A_Proofs_Group_22_1-23-09_ASME_Ch03_p001-088_2-15-09_KRs_Notations

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CHAPTER

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3.1 HISTORY OF MATERIALS IN THEASME BOILER AND PRESSUREVESSEL CODE

The first (1914) edition [1] of Rules for the Construction ofStationary Boilers and for Allowable Working Pressures was adoptedin the spring of 1915 [2]. The book consisted of 114 pages, ofwhich 35 pagesthe first 178 paragraphswere dedicated tomaterials. Part I of the 1914 edition was dedicated to Section I(Power Boilers). Material Specifications were provided in Section Ifor important materials used in the construction of boilers. Only riv-eted construction was permitted; the Specifications included thematerials permitted for rivets. The material requirement was thatthe rivets be made of steel or iron and be manufactured toSpecifications written specifically for BoilerRivet Steel or Iron.It must be noted that fusion-welded construction for pressure-

boundary parts was not permitted until the 1931 Edition of theASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code was published.

The materials, for the most part, were similar to those of theAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM); however,they were not duplicates. Meetings were held between representa-tives of ASTM and the Boiler Code Committee; consequently, inthe 1918 Edition of the Boiler Code there was a much closeragreement between the ASME Boiler Code and those used for theASTM Specifications.

Specifications provided in Part I of Section I (Power Boilers)included materials needed for the design and fabrication of powerboilers. The Specifications included in the 1914 Edition of theBoiler Code are shown in Table 3.1.1. For the most part, Firebox-quality steel must be used. (Steels were designated Firebox andFlange quality, the former having a higher quality than the latter[3].) The Specifications in the first edition of the Boiler Codewere unique to the needs of that time and therefore bear noresemblance to those in the current 2001 Edition of Section II.

The 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code included a Part I Section IIthat was for boilers used exclusively for low-pressure steam andhot water heating and hot water supply. The maximum allowableworking pressure for these boilers was limited to 15 pounds persquare inch (psi). Only one paragraph, 335, is dedicated to boilermaterials and states that the rules for power boilers shall apply forlarger units and for the materials given in paragraphs 23 through178. Flange quality steel was permitted for these boilers.

The determination of the maximum allowable working pressurewas based on the minimum tensile strength (TS) of the shell plate;the thickness (t) of the plate; the inside radius (R) of the cylinder;a nondimensional efficiency factor (E), which is the ratio of thestrength of a unit length of riveted joint to the same unit length ofthe solid plate; and a factor of safety (FS), which was 5 when the1914 Edition of the Boiler Code was issued. The equation fordetermining the maximum allowable working pressure in psi was

The FS was defined as the ratio of the ultimate tensile strength ofthe material to the allowable stress. It is this definition that resulted

in the idea of a factor of safety applied to the minimum tensilestrength of materials used for B&PV Code construction. As noted inthe foregoing equation, the FSis in the denominator of the equationprovided in the 1914 Edition; it is divided into all of the factors inthe numerator and, in reality, was not a material safety factor.

In 1914, there was only one plate material (Specification No. A30-14) from which boilers could be fabricatedthe Firebox-quality carbon steel. The required chemical composition of thisboilerplate steel is given in Table 3.1.2; the required mechanicalproperties are given in Table 3.1.3. The analysis in Table 3.1.2 canbe compared to the steels listed in Table 3.1.4. The minimumroom temperature tensile strength for the boilerplate was 55,000psi, which is the TS value used in the equation to determine themaximum allowable working pressure. Interestingly, the permissi-ble range in tensile strength in the material for the steelplate per-mitted in the 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code was much tighter(8,000 psi versus 20,000 psi) than what is permitted today.

In the 1914 and 1918 Editions of the Boiler Code, the MaterialSpecifications were included in paragraphs that were not specifi-cally numbered or identified. With the adoption of Section VIII(Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels) in 1925, it was recognizedthat a reference for materials would be necessary for that docu-ment, so in the 1924 Edition of the B&PV Code, a separate mate-rials sectionSection II (Material Specifications)was pub-lished. It was bound with Section I (Power Boilers) and Section VI(Rules for Inspection).

TS * t * E

R * FS

PART 2, SECTION IIMATERIALSAND SPECIFICATIONS

Domenic A. Canonico, Elmar Upitis, Richard A. Moen,Dennis Rahoi, and Marvin L. Carpenter

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With the adoption of a separate materials section, it becameprudent to identify the specifications with numbers. The decisionwas made to number the specifications, beginning with S-1 andcontinuing them to S-xx. These specifications were derived fromthe ASTM specifications; often, a direct reference was made tothe corresponding ASTM specification. In 1927, copper and brassmaterials were added to the materials in Section II. The use of theS-designation for B&PV Code Material Specifications (initiatedin the 1927 Edition) continued through the 1931 Edition, althoughmost specifications were in close agreement with the ASTM

Specifications upon which they were based. Also contained in the1927 Edition were Sections I, II, and VIII, the latter covered inparagraphs S-1 to S-263. By 1931, nearly all of the MaterialSpecifications were identical to their ASTM counterparts. The1930 Edition of the Boiler Rules, which included Section II, cost$2.50, a complete set of the Code Books cost $5.00. There was a20% discount for ASME members. Addenda were sold separately.

Shortly after the introduction of the Section VIII (Code forUnfired Pressure Vessels), the ASME, using Section VIII, and theAmerican Petroleum Institute (API) formed the joint APIASMECommittee on Unfired Pressure Vessels in late 1931. The goal ofthis joint committee was to prepare a code, adapted to the needsof the petroleum industry, for safe practice in the design, con-struction, inspection, and repair of unfired pressure vessels forpetroleum liquids and gases [4]. After much discussion and con-

cessions by both groups, the joint APIASME Code (UnfiredPressure Vessels for Petroleum Liquids and Gases) was issued inlate 1934 as an addition to Section VIII (which existed since1925). The APIASME Code was discontinued in 1956.

The APIASME Code was unique in that it used a maximumallowable working stress based on 25% of the minimum specifiedultimate tensile strength of the plate material used to fabricate theshell of the vessel. The equation for calculating the thickness ofthe cylindrical shell did not contain a FSfactor; instead, it used amaximum allowable stress value based on 25% of the minimumspecified tensile strength to determine wall thickness. The resultwas paramount in reducing the FSto 4.

The plate and forging materials permitted for the fabrication ofvessels manufactured in accordance with the APIASME Code



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COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 3

were all ASTM Material Specifications. The piping material wasalso primarily of the ASTM type, but two API Specifications

were also permitted. There were no specifications provided in theAPIASME Code; the approved materials were instead identifiedby their ASTM-, API-, and ASA-Specification number on a singlepage included in the volume as Section S.

During the late 1920s, the Boiler Code Committee began to seri-ously consider the use of welding as a method for joining pressure-boundary materials. There was considerable discussion among thecommittee members, and after extensive testing (which includedtesting vessels fabricated by welding to failure [5]), fusion weldingwas accepted as a joining process. Fusion welding of pressureparts was first permitted in the 1931 edition of the Boiler Code.

The materials continued to be included as a separate section inthe 1930 edition of the Boiler Code. They were identified with anS-number and, where appropriate, correlated with the ASTMSpecification from which they were derived. For example, the S-1Specification for steel boilerplate is identified as ASTM A-70-27.

