ilocos Norte, he made an announcement during his speech regarding the

recently approved housing program for Indigenous People (IP) members of the Aeta

community - by the Board of the National Housing Authority (NHA).

Being the first housing project for members of the Aeta community, the endeavour will benefit

the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association, whose members are residents of the

municipality of Floridablanca, Pampanga. The provincial government of Pampanga expressed its

intention to resettle around 3,000 homeless Aetas in the locality. There is an estimated P14

million budget that was allocated for the realization of the project.

The program is a response to the need for better provision of housing and a step towards the

advancement of the living conditions of the Aeta community in Floridablanca thru a design that

will nurture the wealthy tradition of the beneficiaries making the overall outcome not only

environmentally sustainable but as well uplifting in the socio-cultural context, while at the same

time providing livelihood opportunities thru tie-up programs with the private sector.

1UN-HABITAT OHCHR; Indigenous Peoples Right to Adequate Housing: A Global Overview; United Nations

Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7; 2005 March


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I.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Indigenous people are among the poorest and most disadvantaged social groups in the

Philippines, with much higher illiteracy and unemployment rates than the rest of the

population. The income of indigenous peoples is below national averages. For example, in theCaraga region, the average income of indigenous peoples was 42 per cent lower than the

national average. In the Cordillera region, where many indigenous people live, maternal care,

and access to water and basic sanitation facilities are a significant problem. The Agta people

live in dire poverty and poor health.2

Because many disadvantaged groups in the Philippines, including indigenous peoples, do not

always own property, they are required to rely on access to and use of common resources. In

turn, indigenous peoples poverty is often synonymous with landlessness. Indigenous land and

housing rights are most informed and affected by economic development projects which take

place on their ancestral lands, such as, logging, mining, multi-purpose dams, and commercial

plantation projects. Many cases have been reported where development projects have resulted

in the dispossession of indigenous communities of their lands, severe environmental

degradation including pollution and the deterioration of fresh water supply, or the destruction

of hunting grounds and herbal medicine areas.3

Despite the displacement and the dire living conditions of the IP in the country, the Philippine

government has recently paid more attention and respect to their heritage and way of life

through specific initiatives such as The Indigenous People Development Plan.4

The

governments housing program has long been focused on informal settlers and the poorest of

the poor but it has neglected the needs of indigenous peoples, who are also among the poorest

in the country.

I.3. GOAL AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To build a climate-sensitive, adaptive, and low-cost housing development community in

Floridablanca, Pampanga, providing residential facilities to the native Aeta indigenous tribe of

the province, while nurturing their local culture and values through the use of design

translation within its building systems and features.

2UN-HABITAT OHCHR; Indigenous Peoples Right to Adequate Housing: A Global Overview; United Nations

Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7; 2005 March3

Ibid.4

Peoples of the World: The Aeta


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To create a housing development that will feature integration of vernacular and

contemporary architecture in consideration of the cultural and social aspects of Aetas.

To adopt modular planning concepts blending with the traditional houses of Aetas.

To assimilate advanced bamboo technology as part of the overall structural and

aesthetical component of the design.

I.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The conception of a residential core for the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association in the

municipality of Floridablanca, Pampanga will pave way for the improvement of housing facilities

for the Aeta community. The development will uphold and nurture the local culture and values

of the beneficiaries while transforming their sheltering needs into an enhanced residential

settlement center. This will be done in full consideration and understanding of their lifestyle

and daily means.

What sets apart the development is HUDCCs full regard for the locals livelihood and job

opportunities. In partnership with the local government unit and the private sector, the

beneficiaries will be supported by programs aimed at promoting their local culture and uplifting

their community living standards alleviating the need for them to live in a semi-nomadic

lifestyle.

Lastly, the project is also a pioneering feat to organize them in systematized community center

that will enable them to be reached by the authorities in a more efficient means. Through this

study, the bridge between Architecture and the establishment of the SARAT development

among the Aeta Tribe will be made through the consideration of both their traditional culture

and modern technological processes in building construction.

I.5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Among any other indigenous tribes residing in the different parts of the country, the Aeta Tribe

is one of the primary groups that need special attention in terms of housing programs.

According to the recent report of the Pampanga local government, a population of about

10,055 Aetas settles permanently in the entire province, without adequate provision for all of

their basic needs.

To combat this problem, the first major housing program for the Aeta Community were led and

approved by vice president Jejomar Binay in partnership with the National Housing Authority


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(NHA) with a plan to provide decent housing for the countrys indigenous people (IPs) just last

August.

Binay said that the housing project will benefit the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association,

whose members are residents of Floridablanca, Pampanga. The provincial government ofPampanga earlier expressed its intention to resettle around 3,000 homeless Aetas with an

initial allocation of 14 million for the project construction of 350 housing units for the members

of the Aeta community.

The fact that there was no existing government housing for the Indigenous people in the

country is the very foundation and starting point for the National Government to uplift the

condition and living standards of IPs in the country. Binay also said in one interview that this

housing project he has in mind was similar to the shelter and relocation program undertaken

during the presidency of the late Ramon Magsaysay in the 1950s.

The shelter project would likely be incorporated in the governments Balik-Probinsiya

program, where informal settlers are encouraged to return to their home provinces. It is similar

to former President Magsaysays homestead program, which encouraged people to relocate to

Mindanao in the 1950s. However, there should be adequate provisions for the relocated

indigenous peoples to also use their land not just for housing but for livelihood as well. It was

said that aside from housing, the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council

(HUDCC) would also tap the private sector jobs and livelihood opportunities for the Aetas near

their housing sites. Reports also said that the Pabahay Caravan seeks to build a stronger

partnership between the national government and the LGUs to build more affordable homes

and enhance the delivery of housing services to the people.

I.6. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

I.6.1. Scope

The study will embark on a process of studying the requirements of a residential dwelling

design and coming up with a holistic design solution to represent the Aeta community and

some of its cultural traits. Thus, the research will only cover the following:


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I.6.1.1 Site Development Study

Site investigation and analysis of the physical development and site condition

Micro and Macro Site Analysis

SWOT Analysis, analysis of topography and vegetation in the site Site spatial interrelationships, pedestrian and vehicular circulation / traffic flow

1.6.1.2. Building Development Study

User assessment in relation to the spatial needs

Adaption of standard space requirements according to existing building codes

Employment of the necessary sustainable building technologies and systems to be

integrated in the structural and environmental processes of the building

Sources of funding and methods of financing

I.6.2. Delimitation

The proposed development is delimited by regional and local conditions of Bgy. Nabuclod,

Floridablanca, Pampanga and the immediate and/or adjacent locality where the proposed

edifice will rise. Existing governing laws and ordinances within the locality will also be

recognized. It will only explore and consider emerging sustainable trends in the different

sectors of building systems for residential dwelling design while taking into consideration

certain daily patterns and beliefs in socio-cultural context.


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I.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS

I.8.1. Contextual Definition

Aeta - are one of the ethnic tribal groups in the Philippines. Alternatively called Agta,

Atta, Ita, Ati, Negritos, or Pugut, they are a dark-skinned people with curly hair, big black

eyes, and short statures. The Aeta are believed to be the descendants of the original

settlers of the Philippines.

Balik-Probinsya Program - program under the Department of Social Welfare and

Development (DSWD), a long-time project of the agency which aimed to provide

assistance to squatter families seeking to return back to their respective rural areas. The

program also aims to decongest Metro Manila of squatter families residing in the

riverbanks and other flood-prone areas. Through the program, the DSWD will provide

the interested parties with transportation, food, and other needs. They will also be

assisted upon arrival in their own province to seek employment or avail of a

microfinance loan so they can start a new life.

Indigenous People/Community refer to a group of people or homogenous societies

identified by self-ascription and ascription by other, who have continuously lived as

organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have,

under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed customs,

traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to

political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and

culture, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos.5

NCIP (National Commission on Indigenous Peoples) the office under the Office of the

President which is the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and

implementation of policies, plans, and programs to recognize, protect and promote the

rights of the indigenous people.

I.8.2. Operational Definition

Nabuclod Mountains is a reservation occupied by the Aetas ever since. It is located in

the mountains of Floridablanca bordering the Zambales and Pampanga provinces.

