April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 11

Exploring the Constraints of Human Behavior Representation

A Masters Project Presentation

John C. Giordano

Prof. Paul Reynolds - Advisor

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 22

Outline

• Introduction & problem statement

• Key terms

• Highlights of literature review

• Findings

• Proposed framework for considering human behavior representation (HBR) capabilities

• Conclusions

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 33

“We can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see plenty there that needs to be done.”

Alan Turing

Computing Machinery and Intelligence

In Mind: 236, 1950

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 44

Introduction

• In 1950, Alan Turing proposes the Imitation Game

• Machines competing with or replacing humans

• Human behavior representation (HBR) refers to the portrayal of humans

• HBR is not Artificial Intelligence– More constrained– Still a challenge

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 55

What is the Problem?

• HBR is critical to many, but has proven elusive

• Several large-scale development failures with prominent HBR requirements– DoD’s Joint Simulation System (JSIMS)– NASA’s Air Traffic Management (ATM) simulation

• Shortcomings noted by many in the community

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 66

How We Attempt to Address It

• Examined successes and failures in research, design and implementation

• Describe what is currently attainable and propose what is unachievable

• Present a framework for assessing HBR capabilities

• Seeking publication of research conducted to date

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 77

Key Terms

• HBR: a computer-based model that mimics either the behavior of a single human or the collective action of a team of humans

• Intelligent Software Agent: an artificial agent that operates in a software environment and imitates human intelligence by mechanical means in pursuit of the goals of its clients

• Human Cognition: the process of receiving, processing, storing, and using information in humans

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 88

Literature Review

• Over 60 publications (papers, journal articles, texts, tech reports, requirements documents)

• Extended annotated bibliography

• Thorough, but not fully exhaustive

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Literature Review

• Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior. Richard W. Pew and Anne S. Mavor (eds.). National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1998.

• Techniques for Modeling Human Performance in Synthetic Environments: A Supplemental Review. Frank E. Ritter, et al. Human Systems Information Analysis Center, Wright Patterson AFB, OH, 2002.

• A Taxonomy of Human Behavior Representation Requirements. Scott Y. Harmon. 11th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavior Representation, 2002.

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Harmon’s Taxonomy

Human Representation

Non-Cognitive Factors

Cognitive Capabilities

Application Functions

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Harmon’s Taxonomy

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Harmon’s Taxonomy

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Findings

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Findings

• The tools used to model and simulate HBR are constrained

• The phenomena associated with HBR are highly complex

• At times, HBR requirements vastly exceed capabilities

• Capabilities and constraints should be clearly articulated to the community

• Some capabilities may (only) be attained with the emergence of a disruptive technology

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Some Tools

– Soar: general cognitive architecture for intelligent agents

– COGNET/iGEN: emulator for human decision-making and problem-solving

– ACT-R: architecture for human cognition

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 1616

Three Categories of HBR Capabilities

Mature Developing Unachievable in practice

Constrained speech recognition, parsing and generation X

Course of Action (COA) analysis, selection and implementation X

Rudimentary emotions X

Human physiological characteristics X

Semi-automated coarse-grained behavior generation X

Probabilistic human performance simulation and prediction X

Autonomous, convincing group behavior X

COA generation X

Interdependence between physiology, emotion and cognition X

Behavior adaptation appropriate to dynamic scenarios X X

Speech generation w/ appropriate prosody X X

Pattern recognition coupled w/ appropriate decision-making X X

Generalized behavior prediction X X

A single framework for modeling human behavior at multiple levels of resolution X X

Complex cognition, reasoning and learning X

Conversational dialogue X

Synthesis of autonomous knowledge acquisition, planning and behavior X

Complete integration between emotion, cognition and behavior X

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 1717

Constrained speech recognition, parsing and generation

Course of Action (COA) analysis, selection and implementation

Rudimentary emotions

Human physiological characteristics

Semi-automated coarse-grained behavior generation

Probabilistic human performance simulation and prediction

Mature Capabilities

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Autonomous, convincing group behavior

COA generation

Interdependence between physiology, emotion and cognition

Developing Capabilities

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Behavior adaptation appropriate to dynamic scenarios

Speech generation w/ appropriate prosody

Pattern recognition coupled w/ appropriate decision-making

Generalized behavior prediction

A single framework for modeling human behavior at multiple levels of resolution

Developing and Unachievable

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Complex cognition, reasoning and learning Conversational dialogue

Synthesis of autonomous knowledge acquisition, planning and behavior

Complete integration between emotion, cognition and behavior

Unachievable in Practice

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A Generational Framework forConsidering HBR Capabilities

• Analogous to the generations of programming languages

• Generations– 1st: speech recognition, rudimentary emotions/physiology,

probabilistic performance

– 2nd: domain-independent speech, COA generation, adaptive behaviors

– 3rd: single cognitive framework, architecture for multi-resolution behavior modeling, etc.

– 4th: approaching human faculties

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 2222

A Generational Framework forConsidering HBR Capabilities

General

Modeled Phenomenon

Measurable Not Measurable

Model Specificity

Speech recognition Integrated emotion and cognition

Conversational dialogue

Autonomous learning and planning

Concrete

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Conclusions

• Turing foresaw human-machine competition – HBR comprises portrayal

• Requirements development needs improvement

• Opportunities for continued research

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 2424

Future Work

• Update and extend Pew and Mavor, Ritter et al.

• Focus on HBR successes, particularly with promise of generalization

• Rigorous, formalized HBR requirements

April 28, 2004April 28, 2004 John C. Giordano – Masters Project PresentationJohn C. Giordano – Masters Project Presentation 2525

Questions?

“It takes some philosophical discipline, in short, to resist specious blurrings of differences between simulations and the phenomena they simulate.”

Larry Crockett

In The Turing Test and the Frame Problem: AI’s Mistaken Understanding of Intelligence

Intellect Books, 1994