In 1931, Boiler Code users were invited to request materialsother than those permitted in Section II. Their requests wereprompted by the Boiler Code Committees desire to keep abreast ofnew materials that could promote the state of the art of pressure-retaining components. To accommodate the requests for new mate-rials, in 1936 a special committee to review and consider theacceptability of new materials was appointed the approval of thisspecial committee. All requests for new materials needed to have.Also in the 1931 edition, materials were deleted from Section VIIIand transferred to Section II, and references to materials forSection VIII construction were made to specification numbers inSection II.

In 1935, the first of the high-strength-alloy steels were intro-duced to the Boiler Code. The S-25 Specificationidentical toASTM 129-33, a carbonmolybdenum (C Mo) steel, and S-28,

a chromiummanganesesilicon (CrMnSi) steelwere per-mitted for riveted construction, although they were not permittedto be fusion-welded. Also, the chromium molybdenum (CrMo)steels and austenitic stainless steels were introduced duringthis mid- to late-1930s time period. Specification S-34 (ASTMA-158-36), published in the 1936 addenda to Section II, was theinception of the Cr-Mo steels available today; they were identified inS-34 as P-1 (C Mo), P-3 (1.75Cr Mo), P-4 (5 Cr Mo1W),P-11 (lCr Mo), and P-212 (1.75Ni Mo). In addition, S-34 con-tained an austenitic stainless steel, P-8, which was essentially Type

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304. The 1937 Edition contained the first electricresistancewelded(ERW) tubing, S-32 (ASTM A-178-37). The stabilized stainless

steels were also introduced in this time period through Code Case834; these were the forerunners to Types 321 and 347 stainless steel.The 1937 Edition of the Boiler Rules, which contained Section II,cost $2.50; the entire set of Code Books cost $5.50. ASME mem-bers received a 20% discount. Addenda were sold separately.

In the 1937 Edition of the Boiler Code, the Section II materialswere numbered through S-41. The 1940 Edition contained materi-als through S-57 (in the 1941 addenda, there were materialsthrough S-62). The S-52 in the 1940 edition was identical toASTM A-213; it contained T-11 (1 Cr Mo), T-12 (1Cr Mo),and T-22 (2 Cr1Mo).

Section II was published as a separate book in the 1940 editionof the B&PV Code. Section II of the 1940 Edition, which wassold separately from the Power Boiler Code, cost $2.00; the entireset of Code Books cost $8.50. ASME members received a 20%discount. Addenda were sold separately.

The S-number procedure for identifying Section II materialswas replaced in the 1943 edition with a direct reference to theASTM Specifications. The S-designation system was maintained,but an ASTM Specification number was added after the SS-52, for instance, was revised to SA-213, which was the ASTMSpecification that was the basis for S-52. This method was usedfor all ferrous materials (except one material, S-4). For nonferrousmaterials, the S-number was replaced with an SB before theASTM B-number. In the 1945 addenda, all materials were listedby an SA- or SB-number. Identifying material approved forASME Code construction became easier after the publication ofthe 1943 edition of the Code; a material identified with an SA orSB before the specification number meant that alloy had beenapproved by at least one Section of the ASME Code. Table 3.1.5,originally from the 1943 edition of ASME Power Boilers, pro-

vides the correlation [6] between the S-number and the ASTMSpecification from which it was derived. The 1943 Edition ofSection II cost $2.25; the entire set of Code Books cost $9.00.ASME members received a 20% discount. Addenda were soldseparately.

It is interesting to note that twenty of the forty-two S-ferrousMaterial Specifications that existed in 1943 and earlier are in thecurrent (2001) edition listed in Section II, Part A; indeed, many ofthem continue to be the preferred tube and forging materials forthe fabrication of pressure parts for boiler applications. These

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include SA-192 and SA-210 (seamless-carbon-steel tubing),SA-178 and SA-250 (ERW carbon- and alloy-steel tubing), SA-105(carbon-steel forging), and SA-182 (forged- and rolled-alloysteel). The 1946 Edition of Section II cost $3.50; the entire set ofCode Books cost $12.50. ASME members received a 20% dis-count. Addenda were sold separately.

Carbon steel plate (S-1) was among the first materials in the1914 Edition of the Rules for the Construction of Stationary

Boilers and for Allowable Working Pressures; the analysis for theS-1 plate material for riveted construction is provided in Table3.1.2. ASTM SA-212-39 (S-55) was put into Section II in the1940 edition of the Code. There were two grades in S-55: A andB, each with two different minimum tensile strength requirementscontrolled by carbon content. The maximum thickness permittedin S-55 was in., a limitation that was dictated by the state ofthe art of radiography (RT) at that time. As the state of the art ofRT advanced, this limitation was removed. For example, in the1952 edition of the Code, the maximum thickness was raised to 6in.; later, in 1956, it was raised to 8 in.

In the ASTM A212-39 Specification, no reference was made tocoarse or fine grained-melting practices, and fracture toughnesswas a laboratory curiosity rather than a consideration in theMaterial Specifications. The catastrophic failures of ships during

World War II highlighted the mechanism of brittle failure. Thepost-World War II studies done on the ship fractures and otherbrittle failures were reported at a symposium in Atlantic City,New Jersey, in June 1953 [7]. The information reported at thesymposium was the culmination of extensive and ongoing testingsince shortly after World War II. These data were the basis for theASTM Specification A-300 (Specification for Steel Plate forPressure Vessel Service at Low Temperature), which providedCharpy V-notch (CV) impact requirements for plate steels intendedfor low-temperature service. Section II adopted SA-300 in the

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1949 Edition. The ASTM A-300 required a CV value of 15 ft-lbat50F for a carbon steel plate. The SA-300 referenced A-370(Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing ofSteel Products), which was included in Section II in the 1956Addenda. The 1949 Edition of Section II cost $5.00; the entire setof Code Books cost $14.50. Addenda were sold separately.

In 1952, the SA-212 Specification included a requirement thatthe plate material supplied in accordance with this specificationmust satisfy ASTM A-20 (Tentative Specification for the General

Requirements for the Delivery of Rolled Steel Plates of Flange

and Firebox Qualities). Also, it was required in SA-212 thatplates intended for low-temperature service must meet the impactrequirements in SA-300. SA-212 could be purchased to afinegrainmelting practiceand subsequently Normalized andTemperedfor low-temperature service, or purchased to a coarsegrainmelting practice; the single specification permitted themanufacture of both plate grades.

The SA-212 Specification continued up to 1962 as the carbonsteel plate material of choice for low-temperature service for boilerdrums and pressure vessels. Low temperature are temperaturesbelow those at which time-dependent mechanical properties controlthe service life of a pressure boundary component. As mentionedpreviously, the SA-212 single material could be melted to produce

a fine grain-melted or coarse grain-melted product. The materialmelted to fine-grain practice had to satisfy the requirements ofSA-300. From 1962 to the time that the 1968 edition of Section IIwas issued, the SA-212 Specification was deleted by the ASTM andthus from Section II; it was replaced with two specifications. TheSA-212 steel plate melted to coarse-grain practice was replaced withSA-515 (Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel,

for Intermediate and Higher Temperature Service) and theSA-212 steel plate melted to fine-grain practice was replaced withSA-516 (Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel,



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for Moderate and Lower Temperature Service). These twospecificationsalong with SA-299 (Specification for PressureVessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Manganese-Silicon), which hasslightly higher room-temperature strengthwere first publishedin the 1949 Edition of Section II. They continue to be used todayas the carbon steel plate materials of choice for boiler and pres-sure-vessel applications. There are four grades in SA-516: 55, 60,65, and 70. (The grade number represents the minimum tensilestrength requirement, in ksi, at room temperature.)