Tukil - is a material cut from a piece of bamboo with one of the nodes remaining intactand serving as base and with one end being opened. This could be a decorative material

among Pampanguenos without a basic economic importance. Negritoes use this

5RA No. 8371 An Act to recognize, protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities /

indigenous people, creating a national commission of indigenous people, establishing implementing mechanisms

appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.


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material as an improvised drinking glasses and bigger one is used as container of

drinking water which is taken from a spring distant from their lodging place.

Vernacular Architetcture term used to categorize methods of construction which use

locally available resources and traditions to address local needs and circumstances.

Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural,

and historical context in which it exists. It has often been dismissed as crude and

unrefined, but also has proponents who highlight its importance in current design.

I.8.3. Definition of Design Elements

Bale (Bali, hawoong) bahay house

Balitang (pagtukluwan, baiting) Steps of stairs or ladder

Balungbung (Inras, tinakaptakap Habong, bilik) shed

Baniu (pagpalinan, Banyo, silid paliguan) bathroom

Bisitas (kapilya Bisita, kapilya) chapel Batalan exposed porch where child size jars are placed for drinking and washing

Dapogan a part of the kitchen table with river stone and kalan (stone-shaped stoves)

Dutung (kayu Kahoy, tabla) wood

Eran (iran, hagdan) Stairs, ladder

Kamalig - separate from main structure; where un-hulled rice is kept

Lalam - (malaluh Ilalim, ponde, lalim) Basement, bottom, depth

Langke (milalamu Langkay, piling, kumpol) Cluster, bunch, group

Silong - Space fenced for animals; fenced with lattice made of bamboo; function as a

poultry shed

Taguling (kanal)ditch

Tual-tual (aparihu ungi) Tilted, unbalanced

I.8.4. Abbreviations

HUDCC - Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council

IP Indigenous People

NCIP National Commission on Indigenous People

NHA National Housing Authority TAN Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod


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CHAPTER II - CASE STUDIES

II.1. INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY PROFILE6

II.1.1. THE KANKANA-EY PEOPLE

The Province of Benguet serves as the gateway to the Cordillera region and is at the center of

where the action is in North Luzon. It is endowed with rich human and natural resources and a

unique temperate climate. The Kankana-ey are found mainly in the northern and western part

of the province.

Living as a group, they developed and have carefully preserved their culture which is reflected

in their customs, traditions and their cultural materials today. They make materials or tools

which they use in their daily life or in the rituals they perform. These cultures and traditions of

the Benguet Kankana-ey are some of the factors that attract and amaze local and international

tourists. A common ritual of the Benguet Kankana-ey is the Caao. It is a ritual usually

performed for good harvest and good health. During a Caao, rice wine placed in a ritual jar, is

served, not to mention the offering of several animals such as pigs, carabao or cow.

The Kankana-ey believes in the existence of unseen supernatural beings from heaven and from

the underworld. They generally call God Kabunian. They call upon spirits with offerings of

animals, wine, food and other desired and/or prescribed materials.

Despite the fast pace of economic development, the Kankana-ey still observe and practice their

rich culture. The pagan worship attributed to the people of Benguet does not find relevance in

the belief system of the people. It is actually a taboo for the natives to display images in their

homes for purposes of worship, except for the love of art. The belief system of the natives

shows that above all the gods and goddesses, there is Kabunian, the most high.

The Kankana-ey People of Benguet

6Dungog


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II.1.1.1. Benguet Abong Houses

Nipa huts were the original houses of

the Kankana-ey and the Ibaloi of Benguet longbefore the coming of the Spaniards. The nipa

hut is still being used as a domicile today,

especially in the rural areas. It provides basic

shelter from the most available and

inexpensive materials and works well as

protection against the wind and rain.

The house is usually elevated to shoulder height with tree stumps as protection against animals

and pests. It is compact, making it easier to keep oneself warm in the cold mountains of

Benguet. It is constructed out of bamboo, stick, wood and cogon grass. Tied together through

the use of bamboo and rattan strips, this native house can withstand the gale-force wind during

typhoons that ravage the country every year.

II.1.2. THE KALINGA PEOPLE

The Kalinga belong to the most distinct type of

Filipino cultural community because of their

unique cultural and physical attributes. They

are tall, broad-shouldered, narrow-hipped,

slightly dark in complexion and handsome with

narrow-bridged noses. Historically, they are

known as warriors and hailed by foreigners as

peacocks of the mountain because of their

elaborately colourful ceremonial attire

accentuated by feathered headgears and

peacock-like movements when they dance.

The social structure of the Kalinga is greatly woven by one of the most important fabrics of

Filipino cultural traits that is, strong kinship. Kalinga society is based upon kinship. Thus, if

carefully traced, a village is usually composed of interrelated clans tied into knots of blood and

marital affinities. The whole village is structured composing a group of families of eight pairs of

great-great grandparents ranging from the first to the third degree of relationship.

Stratification in Kalinga societies is based on property holdings, community leadership and


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influence upon people. The Kalinga social system is composed of social classes such as

the Pangatclass, the Baknang or Kadangyanclass and the Kapus or Lawa class.

The Pangatclass is on top of the social pyramid. It is composed of the influential head of clans

with large political followings. These are the Kalinga who have gained distinction through their

wisdom, leadership, bravery and sense of justice. A Pangatclass member usually enjoys a highdegree of respect from the community. One who holds aBodong (Peace Pact) is considered a

Pangat because he has to foot the enormous financial requirements and he possesses courage

and bravery to gain the status and prestige. The Baknang or Kadangyan are the wealthy middle

class. The Kapus or Lawa , the poor or the unfortunate, are the workhorses of the upper class.

II.1.2.1. Traditional Kalinga Houses

The traditional Kalingahouse, either square or

rectangular, is a single room with elevated

flooring. The house interior has three sections:

1) a side section called sipiwith a sleeping bed

for two persons; 2) the middle portion

calledladakusually divided into three parts

sleeping area, dining area, and receiving area; 3)

another side section which serves as the cooking

area and an open space.

The cooking area called darpongis a square-shaped receptacle made of wooden slabs and

filled with hard clay. It serves as the hearth. Here, three pieces of stones forming a triangle

hold pots for cooking. Above the darpongis a su-uganor a drying mat for palay. The open

space serves as he pounding area during the rainy season or at night time.

The dugo,the space underneath the flooring, serves as a utility area for stacking firewood,

storage of farm implements, etc. The house consists of cogon for roofing; split bamboo for

flooring; spliced and woven bamboo for the walls. It has two main doors one leading to the

house proper and the other leading to the dugo.

II.1.3. THE IFUGAO COMMUNITY

The Ifugao believe that spirits dwell in all natural things and they try to keep out the evil spirits

by engraving on the door or on any conspicuous part of the house the figure of a lizard or a

serpent believed to provide protection.


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At night, the ladder is pulled up inside and the

family is safe from human and animal intruders.

Leonardo Concepcion, in his lectures on

Architecture in the Philippines presented bythe National Museum and sponsored by US

Ambassador and Mrs. William C. McBlair, Jr.

writes.

Let us look first at the Ifugao building, which is

one of the most perfect forms of pre-Spanish handcraft architecture. . . This house is of the

most perfect kind of handcraft architecture that we have in the Philippines because each part

has a distinct use. The house is a statement of the basic characteristic of the Ifugao people.

II.1.3.1. The Ifugao Houses

The Ifugao house is one of the most perfect forms

of pre-Spanish handcraft architecture. It is a small

enclosed structure, a one-room affair that serves

as living and sleeping room, kitchen and dining

room. It is elevated above the ground by four

posts made of sturdy tree-trunks with roots

intact. It has solid panels for walls and tightly

thatched roofing.

The two main base girders the horizontal support (at the front and back) just on top of the

posts are held to these posts by dowels. No nails are used. The Ifugao carve each part of the

house as interlocking pieces, the girders fitting into the supporting posts. On top of the girders

is a single-piece structure to support the flooring and on the four corners are the four king

posts which bolt together the ends of the two base girder, the side girders and the rest of the

structure.