It is interesting to compare the chemical composition andmechanical property requirements for S-1 steel plate, the platematerial permitted in the 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code, and the

technologically updated SA-516, Grade 55.Tables 3.1.4 and 3.1.6 provide the chemical composition and

mechanical property requirements, respectively, for Grade 55,which has room-temperature-strength requirements (minimum55,000 psi) similar to those of the S-1 steel plate in the 1914 Editionof the Boiler Code. The permissible range for the tensile strength inthe S-1 Specification is much tighter (55,00063,000 psi) thanwhat is required in SA-516, Grade 55 (55,00075,000 psi).

Alloy steels were first included in Section II in the mid-1930s.The 1933 Specification S-25 contained C Mo, and in 1935,steels containing Cr (S-28 CrMnSi steel) were accepted bySection II, although they were not permitted for welded construc-tion. SA-213 T-22 (2 Cr1Mo) tube steel, the most commonlyused ferritic tube material for elevated-temperature service, wasadded to Section II in 1943.

The Cr Mo steels, particularly 2 Cr1Mo, were the ferriticmaterials of choice for elevated-temperature service until thedevelopment of the modified 9Cr1Mo steel. This alloy wasbased on the research of the Timken Roller Bearing Company [8],which modified the straight 9Cr1Mo through the controlledadditions of vanadium (V) and columbium (Cb).

The optimization of the Timken-modified 9Cr 1Mo alloy wasdone in the early 1970s under the sponsorship of the EnergyResearch and Development Agency, which later became the U.S.Department of Energy [8]. This alloy was developed for use inthe liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR) program [10].With the demise of the LMFBR in the late 1970s, there was noapparent need for the alloy. Fortunately, however, serendipityoccurred when boiler manufacturers recognized that the superiorelevated-temperature strength of the Modified 9Cr1Mo steelwould be useful for boiler construction. In addition to the higher

strength in the time-dependent temperature regime, it also pro-vided resistance to oxidation to temperatures about 100F higherthan those possible with 2 Cr 1Mo steel. Moreover, the alloywas of interest for boiler construction because it promised thepotential for eliminating dissimilar metal (ferritic to austenitic)welds. The alloy was accepted for Section I construction whenCode Case 1943 was approved in July 1983, which permittedonly the use of tubes. Today, the alloy is identified as Grade 91,and all product forms are permitted for Section I, III, and VIIIconstruction.

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The Grade 91 alloy was the forerunner to a number of V- and Cb-bearing alloys that have even somewhat superior high-temperaturestrength than the Modified 9Cr1Mo alloy. Currently, theseadvanced alloys are permitted for Section I and Section VIII con-struction through approved Code Cases 2179, 2180, 2199, and2327. The alloys in these Code Cases all contain significant levelsof tungsten, from nominally 1% (Code Case 2327) to 2.25%(Code Case 2199). The materials permitted in Code Cases 2179,2180, 2199 and 2327 are now identified as Grades 92, 122, 23 and911, respectively. They have now all been included in one or moreof the ASTM Specifications and subsequently have been adoptedin their counterpart ASME (SA) specifications. A completely new

ASTM Specification, A 1017/A 1017M Specification for PressureVessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum-Tungsten hasbeen written for the plate materials included in Code Cases 2180,2199 and 2327. This ASTM Specification has been accepted bySection II and is included in Section II Part A as SA-1017/1017M; Grades 23, 911 and 122 are included in SA-1017.The Grade 23, 92 and 122 are included in SA-213. The pipeproduct form for Grades 92 and 122 are in SA-335.

There are activities within Section II to establish heat treatinglimits for these alloys. It has been found that if they are austeni-tized at too high a temperature during Normalizing, or if the tem-pering temperature is too high, the service life of these alloys isgreatly compromised. Similar actions are underway concerningtheir post-weld-heat-treatment temperatures. By the time the 2007Edition of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued, theappropriate times and temperatures for their heat treatment willhave been determined.

These advanced high temperature ferritic alloys are receivingconsiderable attention as viable candidates for the advanced steamcycle power plants. Their use will increase dramatically over thenext few years.

Specifications for welding electrodes were first introduced intoSection II with the 1943 Edition. The specification for weldingelectrodes and rods, SA-233, in that edition were based on ASTMSpecification A-233-42T. In 1949, three welding specificationswere included in Section II: SA-233, SA-251, and SA-316. In1959, there were four ferritic and six nonferrous welding specifi-cations; by 1962, there were seven nonferrous and five ferrouswelding specifications. The nonferrous weld materials were alsobased on ASTM Specifications and were identified as SB fol-lowed by the ASTM B-number.

In 1969, the AWS began publishing specifications for weldingrods, electrodes, and filler metals. The ASTM ceased writingwelding specifications, and the ASME B&PV Code began to rec-ognize the AWS specifications. In the 1971 edition of the B&PVCode, Section II contained three books: Part A, Ferrous MaterialSpecifications; Part B, Nonferrous Material Specifications; andthe newly introduced Part C, Specifications for Welding Rods,

Electrodes, and Filler Metals. There are thirty-one welding speci-fications in the 2001 Edition of Section II, Part C; they are allidentical to their AWS counterparts.



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From 1971 to 1991, Section II consisted of three separatebooks, but in 1992, a fourth book was added: Part D, Properties.The publication of Part D was premised by the desire of theASME B&PV Code to ensure that all of the maximum allowablestress values (and design stress intensity values) based on thesame criteria were identical regardless of which Codebook theywere assigned. Before Part D was published, Section II estab-lished allowable stress values; it was the prerogative of the indi-vidual Codebooks to accept or reject them. This led to confusionby ASME B&PV Code users when they found that the allowablestress for an identical material was not the same in Section I andin Section VIII, Division 1, despite the same basis for establishingthe stress values. To avoid this occurrence, the Main Committeeof the ASME B&PV Code was assigned the sole responsibility ofassigning Maximum Allowable Stress Values (and Design StressIntensity Values) to Section II.

As of the publication of Section II, Part D in 1992, all allow-able stress values determined on an identical basis are the sameregardless of which Codebook they are assigned.

Section II of the 1992 Edition, which includes Parts A, B, Cand D costs $1080, the Books respectively cost $325, $300, $270,

and $185; the entire set of Code Books cost $4,753 and this priceincluded the Code Cases and Interpretations.

The most recent innovation (championed by Section VIII) thatrequired a great deal of input and effort by Section II was the reduc-tion of the material division factor from 4 to 3.5. This was accom-plished initially for Sections I and VIII, Division 1 respectively,through Code Cases 2284 and 2290, both of which were approvedin June 1998. The maximum allowable stress values were includedin Tables 1A and 1B of Section II, Part D in the 1999 Addenda. Thereduction in the material division factor simply considered the tech-nological advancements [11] that occurred over the 45 years since1942, when through a Code Case the value was reduced from 5 to 4as a material-conservation measure. At the end of World War II, thematerial division factor was restored to 5. However, it was recog-nized that components built to the division factor of 4 had providedexcellent service and that there was considerable service experiencewith pressure vessels built to the joint APIASME Code. Based onthat experience, it was decided that a reduction in the material divi-sion factor to 4 would not affect the safety of pressure componentsbuilt to the ASME B&PV Code; hence the value was changed backto 4 in the 1950 edition of Section VIII.

In the last 25 years, the stature of the ASME B&PV Code hasbeen growing worldwide. There was a concentrated effort by theASME Codes and Standards to make the B&PV Code more eas-ily adoptable internationally. Since the 1914 Edition, generallyonly ASTM Specifications were permitted for Code construc-tion. This was particularly true since 1945, when all materialsfor Code construction had to be based on ASTM Specifications.It became evident that the requirement for using only ASTMmaterials for Code construction was a deterrent to the interna-tional acceptance of the ASME B&PV Code. In 1992, the

ASME Board on Pressure Technology Codes and Standardsendorsed the use of non-ASTM materials for boilers and pres-sure vessels. Section II was permitted to review recognizedinternational specifications, assess their possibility of beingaccepted for Code construction, and provide allowable stressvalues based on the procedures and practices used for ASTMmaterials [12]. The first of the non-ASTM materials, theCanadian specification CSA G-40.21 (Specifications forStructural Quality Steels), was published as SA/CSA-40.21 inthe 1998 edition of Section II, Part A.

Section II of the 2001 Edition, which includes Parts A, B, Cand D costs $1,595, the Books respectively cost $410, $395, $395and $395; the entire set of Code Books cost $7,900, and this priceincludes the Code Cases and Interpretations.

The 2004 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Code wasreleased near the end of October 2004. A new volume, Section II PartDMetric, was included in the 2004 Edition of the B&PVC. SectionII is now comprised of five separate parts, Part A Ferrous MaterialSpecifications, Part B Nonferrous Material Specifications, Part C

Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals, Part

D Properties (Customary) and Part D (Metric). ASME Codes andStandards decided that the metric version of Section II Part D wouldfacilitate the use of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code by organi-zations that commonly use the metric system in their design and fab-rication of pressure related components. The specifications providedin Parts A and B in the 2004 Edition of the B&PVC required 2,714pages; this is an over 77 fold increase in the amount of data providedfor material specifications during the last 80 years; all five Booksthat comprise Section II occupy 5085 pages.

Each of the five Section II Books cited cost $510; the cost forthe entire set of Section II Books is $2,550. A complete set of the

2004 Edition of the B&PVC, 30 Books, including the two CodeCase Books, cost $10,900.

3.1.1 References1. Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 36, pp. 977 1086, 1914.

2. Greene, A. M. Jr.,History of the Boiler Code, The American Societyof Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1955.

3. ASTM Standard Specification A-20, General Requirements forDelivery of Rolled Steel Plates of Flange and Firebox Qualities,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, The American Society for TestingMaterials, 1965.

4. Cross, W., The Code: An Authorized History of the ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel Code, The American Society of MechanicalEngineers, New York, p. 115, 1990.

5. Cross, W., The Code: An Authorized History of the ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel Code, The American Society of MechanicalEngineers, New York, p. 218, 1990.

6. ASME Power Boilers , The American Society of MechanicalEngineers, New York, 1943 ed.

7. ASTM Symposium on theEffect of Temperature on the Brittle Behav-ior of Metals with Particular Reference to Low Temperatures, 56thAnnual Meeting, The American Society for Testing Material, AtlanticCity, NJ, June 2830, 1953.

8. Resum of Investigations on Steels for High Temperature, HighPressure Applications 1963 1965, The Timken Roller-BearingCompany (Steel and Tube Division), Canton, OH.

9. Bodine, G. C. et al., A Program for the Development of AdvancedFerritic Alloys for LMFBR Structural Application, Topical Report,Combustion Engineering, Inc., Windsor, CT, Sept. 1977.

10. Cunningham, G. W. et al., Ferritic Steels as Alternate StructuralMaterials for High Temperature Applications (proceedings of anASM international conference, Ferritic Steels for High TemperatureApplications), A. K. Khare (ed.), The American Society for Metals,Metals Park, OH.

11. Canonico, D. A.,Adjusting the Boiler Code, Mechanical Engineering,Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 5457.

12. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II, Part A, Preface,Ferrous Material Specifications, The American Society ofMechanical Engineers, 1998.



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3.2 BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCEOF MATERIALS FOR CODECONSTRUCTION SECTION II,PART A: FERROUS MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

3.2.1 Introduction

It is the policy of the ASME Boiler and Pressure VesselCommittee to adopt for inclusion in Section II of the ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code only the specifications that havebeen adopted by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM), the American Welding Society (AWS) (for Section II,Part C), and by other recognized national or international organi-zations. The ASME material specifications are based on thosepublished by ASTM, AWS, or other recognized national or inter-national organizations. Material produced to an acceptableMaterial Specification is not limited as to country of origin.

In 1992, the BPTCS endorsed the use of non-ASTM materialsfor boiler and pressure vessel applications. The Code follows theprocedures and practices currently in use for ASTM materials toimplement the adoption of non-ASTM Material Specifications.

Not all materials listed in Section II, Part A have been adoptedfor Code use. Usage is limited only to those materials and gradesadopted by at least one of the other Code sections for applicationunder the rules of that section. Materials covered by these specifi-cations are acceptable for use in items covered by the Code sec-tions only to the degree indicated in the applicable section.

All materials accepted by the various Code Sections and usedfor construction within the scope of their rules must be furnishedin accordance with the Material Specifications contained inSection II, Parts A, or B, or C, or referenced in Appendix A ofPart A except where otherwise provided in ASME Code Cases orin the applicable section of the Code.

3.2.2 Organization of Section II, Part A

ASME Section II, Part A contains ferrous Material

Specifications adopted by the ASME for construction of boiler,pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. The ASMEMaterial Specifications in Section II, Part A, are arranged innumerical sequence starting with SA-6/SA-6M and ending withthe international Material Specifications adopted by ASME (e.g.,SA/CSA-G40.21, SA/EN 10028-2, and SA/JIS G3118). Part Aalso contains the following:

(1) Specification Removal.(2) Guideline on Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler

and Pressure Vessel Code.(3) Guideline on the Approval of New Materials Under the

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.(4) Guidelines on Acceptable ASTM Editions.(5) Guidelines on Acceptable Non-ASTM Editions.(6) Guidelines on Multiple Marking of Materials.

(7) Summary of Changes.(8) List of Changes in BC Order.

3.2.3 Material Specifications Included in Section II,

Part A

The ASME specifications are listed in two separate indices inSection II, Part A. One (Specifications Listed in NumericalSequence) lists all the Material Specifications in Part A in theirnumerical sequence; the other (Product Specifications Listed byMaterials) lists the applicable specifications in numerical

sequence under the various product forms or methods. The prod-uct forms are as follows:

(1) pipes;(2) tubes;(3) flanges, fittings, valves, and parts;

(4) plates, sheets, and strips for pressure vessels;(5) bars;(6) bolting materials;(7) billets and forgings;(8) castings.

Under Specifications Listed by Materials, there are also specialmaterial groupings as follows:

(1) Structural steel;(2) Corrosion-resisting and heat-resisting steels;(3) Wrought iron, cast iron, and malleable iron.

Most ASME Material Specifications in Section II, Part A havebeen adopted from ASTM standards. Recent changes in the Codepolicy made it possible to also adapt Material Specifications from

other national or international standards. The ASME MaterialSpecifications can be recognized by letters S or SA, whichhave been added to the adopted Material Specifications. The letterS appears in front of the adopted ASTM Material Specificationnumbers (SA-20/SA-20M, SA-516/SA-516M, SF-568, etc.),whereas SA appears in front of other adopted national or interna-tional specification numbers (SA/CSA-G40.21, SA/EN-10028-1,etc.) to distinguish the ASME specifications from other specifica-tions (A 516/A 516M, F 568, CSA-G40.21, EN 10028-1, etc.).An ASME Material Specification also states whether the ASMEspecification is identical to the adopted standard specification, andif not, lists any additions and exceptions to that specification, andlists the date of the adopted specification as published in theASTM or in another national or international standard.