Two girders are placed in the right and left uppers structure to support the roofing. A girder

which is a one-piece structure spans these right and left girders and on which rests the upper

king posts. Rafters are made of seasoned bilaureeds and bamboos or betel palm slats. The roof

is usually made ofbilau leaves of cogon grass. The rooftop has side openings where smoke

escapes. The walls are made of wood or woven bamboo slats and the floor, of wood. These


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are also shelves around the four sides of the house at the level of the walls. These are used for

storing plates, pots and other household items.

The house has only one entrance opening carved by a detachable door hanging or attached on

a rope or rattan where the ladder is placed but there is a smaller backdoor for throwing thingsdown or for emergency exit.

II.1.4. THE SUBANEN COMMUNITY

Kumalarang, an hour away from Pagadian, is a

third class municipality equally dominated by the

Subanen, Moro, and local settlers. The Moro

settlers live near the river banks of Kumalarang.

The Subanen stay in the highlands while the local

settlers live in the heart of the municipality. The

Subanen are farmers; the Moro are traders while

the local settlers are fisher folks. But the three

groups have professionals who work in

government agencies and enterprises.

Ninety per cent of the populace are Subanen and ten per cent are Moro and local settlers.

Most of the government officials are Subanen. The dialect spoken in the municipality is also

Subanen. Farming is the source of income of the people. Since many Subanen in Lapuyan are

professionals, most of the government employees are also Subanen. They have Christian

alliance. Lakewood is a high land blessed with a beautiful lake, originally the source of food of

the residents. Sixty-five per cent of the populace are Subanen. They are farmers who have

embraced Christianity. Like any other Subanen, they also practice old rituals during harvest and

other festivities. Their spoken dialect is also called Subanen.

II.4.1. The Subanen Houses

The traditional house of theSubanen is typically

a highlanders architecture 12 x 12 feet in area.

The floor is 8 feet from the ground, has round

timber used as stairs. The house is made of

round timber for its posts, nipa leaves for the

roof, and the wall and the floor is made of gbahe

(fish tail palm). Originally, no nails were used to


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connect all the parts of the house. The Subanen only used rattan strips tied all over to connect

the parts. The typical Subanen house is still the dwelling of the Subanen in the hinterland of

Zamboanga del Sur.

II.1.5. THE BUKIDNON PEOPLE

Found in the hinterland of Panay and Negros, the

Bukidnon, numbering about 159 thousand, are a

unique people holding on to their centuries-old

culture against the backdrop of the present society.

The Bukidnon are fair-skinned, medium in height

and built have straight to wavy black hair, eyes

which are slightly slant and upturned nose. They

are the original inhabitants of the islands, though

they have been assimilated in varying degrees with the mainstream Visayan society. They are

associated with the names of the main river system. Iloilo Halawodnonafter the ancient

name of Jalaur River (Halawod); Panayanonin Capiz after Pan-ay River; Akeanonin Aklan

after Akean river; Kurlanosin Kabankalan City after Kuruk-an (Carol-an) river.

The Iraynonsmeaningdwellers of the upstreamof Antique and Northern Aklan are also

Bukidnon due to the fact that their culture is also the same as that of their cousins on the

Eastern side. They are famous for their rich oral traditions such as Talda(repartee), Dilot(love

song), Ambahan (Extemporaneous Song), Ulawhay(Long Chanted Narratives); and their

Binanogdance (meaning way of the hawks) and the recently discovered unabridged version

of the Hinilawod Epic.

II.1.5.1 The Panay-Bukidnon Traditional Houses

The traditional Panay Bukidnon house uses cogon for

roofing. The house normally has an elevated floor of

about 5-6 feet high using sturdy round timber poles

while the floor is made of bamboo laths. The walls

are made of woven bulo(bamboo) or dulit(dried tree

bark). Girders, beams and roof-framing are of

assorted sizes of round timbers. Uway(rattan strips)

are used to tie these house components together.

The main structure is an open space for sleeping, eating and dancing. The house has a receiving

room or balkon used to entertain visitors and for resting during daytime. It is not elevated, and


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has no floors. It has a long bamboo or wooden bench instead. A wide window just above the

bamboo bench ensures sufficient ventilation. The house has also the sariri- room intended for

the binukotor the kept maiden; dapog dirty kitchen, and the tambi usually built at the back

side of the main structure. The tambiserves as the backdoor entrance built a little lower than

the main structure. The lower portion of the main structure is enclosed by a fence made ofbamboo and this is used to house chickens and other livestock.

II.1.6. PALAWANI AND MOLBOG INDIGENOUS DWELLINGS

II.1.6.1. Kalangbanwa

Kalangbanwa is made from the indigenous materials

found in Palawan. Builders useuwayand some nails

to ensure the durability of the house which is usually

located in the upland or midland area of the place.

Bamboo, rattan, wood, and cogon are the materials

used to build the house.

The settlers believe that the entrance door should face the East and the kitchen to the West to

maximize the entry of good luck to the family. The house has stairs and has a dirty kitchen.

During this time, settlers use salong as their lamp.

II.1.6.2. Banwa

The head of the family usually initiates the building of

the house. The house is big and can accommodate a

big family. A unique characteristic of this house is the

absence of windows and room divisions that depicts

openness of the family, and also a wide areaduring

special occasions. The house has a terrace to

accommodate visitors during special gatherings.

Rattan, used for trying the houses components, the

nipa for walling are the indigenous materials used in this house. The builders have a special skill

in tying the rattan to ensure the resiliency of the house. The people believe that they invite

good luck if they put coins under the house post before building the house. The doors face

towards the direction where the sun rises.


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II.1.7. THE JAMA MAPUN PEOPLE

The Jama Mapun, on closer examination, may not be

a distinct ethnic group. The Jama Mapun are ratheranother Sama sub-group. Their language, called

Pullun Mapun, is just a dialect of the Sama language.

The Jama Mapun inhabits the Cagayan de Sulu and

Turtle (Taganak) Islands, and are also found in

Southern Palawan. The word Jama is a variation of

the word Sama, and denotes west, i.e., west of Jolo

Island as East and their own Cagayan de Sulu as

West, a concept derived from the time when the

Jama Mapun had a strong client relationship with the

Sultanate of Sulu centered in Jolo. The Jama Mapun

earn their livelihood much like the other Sama

groups except that some also cultivate upland rice.

The latter activity is maily done in Southern Palawan.

The Jama Mapun tribe is often mistakenly identified as Samal Badjao, considering the fact that

its members mingle with these two tribes. The only distinction of this ethnic group is that its

people originally occupied the overlapping jurisdiction of the sultans of Sulu and Brunei and

later on mixed with the Samal and the Badjao.

Marriage among the Jama Mapun normally involves the payment of a bridge price by the

groom. Marriage among first degree cousins is common.

In the socio-political organization of the Jama Mapun, their datu personifies the secular sector

while the salip represents the sacred order. Both share between them the function of social

control and justice.

II.1.7.1 Luma (Baung Baung)

This traditional house can be found in the midland

area. The main structure has an open space, without

division. Usually, people celebrate wedding,

baptismal and other gathering inside the house where


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they sing their traditional music. They also perform dances outside the house along the

perimeter area.

The Luma house uses nipa shingles for roofing, and the wall is made of bambootadtad. The

doors have exact measurement that the katutubo follow and these should face towards the

direction where the sun rises.

II.1.8. THE BAGOBO PEOPLE

The Bagobo constitute one of the largest groups among

the indigenous peoples of Southern Mindanao. They

are composed of three (3) sub-groups, namely the

TAGABAWA, the CLATA or GUIANGAN and the UBO.

Although they belong to one socio-linguistic group,

BAGOBO, they also differ in some ways, such as the

dialects, dance steps, costumes and their color

preferences to mention a few.

They are referred to as ethnic because they are the people whose distinctive identity is rooted

in history. From the beginning and up to the present, the Bagobo are the predominant

inhabitants of the vast areas extending from the west coast of Davao Gulf to the high reaches of

Davaos famous and significant mountain ranges of Mt. Apo or Apo Sandawa to the tribal

people.

Today, changes can be easily observed and it is due to the influences of foreign cultures such as

those of the Spaniards, Japanese, Americans and other neighboring countries. Lately, the

existence CPP-NPA, the military forces and other armed groups in their ancestral domain/lands

forced them to adapt and accept realities surrounding them in their struggle for survival.

These encounters also ended or drastically diminished some of the traditions, beliefs and

practices and even the culture itself.

Food is abundant enough to be able to supply the community for the next harvest season. The

weavers supply the needs for clothing. In fact, a Bagobo weaver, Salinta Monon, won this

years Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) for her handloom weaving, a proof of the

Bagobo artistry and craftsmanship. Environmental preservations and utilization of natural

resources are properly dealt with by the people according to their tradition, practices and

culture.


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Todays Bagobo have gone a long way. Though mostly are still in the hinterlands, there are also

others who have become professionals such as doctors, nurses, teachers, accountants, lawyers,

government employees and officials.

II.1.8.1. The Bale Houses

A person in the community who is gifted and known

as the master of building can build the Bagobo house.

A ritual is being done first to determine whether the

chosen location is the appropriate place for the house

to be built. If the ritual indicates that the place is

appropriate for building a house, the posts are then

put up. Before installing the posts, a ritual is also

performed to cleanse the posts and make them strong

for the house. After the posts is the roofing, then the

flooring of the house, the stairs, the doors and

windows and the ceiling.

Distinct feature of the architecture are the design of the roof and walls. Located uplands, the

materials are primarily made up of chopped bamboos, bamboos, Lawaan and rattan strips. A

typical Bagobo house has an attic for the female children of the family. Most of the time they

sleep there and are not allowed mingling with other people unless the parents are around.

Neither are they allowed to peek at the window. Hence, the reason for having no window in

the attic.

II.1.9. THE AGTA/ITA/KABIHUG OF BICOL

In Bicol, the existing indigenous peoples (IPs) or

indigenous cultural community (ICC) are locally classified

into two major tribes; namely, the Agta or Itom and the

Kabihug or Abian. In general, the Agta are short, stocky

black people with black curly hair, deep-seated eyes and

flat noses. Nomadic in nature, they travel from one place

to another, in hills and mountain ranges, in search of food

and a better place to stay in. They have been sporadically

located in three provinces; namely, Camarines Sur,

Sorsogon, Albay and Camarines Norte.


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Furthermore, the Kabihug of Abian are the most primitive and nomadic of the tribal groups of

Agta in Bicol Region. Other tribes of the Agta have more or less similar appearances, distinctive

of which is their brownish kinky interwoven hair, big

deep-seated eyes with curly eyelashes, below 5 feet tall

and stocky. They are found in far-flung barangays andsitios throughout the province of Camarines Norte. They

originally came from the railroad towns of Ragay, Lupi,

Del Gallego, Camarines Sur and from Quezon Province.

The Agta are found in the Bicol Peninsula and on the

slopes of Mt. Asog, Iriga City as well as the municipalities

at the slope of Mt. Isarog.

They marry at the early age of 14. In as much as they

have no marriage rites, the couple simply live together as

husband and wife. They practice polygamy. At present,

the Agta do not subscribe to family planning, believing

that marriage is meant to produce offsprings. They

believe in the anito and the spirit of ancestors to whom

they offer dances during rituals.

The Dumago (Thanksgiving Ritual) of the Agta is done

after a good harvest (fruit crops) or after a member of the

family recovers from severe illness. The leader of the

group in the community or a respected balyana or healer

starts the ritual and performs the chant invoking the anito

or spirits in thanksgiving, with the use of coron (pot) with

burned incense. The Dumago dance is performed by both balyana (healer) and some Agta men

in movements that depict respect and thanksgiving for the blessings.

The Agta group will be joined by the Bicolano Cluster, representing the lowland Bicolano

community, with some traditional flok songs like Sarung Banggui (isang gabi) and other folk

songs like Ano daw Idong Sa Gogm, etc. the songs express the love and sentiments of the

singer addressed to a loved one.

The famous pantomina is a wedding dance performed by the husband and wife after the

reception. The man chases the wife as though pleading to give her a kiss and suggesting that

they proceed to their honeymoon. But the parents suggest that they celebrate and join them


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before they wind up for their honeymoon. Finally, the couple happily dance to the tune of Bicol

love songs and both express commitment and love for each other till death.

The Bicol food is the Bicolanos tangible manifestation of their characteristics. Loving and

simply bold and courageous with emotions expressed openly. Hot and sizzling, as shown intheir food choices and preparations. The bicol express with SILI-spices and PINANGAT with

GATA (coconut milk).

II.1.9.1. The Bahey Houses

The Agta of Bicol are normally nomadic. Because of

their characteristic, their houses locally known as bahey

are built out of indigenous materials found in the place

where they decide to settle temporarily. For wallings

and some part of the roof, thebakbak(dried bark of the

abaca) serves the purpose. Nipa shingles constitute

most of the roofing. One very unique feature of this

house is the absence of iron nails for the entire

framework. Rattan is used to tie the posts and the frame of the house itself. The interior is

simple and very functional with a receiving area, living room and kitchen just enough for the

entire family. To keep the roofing safe and steady, bamboos are placed on top. The living room

is usually without flooring; the ground serves as the flooring. Generally, the house is small and

can easily be torn down should the family decide to transfer to another area.

II.1.9.1. The Ati Houses of Ilo-Ilo, Capiz and Guimaras

The Atis house is made of round timber, cogon grass

for its roofing and its wall is made ofbinalantak nga

bolo or small bamboos. Bamboo slats are used for the

flooring. The Ati do not use nails but only ropes to

secure the house. The house measures 8 by 9 square

feet and it has a receiving area for visitors.

The palayas or extension serves as the storage for their

cooking and eating utensils as well as the cooking area

of the family. The house is usually located at the

upland where very few people reside.


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CHAPTER III - PRESENTATION OF DATA

II.1. PHYSICAL PROFILE

II.1.1. Geographic Location

The town is located on the western part of Pampanga along the Zambales mountain ranges and

is bounded by the municipalities of Porac on the north, Lubao on the south, Guagua on the

east, Dinalupihan, Bataan on the west. It is approximately 23 kilometers from the town of San

Fernando and 90 kilometers from Manila. The town has an elevation of 12 feet above the sea

level.

II.1.2. Topography

The relief varies from level, rolling and hilly to mountainous especially in the south andnorthwestern sections of the town fringing the mountain ranges of Zambales.

II.1.3. Geology

Geologically, the area is part of the inter-mountainous area of the Central Plains of Luzon,

which is almost level plain only a few meters above sea level. Deposits of non-metallic minerals

like construction materials and other metallic minerals are found in Floridablanca, Pumice with

a volume of 1,500,000 metric tons is known to exist in Barangay Pabanlag. C.M. Dizon gold

mines and Kalahi Investment Incorporated identifies gold (38.38 short ton), a very precious

metal, to exist in Pabanlag with 0.056 grade or analysis (oz.An/St.)

Abundant supply of boulders, gravel and sand abound in the riverbeds of Porac, Gumain and

Caulaman rivers. These quarry sites are believed to be supplying a significant volume of the

construction needs of the province and other projects in the region and Metro-Manila.

II.1.4. Land Area by Barangay

Floridablanca has a total land area of 17,548 hectares. It has thirty-three (33) barangays

composing of 31 lowland and 2 upland barangays. It has four cultural minorities settlements;

namely Nabuclod, Mawacat, Malabni and Camatchiles. The Department of Interior and Local

Government (DlLG) recognizes only Nabuclod and Mawacat as Barangays due to technicalities

when Malabni and Camatchiles failed to field candidates and therefore participate in the 1982

barangay elections.


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II.1.5. Soil Classification

According to the Bureau of Soils in San Fernando, Pampanga the soil series in Floridablanca are

composed of Angeles Coarse soil, Angeles Fine Soil, Angeles Soil Undifferentiated, and La Paz

Silt Loam.