However, Section II, Part A includes only the ASME coversheets for adopted (non-ASTM) national or international specifi-cations for which the ASME has not been given permission by theoriginating organization to publish as Material Specifications.These ASME cover sheets list the national or international speci-fication adopted by ASME, the issue dates of the adopted specifi-cations, the additional ASME requirements, and the source forobtaining copies of the referenced national or international speci-fications and other documents referenced in the specifications.Users should obtain their own copies of the non-ASTM nationalor international specifications listed in the cover sheet, as well asany other referenced specifications in the adopted specification.

Some of the Material Specifications in Section II, Part Ainclude general requirements specifications. These specificationscover a group of common requirements that, unless otherwisespecified in the individual Material Specification, apply to allMaterial Specifications for that product form. For example, SA-

516/SA-516M references SA-20/SA-20M (Specification forGeneral Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels) formanufacturing, chemical analysis, and several other requirements.Some other specifications include requirements for test methodsor nondestructive examination. An example of a test-methodsspecification is SA-370 (Standard Test Methods and Definitionsfor Mechanical Testing of Steel Products); an example of a non-destructive-examination specification is SA-578/SA-578M(Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Plainand Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications).


the Guideline on theAcceptable ASTM Editions


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8 Chapter 3

The following are typical examples of ASME MaterialSpecifications published in Section II, Part A, showing only thefirst page of the specification.

SA-516/SA-516M This specification is identical with ASTMspecification A 516/A 516M-93. (See Fig. 3.2.1.)

SA-336/SA-336M This specification is identical with ASTMspecification A 336/A 336M-96 except for clarified heat treatmentrequirements in 6.2.

SA-240/SA-240M This specification is identical to ASTMspecification A 240/A 240M-04. (See Fig. 3.2.2.)


Mary Grace: This is still not the correct picture; Sample from 2007 Edition is provided as Fig 3.2.1 and change the source as indicated on it.

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Mary Grace: This is still not the correct picture; Sample from 2007 Edition isprovided as Insert Fig 3.2.2 and change the Title and Source as indicated onit.


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SA/EN 10028-2 This specification is identical with BS EN 10028-2-1993 with the additional requirements listed on the ASME coversheet. (See Fig. 3.2.3.) No other edition is approved for ASME use.

3.2.4 Guidelines for Approval and Use of the

Materials for ASME Code ConstructionSection II, Part A includes the following general guidelines for

approval and use of materials for ASME Code construction:

(1) Preparation of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and PressureVessel Committee.

(2) Acceptable ASTM and Non-ASTM Editions.(3) Guideline on Marking of Materials.

The following is a brief summary of the provisions in two ofthese guidelines. The Guideline on the Approval of NewMaterials Under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code isdiscussed in paragraph 3.2.5.

3.2.4.1 Acceptable ASTM and Non-ASTM Editions Allmaterials originating from an ASTM specification, allowed by thevarious Code Sections and used for construction within the scopeof their rules shall be furnished in accordance with the Material

Specifications contained within Section II and this guidelineexcept where otherwise provided in Code Cases or in the applica-ble Section of the Code. Materials covered by these Specificationsare acceptable for use in items covered by the Code Sections onlyto the degree indicated in the applicable Section. Materials forCode use should preferably be ordered, produced, and document-ed on this basis; however, material produced under an ASTMSpecification listed in Table ED-1 may be used in lieu of the corre-sponding ASME Specification listed in this guideline. Table ED-1lists the latest adopted ASTM Specifications and the issue dates ofother acceptable ASTM editions, as well as the Codebook sections

of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in which a particular spec-ification is approved for use.

Material produced to an ASME or ASTM Specification withrequirements different from the requirements of the correspond-ing Specification may also be used in accordance with the above,provided the material manufacturer or vessel manufacturer certi-fies with evidence acceptable to the Authorized Inspector that thecorresponding Specification requirements have been met. Thisguideline lists the Specifications, originating from ASTM, andtheir acceptable dates of issue as well as the Book sections of theASME boiler Code in which the specification is approved for use.


(4) Approval of New Materials Under the

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

Guidelines on Multiple

Submittal

2-2003

Replace this figure from 2007 Code Edition. (sample figure 3.2.3 providedas Insert).


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All materials originating from a non-ASTM Specification,allowed by the various Code Sections and used for constructionwithin the scope of their rules shall be furnished in accordancewith the Material Specifications contained within Section II andthis guideline except where otherwise provided in Code Cases orin the applicable Section of the Code. Materials covered by theseSpecifications are acceptable for use in items covered by the CodeSections only to the degree indicated in the applicable Section.Materials for Code use should preferably be ordered, produced,and documented on this basis; however, material produced undera non-ASTM Specification listed in Table ED-2 may be used inlieu of the corresponding ASME Specification as listed in thisAppendix. Material produced to an ASME or non-ASTMSpecification with requirements different from the requirementsof the corresponding Specification may also be used in accor-dance with the above, provided the material manufacturer or ves-sel manufacturer certifies with evidence acceptable to theAuthorized Inspector that the corresponding Specificationrequirements have been met. This guideline lists the non-ASTMSpecifications, originating not from ASTM, and their acceptabledates of issue as well as the Book sections of he ASME boiler

Code in which the specification is approved for use.

3.2.4.2 Guidelines on Multiple Marking of Materials ManyMaterial Specifications or grades have significant overlap of chem-ical composition ranges or mechanical properties. It is common forMaterial Manufacturers to produce materials that meet the require-ments of more than one specification, grade, class, or type. Someexamples are SA-516 Gr. 65 and Gr. 70, SA-53 and SA-106, andSA-240 Type 304 and Type 304L, and so forth.

Dual marking on materials is acceptable, as long as the materialso marked meets all of the requirements of all of the specifications,grades, classes, and types with which it is marked. All of the attrib-utes of the multiply-marked grades of specifications must overlap(e.g. chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensions andtolerances). The material so marked must also exhibit values that allfall within the limitations of the overlaps, and the controlled attrib-utes of the specification or grades must overlap (e.g. melting prac-tices, heat treatments, and inspection requirements).

Grade substitution is not permitted. For example, material thatmeets all of the composition limits for SA-240 Type 304, contains0.06% C and 0.02% N, but also contains 0.45% Ti. This materialcannot be marked or supplied as meeting SA-240, Type 304 becausethe Ti content meets the requirements of SA-240, Type 321 thatis, Ti must be at least 5 x (C N) but not more than 0.7%.

3.2.5 Guideline on the Approval of New Materials

Under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Code

Each Part of Section II includes a guideline on the approval ofnew materials for use in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codeconstruction. The Inquirer must furnish to the Code Committee

the appropriate Material Specification and the data specified in theguideline to enable the Committee to evaluate the material and toassign design stress values over the range of temperatures forwhich the material is to be used. The following is a brief summaryof the guideline in Part A of Section II. Readers should familiarizethemselves with all the provisions of the guidelines in Section II,Parts A and D, before submitting requests to the CodeCommittee for approval of new materials. However, the materialcannot be used in Code construction until adopted by one of theCodebook sections (such as Section I, VIII, Division 1 andDivision 2, etc.).

3.2.5.1 Code Policy This guideline in Section II, Part A (alsoAppendix 5 in Section II, Part D) outlines the Code requirements forapproval of new materials. It is the policy of the ASME Boiler andPressure Vessel Code to adopt for inclusion in Section II only thosespecifications which have been adopted by the ASTM, by the AWS,and by other recognized national or international organizations. Formaterials made to a recognized national or international specificationother than ASTM or AWS, the inquirer must notify the standards-developing organization that a request has been made to ASME foradoption of their specification under the ASME Boiler and PressureVessel Code. In addition, the inquirer must request that the organiza-tion grant ASME permission to reprint the specification. This actiondoes not prohibit requests for Code approval of other materials; insuch cases the inquirer shall make a request to ASTM, AWS, or otherappropriate national or international organization to develop a speci-fication that can be presented to the Code Committee.

It is a policy of the Code Committee to consider requests toadopt new materials only from boiler, pressure-vessel, or nuclear-power-plant-component manufacturers or end users. Furthermore,such requests should be for materials for which a reasonableexpectation exists for use in a boiler, pressure vessel, or nuclear

power plant component constructed to the rules of one of theCodebook Sections. All requests for adoption of new materialsshall include the following information:

3.2.5.2 Application The inquirer shall identify the following:

(1) the section or sections and divisions of the Code in whichthe new material is to be incorporated;

(2) the temperature range of the application;(3) whether cyclic service is to be considered;(4) whether external pressure is to be considered; and(5) all product forms, size ranges, and specifications for which

incorporation is desired.

3.2.5.3 Mechanical Properties The inquirer shall furnish the

following data on which to base the design values for inclusion inthe applicable in the Code tables:

(1) The appropriate Material Specification,(2) Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, reduction of area,

and elongation, at 100oF (or 50oC) intervals, from roomtemperature to 100oF (50oC) above the maximum-use tem-perature, unless the maximum use-temperature does notexceed 100oF (50oC)

(3) If the desired maximum use-temperature involves time-dependent behavior, stress-rupture data and creep-rupture-strength data of the base metal and appropriate weld metalsand weldments at 100oF (50oC) intervals to 100oF (50oC)above the intended maximum-use temperature,

(4) Notch toughness data for all materials for which Code tough-ness rules would be expected to apply, including test results

for the intended lowest service metal temperature and for therange of desired material thickness. For welded construction,the notch-toughness data shall include the results of Code-toughness tests for weldments and heat-affected zones forweldments made by the intended welding processes.

(5) Stress-strain curves (tension or compression) for material incomponents that operate under external pressure, at 100oF(50oC) intervals over the range of desired design temperatures.

(6) Fatigue data, if the material is to be used in cyclic serviceand if the Construction Code requires explicit considerationof cyclic behavior.


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In general, for all mechanical properties, the data shall be fur-nished from at least three heats of materialmeeting all require-ments of the specification for at least one product form for whichadoption is desiredfor each test at each test temperature. Forproduct forms for which the properties may be size-dependent,data from products of different sizes, including the largest size forwhich adoption is desired, shall be provided.

3.2.5.4 Other Properties The inquirer shall furnish to theCommittee adequate data necessary to establish values for the fol-lowing properties over the range of temperatures for which thematerial is to be used when the applicable Construction Coderequires explicit consideration:

(1) Youngs modulus;(2) shear modulus;(3) Poissons ratio;(4) coefficient of thermal expansion,(5) thermal conductivity; and(6) diffusivity.

3.2.5.5 WeldabilityThe inquirer shall furnish complete data onthe weldability of the material intended for welding, including data

on procedure qualification tests made in accordance with therequirements of Section IX. Welding tests shall be made over the fullrange of thickness in which the material will be used. The inquirershall provide pertinent information such as the following:

(1) postweld heat treatment required;(2) susceptibility to air hardening;(3) the effect of welding procedure on heat-affected zone and

weld metal notch toughness; and(4) the amount of experience in welding the material.

3.2.5.6 Physical Changes The inquirer shall also inform theCommittee on the influence of conditions known to the inquirerthat could cause significant changes in the mechanical properties,microstructure, resistance to brittle fracture, and so on, duringmanufacture or service, such as the following:

(1) fabrication practices (e.g., forming, welding, thermal treat-ments, including cooling rates, and combinations ofmechanical working and heat treatments).

(2) exposure to certain service environments, including temper-ature ranges of exposure.

The inquirer may refer to known properties or known condi-tions of ASME-approved, like materials in his request for Codeapproval of a particular material. The Code Committees will eval-uate the data and will indicate approval and any additions orexceptions applicable to the specification published in the nationalor international standard and adopted by the ASME.

3.2.5.7 ASME Code Cases The Code Committee will considerthe issuance of an ASME Code Casepermitting the use of a newmaterialif the following conditions are met:

(1) The inquirer provides evidence that the material is made toan ASTM Specification or a recognized national or interna-tional standard.

(2) The material is commercially available and can be pur-chased to the proposed specification requirements.

(3) The inquirer shows that a reasonable demand of the materi-al exists in the industry and that there exists an urgency forapproval by means of a Code Case.

(4) The request for approval of the material shall clearly describeit in specification form (i.e., the scope, process, manufacture,delivery conditions, heat treatment, chemical and tensile prop-erty requirements, testing requirements, forming properties,workmanship, finish, marking, inspection and rejection).

(5) The inquirer furnishes all the data specified in theGuideline on the Approval of New Materials under theASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

(6) All other requirements identified in Section II under CodePolicy and Application have been met.

3.2.6 References1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II, Part A, The

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007 edition.

2. Moen, Richard A., CASTI Guidebook to ASME Section II, B31.1 &B31.3 (Materials Index), 2008.

3.3 BASIS FOR ACCEPTANCE OFMATERIALS FOR CODE

CONSTRUCTIONSECTION II,PART B: NONFERROUS MATERIALSPECIFICATIONS

3.3.1 Introduction

ASME Section II, Part B includes nonferrous MaterialSpecifications adopted by the ASME for construction of boiler,pressure-vessel, and nuclear-power-plant components. Thesespecifications are identical with or similar to the specificationspublished by the ASTM, AWS and other recognized national orinternational organizations. It is the policy of the ASME B&PVCommittee to adopt for inclusion in Section II only those specifi-cations that have been adopted by the ASTM, the AWS (forSection II, Part C [1]), and by other recognized national and inter-national organizations. Material produced to an acceptableMaterial Specification is not limited to its country of origin.

In 1992, the BPTCS endorsed the use of non-ASTM materialsfor boiler and pressure vessel applications. The Code follows theprocedures and practices currently in use for ASTM materials toimplement the adoption of non-ASTM Material Specifications.

Not all materials listed in Material Specifications in Section II,Part B [2] have been adopted for Code use. Usage is limited onlyto those materials and grades adopted by at least one of the Codesections for application under the rules of that section. Materialscovered by these specifications are acceptable for use in itemscovered by the Code sections only to the extent indicated in theapplicable section. In Tables 1B, 2B, and 5B, allowable stressesare provided for Sections, I, III-1, III-3, VIII-1, VIII-2, and XII, tothe extent indicated therin. The maximum temperature of use isalso indicated. The abbreviation for not permitted (NP) isshown where a Codebook section does not allow this material to

be used. However, the NP designation is not without change; thatis, an alloy is usually not permitted either because it has not beenrequested for use or it is for some specific reason not applicable tothat section.