The soils of the Angeles series consist of pale brownish gray or ash gray to nearly whitish gray in

the surface layer. The subsoil is brownish-gray to light reddish-brown sand with gravel. These

soils have been developed from the continual deposition of soil materials from the surrounding

hills and uplands by flowing rivers like the Porac Caulaman and Gumain Rivers. The relief ranges

from nearly level to slightly level to slightly undulation and the natural drainage condition is

good.

Angeles fine sand and Angeles coarse sand consist the Angeles series. The soils of the La

Paz series are quite extensive, covering the vicinities of Lubao, Floridablanca, between Poracand Sta. Rita, Angeles andSan Fernando. The surface soil is brownish gray and a pale-gray to

yellowish-gray porous, loose and friable sandy subsoil. La Paz fine sand, La Paz silt loam was

mapped.

II.1.6. Water Resources

The Porac-Gumain-Caulaman Rivers constitute a network of irrigation systems on the area and

provide irrigation water to the farm and some of the out-lying municipalities. These also serve

as the drainage of Floridablanca with the inclusion of numerous rivers, streams and creeks.There are 3 known creeks in Floridablanca; the Santo/ creek, Sapang Bayabas creek and the San

Ramon or Tugtugan creek.

A study of the artesian aquifers in Floridablanca showed that the aquifers were sand deposits

which ranged in size from very fine to very coarse, with granule sand pebbles up to one cm.

generally sub-angular to rounded, of quarts, adesite, decite, feldspar, chet and hornblendes and

these aquifers cropped out along the eastern slopes of the Zambales mountains.

II.1.7. Climate

The most important climatic factor in Floridablanca is rainfall, It is well known that the amount

of rainfall at any given place and time is dependent upon several factors. These factors include

exposure, topography, altitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents and latitude effects. During

the months of December, January, February, March and April rain fall in the municipality is


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almost negligible. It has two distinct seasons. One season is characterized by being relatively

dry from December to April and wet during the rest of the year.

II.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

II.2.1. Population size and Growth

As per result of the survey done by the enumerators hired by the Municipal Government of

Floridablanca, Floridablanca has a total population of 84,052. About 53.11 % of this is

accounted for in the urban areas while those living in the rural barangays comprise 46.89% of

the total population of Floridablanca.

From 1990 to 1995, Floridablanca registered an annual growth rate of3.57%. In 1995, Barangay

Pabanlag, Palmayo, Cabangcalan, San Pedro, and Sta. Monica registered lower growth rates

primarily because of migration of residents to other barangays or to resettlement areas afterthe eruption of Mt.Pinatubo in 1991. Barangay Apalit is the most thickly populated. In 1995

with a population of 9,628 registered because of Mt. Pinatubo victims who transferred in

resettlement center. The Floridablanca Resettlement Center, Barangays Anon, Mawacat and

Nabuclod showed quite abnormal increases in population in 1995. As compared to other

barangays due to the integration of Sitio Culubasa (Sto. Nino) to Barangay Anon, from Sitio

Camachiles to barangay Nabuclod and Sitio Malabni to barangay Mawacat.

In the result of 1999 Surveys, Barangays Pabanlag, Palmayo and Sta. Monica registered higher

growth rates because of the BALIK BARANGA Y PROGRAM which was in preparation for theMay 2000 Census of Housing and Population.

Table 1 - Barangays Land Area and Projected Population 2005

BARANGAY LAND AREA IN HECTARE POPULATION(PROJECTED)

Anon 218.50 2444

Apalit 108.15 8006

Basa 1,007.0 3819

Benedicto undetermined 1550

Bodega 150.95 2726Cabangcalan 165.5 1686

Calantas undetermined 3997

Camachiles undetermined 539

Carmencita 362.50 2314

Consuelo undetermined 2037

Dampe 429.32 2255


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Del Carmen undetermined 2316

Fortuna 142.80 3602

Gutad 281.40 2641

Mabical 68.10 2056

Malabo (Sto. Rosario) 170.92 1494

Maligaya undetermined 1428

Mawacat undetermined 1010

Nabuclod undetermined 2161

Pabanlag 1,581.00 6025

Paguiruan 146.45 4682

Palmayo 94.20 4955

Pandaguirig 94.20 4955

Poblacion undetermined 3928

Palmayo 94.20 4955

Pandaguirig 160.96 3190

Poblacion undetermined 3928

San Antonio undetermined 2403

San Isidro 89.51 2278

San Jose 908.50 5782

San Nicolas 100.80 3809

San Pedro 150.03 2976

San Ramon 550.00 1603

San Roque 99.48 2172

Santa Monica undetermined 3104

Solib 289.2352 4300

Valdez 346.596 4127

II.2.2. Rural- Urban Distribution

Although the Municipality of Floridablanca is still predominantly rural is 3.11 % or 44,636

persons are residing in the urban area. Its rural population constitutes 46.89% or about 39,416

persons.

II.2.3. Number of Households

The Surveys in 1999 show a total of 16,422 households. Taking into consideration the annual

population growth rate of 1.02 in the municipality, the projected number of households will

increase to 19,729 by the year 2005.


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II.2.4. Population Density

The population density of the municipality in 1995 and 1999 is registered at 408 persons per sq.

kilometer and this would escalate to 586 persons by the year 2005.

II.2.5. Age-Sex Structure

Like the rest of the country, the young population in Floridablanca exhibits a pyramidal age

structure. The population between ages under 1 year old to 14 years account for 26,994 or

32.12% of the population aged under 1 year old up to 75 years old and above in 1999. On the

other hand, 49,366 or 58.73% belong to the 15-69 years old age bracket and only 1,795 or

2.14% are in the age bracket of 70 years old and above.

II.2.6. Dialect/Language

As expected Pampango (Kapampangan) is spoken generally in Floridablanca. The rest of the

non-Pampango speaking Households readily understand the dialect. The remaining 78% of the

populace is spread about evenly. A sizeable 95.17% of its total population has Kapampangan

(Pampango) as their mother tongue. Its Kapampangan speaking population has

gradually. Accommodated the increasing share of the segments of the population speaking

other dialects on account of municipal population increase constantly subjected to migration

II.2.7. Religion

The Roman Catholic religion has remained deeply rooted in

the municipality of Floridablanca ever since its propagation in 1823. Per survey in 1999, 90.25%

of its total population is Roman Catholics. Other Christian faiths that have found their way in

the municipality with a sizeable group of followers are Iglesia ni Kristo and Protestant /

Methodist / Born Again Christian.

II.2.8. Literacy Rate

The literacy rate in the municipality of Floridablanca in 1999 is pegged to a significant 98.60%.

That means out of its 43,979 school population with highest grade completed in 1999. At least43,363 attended formal schooling ranging from pre-school to academic degree holders.

A breakdown of such figures shows that 30.73% have completed the 6th grade, 29.85 % are

high school graduates, 8.32 % are academic degree holders and a measly 0.01% has post

baccalaureate degrees.


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Poverty incidence refers to the percentage of total poor population viz. total population of the

local government unit. Poverty magnitude refers to the actual number of households who are

poor. In Floridablanca it was assessed that 5,748 Households or 35% of the total household

belongs to poverty magnitude.

II.2.9. Poverty Incidence Magnitude

Poverty incidence refers to the percentage of total poor population viz total population of the

local government unit. Poverty magnitude refers to the actual number of households who are

poor. In Floridablanca it was assessed that 5,748 Households or 35% of the total household

belongs to poverty magnitude.

II.2.10. Economy

The economy of Floridablanca is principally anchored on agricu1ture. It is estimated that 40% ofthe total households rely on farming as their means of livelihood. All of the 33 barangays are

basically agricultural areas; twenty (20) of these are covered by CARP and represents the

Floridablanca Agrarian Reform Community. The Floridablanca ARC is composed of 1,998 farm

households.

Crops that are predominantly produced are rice, sugarcane, vegetables and root crops. Aside

from farming, there are farm families and individuals engaged in agro-based industries such as

poultry and livestock raising, fishpond and other related small scale agro-based business

endeavors.

As of 1998, there are 167 registered piggeries, 44 poultry and duck raisers, 177 fishpond

operators, 7 orchard and 19 orchid growers, 34 rice mills and mini-conos.

Since Mt. Pinatubo erupted, quarrying of sand and gravel has also become a major source of

income both for the population and the government. There are at least 31 quarry operators

registered in Floridablanca and four (4) stone crashers industries.

Other related business is 18 hollow-blocks and concrete products manufacturers. Floridablanca

has also a potential in timber production owing from its considerable forest area of 1,228.36

hectares along the mountainous region in the Floridablanca and Bataan-Zambales boundary.


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II.2.11. Employment Rate

Among those are gainfully employed are seasonal laborers, which comprise the biggest

number. Seasonal labor is mainly agricultural in nature, depending on the labor requirements of

some agricultural activities such as planting, cultivation and harvest of different types of crops.

This type is closely followed by the regular laborers at about 17.2% comprising fanners at

14.99%. The town boasts of 21 doctors and 6 lawyers. Others include overseas contract workers

(OCWs), drivers, employees, vendors, teachers etc. There are 2,409 business

commercial/industrial establishments in the municipality when the survey was conducted.

II.2.12. Labor Force

Floridablanca has a young population with 53.73% of its 84,052 population belonging to the 1-

24 years of age. About 61.71% of its 84,052 total inhabitants are between the ages of 15 to 60

years old; these figures represent the potential labor force.

II.2A. SWOT ASSESSMENT (STRENGTH, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITY AND THREATS)

The strength and development advantage of Floridablanca lies on its vast agricultural lands

suitable for food production. Floridablanca is the second largest producer of rice in Pampanga;

this could be attributed to its wide area of irrigated farmlands. Aside from this distinct

advantage of being the food basket of the province, it is also a source of abundant high quality

of gravel and sand materials. Among the major threats and weaknesses is erosion, undirected

mining activities and land grabbing.

II.2A.1. Agriculture

The Municipality of Floridablanca is predominantly an agriculture area. Most of the farmers are

engaged in planting rice, yellow and green com, root crops, legumes, vegetables and fruit trees,

etc. They adopt the modem package of technology especially under MAKAMASA, which results

to a bountiful harvest and surplus of harvest for the whole year. Some of the problems are

limited number of reliable marketing outlets and the standard price support of different farm

products and higher cost of production inputs and fuel.

Farmers begin to use a combination of two or more compatible practices to minimize pest

production to non-destructive level without the use of farm chemical. Establishment of

observation stations serve as early detection of the presence of pests and diseases. So farmers

use a system known as Integrated Pest Management.


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II.2A.2. Establishment of Technology

Farm Demonstration for production and distribution was done and selection of adapted and

high yielding varieties and viable seeds is one factor being considered to increase farm income.

Responsibility in the initiation, promotion, organization and supervision is strengthening the

cooperative movement. Livestock production and dispersal through loans and grant

contributed a lot in the integrated system of farmers which give additional income to clientele.

Increase of fishpond areas gave a dynamic increase of farm income.

II.2A.3. Farming

The methods of farming being used by the farmers in the Municipality of Floridablanca are a

combination of the traditional and scientific modern way of farming. The total productiveagricultural area devoted to crops in 1999 is 6,631 hectares. This is 37.79% of the total land

area of Floridablanca which is 17,548 hectares.

Palay being the main crop is cultivated both in irrigated and rainfed fields. The total area

devoted to this crop is 3,780.36. Irrigated fields constitute 3,446.36 hectares while rainfed fields

have 334 hectares for its real share. Other secondary agricultural crops having a real share of

hectares include root crops, fruit trees and sugarcane with the latter as a basic commercial crop

in the municipality. On the other hand, com and such vegetables as fruit vegetables, legumes,

and leafy vegetables are planted extensively to the area on an intercropping basis in between

rice planting and harvesting.

The total yield I production of palay in 1999 is pegged at 340,250 cavans. The average yield per

hectare is 90 cavans for the irrigated fields and 80 cavans for the rainfed ones. Likewise, the

total yield for all its secondary crops both regular and rotational in the same year is 13,205.43

metric tons. In terms of existing irrigation facilities the sources include an irrigation canal (NIA),

communal well, rivers, creeks and private deep wells.


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II.2A.4. Fishing

Fishing is another lucrative industry in the municipality of Floridablanca. The total fishpond area

at present is 102.33 hectares. This is .58% of the municipality's total land area. Total yield in this

endeavor in 1999 is pegged at 122.80 metric tons. These include tilapia, hito and dalag.

II.2A.5. Livestock and Poultry

Livestock and poultry is relatively a thriving and promising enterprise in the municipality. The

number of livestock in 1999 includes carabao with 2,300 heads, cattle with 780 heads, goats

and sheep with 2000 and 2,700 heads and hogs with 17,785 heads.

Likewise poultry production in the same year include chicken (broilers and layers) with 362,500

heads, ducks with 3,000 heads, dogs and cats with 4,500 and 12,000 heads, horse with 12

heads, dove with 1,500 heads and turkey with 500 heads.

II.2A.6. Urban/Rural Settlements

Floridablanca in terms of area is largely classified as rural based although 53.11 % of its

population is residing in the urban barangays. Considered urban barangays are Apalit, Bodega,

Basa, Fortuna, Mabical, Paguiruan, Palmayo, Pandaguirig, Poblacion, San Jose, San Nicolas, Solib

and Valdez. All the remaining barangays including the four upland barangays/sitios are

considered rural areas.

Row settlements are located along roads and arterial roads. The main settlements are those

clustered around the Poblacion namely barangay Solib, Del Carmen, San Nicolas,

Maligaya, Valdez andSan Antonio. The second cluster of barangays is those surrounding the

Basa Air Base namely: Pandaguirig, Apalit, Palmayo, Consuelo and San Jose. This area

experienced a sudden rise in population after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption due to the transfer

of Mt. Pinatubo victims in the Floridablanca Resettlement Area. The Floridablanca Resettlement

Area is within the boundaries off our (4) barangays: Basa, Palmayo, Pandaguirig and Apalit.

The Basa Air Base is the home of the Philippine Air Force in the province of Pampanga. It has an

estimated area of 623.1230 hectares and could be regarded as an independent community

owing to the presence of basic facilities such as hospital, primary to tertiary class schools and a

chapel

There are four (4) existing upland settlements in Floridablanca which are inhabited by Aetas.

These are Nabuklod, Mawacat, Camachile and Malabni. These settlements have a total


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population of 2,037 individuals as of 1999 and are principally located at the hilly portions of

Floridablanca.

Some barangays were buried by lahar after Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991. These are the

barangays along the Caulaman and Gumain River namely: Pabanlag, Carmencita, parts of San

Ramon) Nabuklod, Apalit, Pandaguirig, Palmayo, San Jose, Consuelo, Sta. Monica and

Cabangcalan. The famous Sitio Palakol resort which was once a natural park and resort was also

deeply buried by lahar changing its once lush vegetation into Virtual seashore.

II.3. USERS ANALYSIS

II.3.1. Demographics of Expected Users

The country is home to around 42 indigenous peoples who make up approximately 1012 per

cent of the population. The total Estimated Indigenous people Population in the Philippines is

14,184,645. The most populated area is Region XI composing the tribes of Manobo, Bagobo,

Manguangan, Kalagan and Mansaka.

Pampanga which belongs to Region III has 236, 487 total estimated Indigenous People. 3,000 or

1 percent of the total population of Aetas in the region are the initial beneficiaries of the

project.

Table 2 - Estimated IP Population by Region

Region Population

CAR 1,470,977Region 1 1,206,798

Region II 1,030,179

Region III 236,487

Region IV 936,745

Region V 213,311

Region VI 168,145

Region VII 35,767

Region IX 1,203,598

Region X 1,802,266

Region XI 2,289,268Region XII 1,856,300

Region XIII 1,004,750

ARMM 730,054

TOTAL 14,184,645


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Table 3 - Population of Indigenous People per Province, Region III

REGION PROVINCE IP Group

POPULATION

IP Group Province

Region III Bataan 12,286

Agta/Aeta 12,286

Tarlac 38,877

Agta/Aeta 9,898

Aberling/Aborlin 21,780

Baluga 3,675

Isneg/Apayao 69

Kankanaey 51

Zambal 3,404

Pampanga 10,055

Aeta/Agta 10,055

Zambales 66,979

Aeta/Agta 57,784

Abelling/Aborlin 8,183

Bontok 279

Ibaloi 187

Ifugao 95

Ibanag 27

Kankanaey 99

Kalinga 204Tingguin/Itneg 121

Bulacan 38,513

Dumagat 38,513

Aurora 2,665

Baluga 577

Dumagat 2,088

Notes:

Regional Estimated Population computed based on the Population Growth Rate by Region reported

by the National Statistics Office

IP Ethnic Group Population by Province - computed using ratio and proportion method.