All materials allowed by the various Code sections and used forconstruction within the scope of their rules must be furnished inaccordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II,Part B, or referenced in Appendix A of Part B, except whereotherwise provided in the Code Cases or in the applicable Codesection. It is important to visit the tables listing the acceptablespecifications and alloys in some of the Code sections. For example,



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Tables UNF 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4 and 23.5 list the acceptablealloys for each nonferrous SB specification in Section VIII Div-1.

3.3.1.1 Alloy Definitions In Section II, Part B, it is easy to callthe alloys nonferrous when they are titanium, copper, zirconium oreven nickel-based alloys. However, many alloys listed in B/SBspecifications for nickel alloys are (if developed today) ferrousalloys. These materials all have the unified numbering system(UNS) [3] alloy identification as N08xxx. The old rule was to con-sider an alloy to be ferrous if more than 50% of its compositionwas of elements other than iron. For all new materials of the pre-sent day, however, the largest element content dictates the specifi-cation with which the alloy is to be used. If an alloy has more than50% of its content other than iron but with iron still its largest sin-gle component, it would then be a ferrous material. Alloys of theUNS N08xxx type are currently added to ferrous MaterialSpecifications while simultaneously remaining in the nonferrousones. As this is written, one nonferrous alloy, N08904, has beenadded to all stainless specification and deleted from all nonferrous.ASTM specifications. When the last ASTM specification contain-ing (or not containing) this alloy is adopted by ASME, the allow-

able stress values (and stress intensities) will move from Tables1B, 2B, and 5B to Tables 1A, 2A, and 5A. Corresponding changeswill occur in the book committe tables noted above and also inSection IX, but the P-No will not change.

3.3.2 Organization of Section II, Part B

ASME Section II, Part B lists the ASME nonferrous MaterialSpecifications in their numerical sequence, starting with SB-26/SB-26M ASTM specifications and ending with any internationalMaterial Specifications adopted by the ASME. The first internationalnonferrous Material Specification, however, has not yet beenadopted as of the 2004 edition. When published, Section II, Part Bwill include only the ASME cover sheets for the ASME-adoptednational and international specifications for which the ASME hasnot been given permission to publish in their entirety. Currentlythere are several code cases on aluminum alloys, to EN specifica-tions that, in time, will become SB/EN specifications to add thematerial to the allowable stress or stress intensity tables.

Section II, Part B also contains the following:

(1) Preparation of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and PressureVessel Committee.

(2) Guideline on the Approval of New Materials Under theASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

(3) A table listing Acceptable ASTM Editions.(4) Guidelines on Multiple Marking of Materials, and(5) Specification Removal.

3.3.3 Material Specifications Included in Section II,

Part B

The ASME Material Specifications are listed in two separate

indices in Section II, Part B. The first (Specifications Listed byMaterials), given here as Table 3.3.1, is a listing of the ASMEnonferrous Material Specifications by element class, productforms, and specification test methods as follows:

(1) aluminum and aluminum alloys;(2) cobalt alloys:(3) copper and copper-alloy plates, sheets, strips, and rolled bars;(4) copper and copper-alloy rods, bars, and shapes;(5) copper and copper-alloy pipes and tubes;(6) copper-alloy castings;

(7) copper test methods;(8) nickel and nickel-alloy plates, sheets, and strips;(9) nickel and nickel-alloy rods, bars, and wires;

(10) nickel and nickel-alloy pipes and tubes;(11) nickel-alloy castings;(12) nickel and nickel-alloy fittings;(13) titanium and titanium alloys; and(14) zirconium and zirconium alloys;

The second of these indices (Specifications Listed in NumericSequence) lists all of the Material Specifications in Section II,Part B in their numeric sequence.

The ASME Material Specification in Section II, Part B add let-ters S or SB to the designations in the ASME-adopted nationalor international Material Specifications (e.g., B75) to distinguishthem from the national or international specifications (e.g., B-75).The subtitle (or preamble) of the ASME Specification lists anyadditions and exceptions to the specifications published in thenational or international standards and adopted by the ASME,including the edition date of the specification published in thenational or international standard and adopted by the ASME. In

nonferrous materials, the most common addition to the correspond-ing ASTM [4] Specification is to make certification mandatory.

National or international specifications adopted by the ASMEfor which it had not been given permission by the originating orga-nization to publish are referenced on the cover sheets of thesespecifications at the end of Section II, Part B. These cover sheetslist only the additional ASME requirements and the source forobtaining copies of the referenced national or international specifi-cations and other documents referenced in the specifications. Usersshould obtain their own copies of the national or internationalspecifications listed in the cover sheet for other requirements in thespecifications. (None are currently present in Nonferrous.)

Several Material Specifications in Section II, Part B includegeneral requirements for particular materialproduct form combi-nations, and some others include requirements for test methods orexamination of product forms. An example of a general require-ments specification is SB-824 (Specification for GeneralRequirements for Copper Alloy Castings); an example of a test-methods specification is SB-858M (Determination of Susceptibilityto Stress Corrosion Cracking in Copper Alloys Using anAmmonia Vapor Test).

SB-163, given here as Fig. 3.3.1, is a typical example of anASME Material Specification published in Section II, Part B. Thisspecification is identical to ASTM Specification B163-01, except forthe deletion of Supplementary Requirements for U.S. Governmentand the deletion of Appendix X2. OM converter sizes.

3.3.4 Appendices

Section II, Part B includes the following mandatory appendicesthat is pertinent to Material Specifications:

Appendix I standard Units for use in Equations

3.3.4.1 Paragraph on Acceptable ASTM Editions. TheMaterial Specifications in Section II are acceptable for use in itemscovered by a particular Codebook section only to the extent per-mitted in the applicable Codebook section (e.g., Section I andSection VIII, Division 1). Section II, Part B includes a table thatlists ASME Material Specifications and the ASME Codebook sec-tions of the B&PV Code in which the specifications are approvedfor use. Materials for Code use should preferably be ordered, pro-duced, and documented on the basis of the ASME specifications;however, materials produced under ASTM Specifications may be



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TABLE 3.3.1 SPECIFICATIONS LISTED BY MATERIALS (Source: Section II, Part B of the 2007 ASME B&PV Code)



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TABLE 3.3.1 (CONTINUED)



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FIG. 3.3.1 SPECIFICATION FOR SEAMLESS NICKEL AND NICKEL-ALLOY CONDENSER AND HEAT-EXCHANGER TUBES

(Source:Section II, Part B of the ASME B&PV Code)



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FIG. 3.3.1 (CONTINUED)



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used in lieu of the corresponding ASME Specifications listed. Thetable in Section II Part B lists the latest adopted ASTMSpecifications and the issue dates of other acceptable ASTM edi-tions, as well as the Codebook sections of the B&PV Code inwhich a particular specification in approved for use.

Material produced to an ASME or ASTM Specification withrequirements different from the corresponding ASME Specificationmay also be used in accordance with the Code rules if the MaterialManufacturer or Vessel Manufacturer certifies (with evidenceacceptable to the Authorized Inspector) that the correspondingASME Specification requirements have been met. The approvedASTM specification (or SB version) printed in the current edition oraddenda may not be the latest approved. If a later ASTM or interna-tional specification is approved, it will be printed in Part B if there issome specific technical change (e.g., a change in ordering informa-tion) or if a new alloy is added. However, if is merely an editorialcorrection (as in a 5-year ASTM review), it may not be printed inPart B, and the older one is left as is. In the latter case, it is importantfor one to note the latest approved version listed in AcceptableASTM Editions (Page XIV of the 2004 Edition).