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CHAPTER IV - ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK and

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

IV.1. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

"It is our aim as indigenous designers to achieve a culturally sensitive responsethrough understanding this synergetic fusion. Our approach to architecture is about

coming to terms with the realities of modern society shaped by multicultural

influences."Kombumerri

One of the important elements of a design understands the cultural and behavioral aspect of

the target users. A culturally sensitive approach should mirror the proposed low-cost housing

development for the indigenous people like the Aetas. This will be very significant in preserving

and nurturing their valued ethnic and tradition that reflect the Filipino culture. A housing

development for the Aeta community challenges an architecture that is within their lifestyle a

development that fuses their traditional way of living but that is culturally, socially and

economically sustainable enough to make a settlement that will keep them from their ancestral

nomadic lifestyle.

After all, it is merely a house being built.

But a home, a neighborhood, a community

Molded by nature and created for livingHahn K Y. Luke

Architecture is rooted from concepts of humanity being regarded with respect to people as

they interact with each other, with spaces and with environment itself. As a basic human need,

a shelter must be a conductively simple to live for a family that as well encompasses elements

of a neighborhood and community that is socially and culturally responsive. Design confronts

unique problems depending on a project, and that the proponent aims to execute a design that

is geared towards the advancement in response to the mechanism of physical, social, and

economic needs and condition of the Aetas while not alleviating their cultures and traditions.


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IV.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

S- Saving the indigenous people from socio-economic disadvantage & loss of land territories

A- Advancement of the designs and functions of their living spaces

R- Retaining the ethnic identity, cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems

A- Acceptance for the Aeta community

T- Transformation to a better and healthy lifestyle patterned to their respective way of life

To build a climate-sensitive, adaptive, and low-cost housing development community in

Floridablanca, Pampanga, providing residential facilities to the native Aeta indigenous tribe of

the province, while nurturing their local culture and values through the use of design

translation within its building systems and features.

Establishment of a low-cost residential development tagged as SARAT, for the Tribung Ayta ng

Nabuklod (TAN) Association in the municipality of Floridablanca, Pamapanga will render

innovation and cultural preservation through the application of modern bamboo architecture.

This will provide enhanced housing facilities for the Aetas while upholding and nurturing their

cultures and values. This will create a diversion of housing development to an improved and

enhanced residential hub for the tribe, in full consideration and understanding of their lifestyle

for a comfortable and better shelter. The development will facilitate the individual need for

livelihood supports and assistance promoting jobs and livelihood opportunities within the

housing site.

The use of bamboo having the image of being the building material of the poorer class will

represents the condition of the Aetas in the society as among the poorest and most

disadvantaged indigenous groups in the country. The modern application of the bamboo in

building design will means also the advancing of the lives of the Aetas.

IV.2.1. Form Concept

The form of the structures will follow its functions, orientation, and existing environment

harmonizing the whole development. The form of the structure will be derived from distinct

characteristic of the Aetas for being small and barefooted. This will be translated to the

structures configuration through execution of elevation and floor elevation as compacted soil.

Cluster development of housing units will be the type of spatial organization to be adopted

combined with the linearity of structures and modularity of planning.


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IV.2.2. Function Concept

As a residential development particularly in benefit for the indigenous people, as Aetas, the

project must need to meet the functional, cultural, social and livelihood needs of the users. A

house should mirror an open planning and with respect to the behavior of the Aetas; thus with

consideration of the R.A.8371 Indigenous People Rights Act of 1997, BP220 Batas Pambansa

Blg. 220, and National Building Code to observe the execution and flexibility of spaces for a

low-cost housing for indigenous people.

IV.2.3. Economy Concept

The structure shall be flexible with regards to facilities and integrating human activities

throughout the time. Modular construction system is adopted in the development for minimal

duration of construction. Sustainability in the construction and maintenance of the facilities will

be practiced and implemented to achieve established economic goals.

IV.2.4. Time Concept

To make the structure economical, local materials will be used to lessen the cost of shipping

and importation such as bamboo, used as main structural material. In addition, passive cooling

techniques such as cross ventilation, sun shading devices, and proper building configuration

and orientation that were proven to be more energy-efficient and economical in the long run,

will also be adopted.

IV.3. STYLE GUIDING PRINCIPLES

IV.3.1. GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

A Contemporary Vernacular Architecture will be adopted to reflect advancement of vernacular

style of the Aetas dwellings while retaining the naturalistic impression which is very suiting to

the way of life of the common folksmen. Bamboo Architecture is mainly applied to the building

structure to create a smooth tropical setting close to the nature and ambiance which the Aetas

used to.

IV.3.2. Architectural Style Details to be adopted

In order for the project to come up with its visualized and envisioned architectural character,

the need to survey architectural styles is necessary. Details in style must be shown through

graphic images and some vital rationalization. With this in mind, the proponent looks for


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architectural style details in the local milieu to be adopted, particularly of Aetas culture and

customs.


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CHAPTER IV - ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

IV.1. PLANNING SCHEME

IV.1.1. Modular Construction System

An advanced modular design concept in construction

will be adopted for the housing of the Aetas. It is

compatible with the bahay kubo which is the typical

dwellings of the locales. The system will minimize the

duration of the construction, incurred expenses from

the project cost of mass housing and encourage better

workmanship while generating minimal waste thus

making minimal impact in the degradation of the

environment.

IV.1.2. Three Layer Zoning

The concept will be employed as an earthquake

resistance feature for the houses. Each layer is

separated from one another, and is self-supported

with its own bracing system, making the whole house

to behave elastically to resist strong earthquake

shakes. The layers will have its own function; the

ground level will be the space for storage, livestock,

and ventilation and safety, the middle level will be the

living space, the upper level will be the private space

to be provided for the Aetas.

IV.2. FLOORING SYSTEM

Compacted soil is a preferred material for the

flooring of the spaces such as batalan,

silong and palikuran of the housing units.

The use of reinforced concrete for the flooringis eliminated to be able to adapt to the Aetas

dwellings which uses the natural ground as their

flooring. Aside from its cultural significance, it

also has great resistance to fire and water being

a renowned low-maintenance material with a

long lifespan.


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Soil compaction reduces total pore space of a soil. More importantly it significantly reduces the

amount of large pore space, restricting air and water movement into and through the soil. Low

soil oxygen levels caused by soil compaction are the primary factor limiting plant growth in

landscape soils. Soil conditions, primarily soil compaction, contribute to 80% of the plant

disorders in the landscape setting.

IV.3. WALL SYSTEM

Bamboo will be used in replacement to the flammable

cogon, nipa, and palm leaves. Bamboo wall provides good

ventilation similar to the aforementioned materials while

giving a structurally stable attribute compared to palm or

cogon. It as well retains the indigenous appearance of thehousing units to be provided.

The wall panels of the housing units are made of bamboo panels, slotted into the huge side

beams of the house using tongue-and-groove joints. These joints are very flexible and do not

break in the case of earthquake, and loosened connections can be fixed easily. The side beams

will be made from a single tree trunk. V-shaped columns made from tree trunk also will

functions as structural support that offers great resistance and have the required elasticity

because they are not fixed to the ground. The separation of the house from the ground is the

most important concept for earthquake resisting building in traditional form.

IV.4. ROOFING SYSTEM

IV.4.1. Hybrid Roofing System

The predominant traditional thatching technology practiced will be used but will be combined

with the modern roofing of today. Thatching is the simple principle of holding down the grass

cover by means of a series of grass or bark fiber ropes laid to form an overlay. As advancement

for this system, corrugated sheets will be placed first instead of just providing timber frame to

overlay the grass. This technology aids to the indigenous inhabitant in the collection and

storage of rain water. Skylight window flaps on the roof allow daylight to enter the interior of

the building and also encourage natural ventilation.


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IV.4.2. Bamboo Space Framing System

Bamboo as a material for the space framing system of the

roofing is suitable for the concept of advancement in the way

of living of the Aetas. This system will build up their dwellings

structurally compliant to the existing climate and

environmental condition. Integrating light metal elements

[tubes /slabs] with bamboo is more economical in terms of

maintenance compared to the simple wood construction that

is less structurally sound. The bamboo space framing will hold

the timber frame in which the thatch roof will be overlaid.

IV.5. LIGHTING SYSTEM

Power supply will be provided for the housing units but other passive and traditional lighting

system will be applied. Skylight window flaps on the roof will allow for daylight to enter the

interior of the building and also encourage natural ventilation.


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IV.6. VENTILATION SYSTEM

It is suitable for the house form specifically to the tropical climate to use the open planning that

makes way for the communal shared spaces of the Aetas. Passive cooling will be used as a

circulating system within the living spaces which is traditional to the Aetas dwelling and for the

minimal dependency for active cooling system. In accordance of this system, the inside of the

house will minimize the use of partition that allows easy passage of air for cross-ventilation. An

openable window made of wooden carved panels which is very effective that allows ventilation

at body level. Aside from that, Silong ,where the house is raised on stilts, is also part of the

Aetas dwelling that allows air flows without restraint that catches winds of higher velocity.

While the ventilated roof space also helps to cool the house for a more adequate air circulation

as well as the large overhangs of the roof will either be provided for good sun shading that

controls the exposure of heat from direct sunlight and protects against from the rain.

IV.7. WATER SUPPLY

IV.6.1. Water pipeline and Water Supply Reservoir

As a solution for the Health, Sanitation, Hygiene, Socio-Civic, Economic and Living Condition of

the Aetas a Water pipeline and Water Supply Reservoir will be integrated in the water supply

system of the development. Water Reservoir is supplied with a non-stop flow of water from the

Spring which now becomes the life line for Aetas in the community. Spring water can be

realistically redirected closer to the village by using a gravity-induced flow of water by

constructing one reservoir at the source of the spring connecting it thru pipe line (3,600m) and

end up to connect it to another reservoir built closer to the community. The system will have

great impact in the livelihood of the Aetas; irrigation of agricultural activities that will create

and improve their economic and living condition.


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IV.8. SANITARY SYSTEM

The design of the palikuran the traditional sanitary space will be patterned to the usual

design of the housing units toilet and bath except that the height of the water closet will be

leveled from the flooring. The floor of the palikuran will be the only space in the housing unit

with concrete flooring because compacted soil can lose its solid ability due to continuous

contact with water.

IV.8.1. Sulabh Flush Compost Toilet

Sulabh flush compost toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socio-culturally acceptable

and economically affordable. It is an indigenous technology and the toilet can easily be

constructed by local labour and materials. It provides health benefits by safe disposal of human

excreta on-site. It consists of a pan with a steep slope of 25-28 and an especially designed trap

with 20 mm waterseal requiring only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, thus helping conserve

water. It does not need scavengers to clean the pits. There are two pits of varying size and

capacity depending on the number of users. The capacity of each pit is normally designed for 3years usage. Both pits are used alternately. When one pit is full, the incoming excreta is

diverted into the second pit. In about two years, the sludge gets digested and is almost dry and

pathogen free, thus safe for handling as manure. Digested sludge is odourless and is a good

manure and soil-conditioner. It can be dug out easily and used for agricultural purposes. The

cost of emptying the pit can be met partially from the cost of manure made available. Sulabh

toilet can also be constructed on the upper floors of buildings. It has a high potential for


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upgradation, and can later be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area. Sulabh

has so far constructed over a million individual household toilets in different parts of the

country.7

Sulabh flush compost toilet does not

cause water pollution. When

constructed in homogeneous soil,

horizontally, bacteria do not travel

more than 3 metres, and vertically the

seepage is not more than 1 metre. To

this is to be added the precaution that

the toilet is built at a safe distance from

the source of water, keeping the above

points in mind. If there is a tube-well or

hand pump sunk, the first joint should

be lower than the limit of the vertical

seepage. No vent pipe is needed since

the gas gets absorbed in the soil facing

the chamber, as the brick lining inside is

in lattice formation. The parameters

7Sulab International Sulabh Compost Toilet


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change depending upon the coarseness of the soil and the type of terrain where the toilet is

being constructed. Depending on the availability of space, the shape of pits may be designed. It

may be rectangular, circular or linear in shape. It fulfills all the seven conditions of a sanitary

latrine laid down by the WHO.

IV.9. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In waste management it is important to use treatment technologies that are biological, non-

mechanical, and do not involve soil leaching or land disposal that causes soil disturbance. ... A

good garbage prevention strategy would require that everything brought into a facility be

recycled for reuse or recycled back into the environment through biodegradation. This would

mean a greater reliance on natural materials or products that are compatible with the

environment.8

The Material Recovery Facility (MRF), as usually run by many places here in the Philippines andcommonly suggested by the Department of Natural Resources (DENR), is a garbage collection

process where it separate wastes into compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable, and special

waste. MRF will be easily learnt by our native Aetas as will be used as their waste management.

The waste and garbage will be collected and disposed in a composting area provided in the

development and will serves as fertilization for agriculture. In recycling, they will have a source

of income in making recyclable waste into new products that will be included for their

livelihood.

8Specific Site Consideration. Utilities and Waste System.


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IV.9. PLANTSCAPING SYSTEM

Plants and trees play a big role in the surrounding environment of the Aetas that affects its

ventilation and cooling systems of their dwellings. Aside from that, the plantscaping system to

be laid in the development must also be a source of food for them. Coconut trees which are

known as the tree of life will be the dominating tree in the development. There are crafts that

can be made from this tree in which the Aetas can produce. There are leaves of the tree that

they can use for the maintenance of their thatched roof as well as its fruits as a source of food

products and oil products such as virgin coconut oil (VCO). Other plants that will be included in

the development are the Philippine Native Plants which are abundant in Pampanga and are

useful for the Aetas in their daily lives. Bamboo trees and other indigenous materials used in

their dwelling and structures in the development can also be included so that it will be

abundant for them in building new structures that are needed as one of the construction

materials and will blend with the design features of the development.


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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

V.1. CONCLUSION

SARAT is a housing project located in Floridablanca, Pampanga that will also provide livelihood

facilities for the Aetas as the target users of the development. Aetas are indigenous people

considered as the first inhabitants in the Philippines and lived in the highlands of the country

where they could find resources for their living and dwellings. Even though they focus more on

livelihood rather than education, they still have to be knowledgeable in the modern technology

where the proposed development will educate them in an advancement of life but will not

sacrifice their cultural preservation.

In the development of areas containing native groups, there will be appropriate planning,

design, construction and environmental systems that are sensitive in protecting and conserving

their culture without being influenced it merely of modern generation as culture is importantfor the Aetas because it is their reflection regarding history, beliefs and traditions that should

be respected and preserved.

V.2. RECOMMENDATION

The following general recommendations that should be considered in the development that

would not affect their cultural preservation are as follows:

The planning and design should be environmentally and culturally sensitive in which the

architectural style, landscape design, and construction materials of new developments

should reflect the cultural heritage of the community.

The construction materials should be abundant within the area and applicable for them

to adapt easily with their new communal space of living.

The development should also focus on the long-term sustainability of the project that

would ensure the residency of the Aetas.

The livelihood of the Aetas to be integrated in the development should be well effective

that would be easily for them to facilitate and one of their source of living for their basic

needs.

The conservation and maintenance of an environmentally sensitive manner requires a

sufficient knowledge and skillful professionals who knows more about the specified

development regarding the cultural preservation of the Aetas to make certain action for

the benefit of their community.

Date post:	11-Feb-2018
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Approved Specialization 2 - SARAT Housing for the Aetas

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