3.3.4.2 Multiple Marking of Materials Paragraph. The prin-ciple for Section II, Part B is identical to that for Section II, Part A[5], although in reality no need currently exists for the multiplemarking of nonferrous material.

3.3.5 Guideline on the Approval of New Materials

Under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Code

This guideline in Section II, Part B (also, Appendix 5 inSection II, Part D [6]) outlines the Code requirements forapproval of new materials. Normally, requests for Code approvalof new materials should be made for materials that have a recog-nized national or international specification. This does not prohibitrequests for Code approval of other materials, but in such casesthe inquirer should make a request to the appropriate recognizednational or international organization to develop a specificationthat can be presented to the Code Committee.

It is the policy of the B&PV Committee to consider requestsfor the adoption of new materials only from boiler, pressure-vessel, and nuclear-power-plant-component manufacturers or endusers. Furthermore, such requests should be for materials forwhich a reasonable expectation exists for use in a boiler, pressure-vessel, or nuclear-power-plant component constructed to the rulesof one of the Codebook sections. All requests for adoption of newmaterial shall include the following information:

3.3.5.1 Application The inquirer shall identify the following:

(1) the section or sections and divisions of the Code in whichthe new material is to be incorporated;

(2) the temperature range of the application;(3) whether cyclic service is to be considered;(4) whether external pressure is to be considered; and(5) all product forms, size ranges, and specifications for which

incorporation is desired.

3.3.5.2 Mechanical Properties The inquirer shall furnish thefollowing data on which to base the design values for inclusion inthe applicable Code tables.

(1) The appropriate Material Specification.(2) Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, reduction of area, and

elongation at 100F (50C) intervals from room temperature

to 100F (50C) above the maximum-use temperature, unlessthe maximum-use temperature does not exceed 100F (50C).

(3) If the desired maximum-use temperature involves time- depen-dent behavior, the stress rupture and creep-rupture- strengthdata of the base metal and appropriate weld metals and weld-ments at 100F (50C) intervals to 100F (50C) above theintended maximum-use temperature. When creep-rate andcreep-rupture-strength data are not included, the Code analysiswill limit the maximum temperature to one that is known to besignificantly lower; one in which time-independent behavior isthe design criterion. For example, nickel-base alloys will belimited to 800F with-out submission of this data.

(4) Notch toughness data for all materials for which Code-toughness rules are expected to apply, including testresults for the intended lowest service metal temperatureand for the range of desired material thicknesses. Forwelded construction, the notch-toughness data shallinclude the results of the Code-toughness tests for weldmetal and heat-affected zones for weldments made by theintended welding processes.

(5) Stressstrain curves (tension or compression) for material in

components that operate under external pressure at 100F(50C) intervals over the range of desired design tempera-tures. This data can be presented in digital form.

(6) Fatigue data, if the material is to be used in cyclic serviceand if the Construction Code requires explicit considerationof cyclic behavior.

(7) All other requirements identified in Section II under CodePolicy and Applications have been met.

In general, for all mechanical properties, the data shall be fur-nished from at least three heats of material meeting all require-ments of the specification for at least one product form for whichadoption is desiredfor each test at each test temperature. Inproduct forms for which the properties may be size-dependent,data from products of different sizes, including the largest size forwhich adoption is desired, shall be provided to prove that the

same or independent trend curves shall be used. If more thanthree heats are supplied, the data for at least three must be contin-uous from room temperature to the maximum temperature.

3.3.5.3 Other PropertiesThe inquirer shall furnish to the CodeCommittee sufficient data to establish values for the followingproperties over the range of temperatures for which the material isto be used and for which the applicable Construction Coderequired explicit consideration:

(1) Youngs modulus;(2) shear modulus;(3) Poissons ratio;(4) coefficient of thermal expansion;(5) thermal conductivity; and(6) diffusivity.

3.3.5.4 Weldability The inquirer shall furnish complete dataon the weldability of the material intended for welding, includ-ing data on procedure qualification tests made in accordance withthe requirements of Section IX [7]. Welding tests shall be madeover the full range of thickness in which the material will beused. The inquirer shall provide pertinent information such as thefollowing:

(1) postweld heat treatment required;(2) susceptibility to air hardening;



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(3) effect of the welding procedure on the heat-affected zoneand weld-metal notch toughness;

(4) the amount of experience needed in welding the material;and

(5) mechanical properties of the weld metal at elevated temper-atures. There are cases where the allowable stress values orstress intensity values are based on the weld metal proper-ties and not the base metal, because the weld metal valuesare significantly lower than the base metal.

If welding information is not included, it might represent theCode Committees conclusion to deem the material suitable fornonwelded construction only.

3.3.5.5 Physical Changes The inquirer shall also inform theCode Committee of conditions that could cause significantchanges in the mechanical properties, microstructure, resistance tobrittle fracture, and so on, during manufacturing or service, such asthe following:

(1) fabrication practices (e.g., forming, welding, thermal treat

ments, including cooling ranges, and combinations ofmechanical working and thermal treatments); and(2) exposure to certain service environments (e.g., particular tem-

perature ranges of exposure and the exposure to certain envi-ronments).

The inquirer may refer to properties of known conditions ofsimilar ASME-approved materials in his or her request for Codeapproval of a particular material. The Code Committee will evalu-ate the data, indicate approval, and make any additions or excep-tions applicable to the specification published in the national orinternational standard and adopted by the ASME.

3.3.5.6 ASME Code Cases The Code Committee will considerissuing a Code Caseprovided the following conditions are met:

(1) The inquirer provides evidence that the material is made toan ASTM or another recognized national or internationalstandard.

(2) The material is commercially available and can be pur-chased to the proposed specification requirements.

(3) The inquirer shows that a reasonable demand of the materi-al exists in the industry and that an urgency exists forapproval by means of a Code Case.

(4) The request for approval of the material shall clearlydescribe the material in specification form (i.e., the scope,process, manufacture, delivery conditions, heat treatment,chemical and tensile property requirements, testing require-ments, forming properties, workmanship, finish, marking,inspection, and rejection).

(5) The inquirer furnishes to the Code Committee all the dataspecified in the Guideline on the Approval of New Materialsunder the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

(6) All other requirements identified in Section II under CodePolicy and Application have been met.

3.3.6 Interpretations

Users of the ASME B&PV Code may submit written requestsfor interpretations to the ASME B&PV Committee regarding theCode rules. Section II, Part B of the B&PV Code includes writteninterpretations, issued between the indicated dates, in response toinquiries concerning the Material Specifications contained in

Section II, Part B. Each interpretation is identified by the Codesection and the BC number (e.g., IIB-98-01); all are listed at theend of Section II, Part B.

3.3.7 ASME B31.1: Nonferrous Material

Specifications

ASME B31.1 (Power Piping) [8] allows materials that conform tospecifications listed in its Table 126.1, given here as Table 3.3.2. Thesignificant difference to the B&PV Code is the allowance in B31.1of a direct ASTM Specification with a note stating that the corre-sponding SB specification can be used interchangeably. This allowsspecifications to be used without testing and without the need forMaterial Certifications. The exception is the requirement for boilerexternal piping (BEP); here, the ASME-approved SB version isrequired. Only when the ASTM Specification is identical to or asstringent as its ASME counterpart can it be used.

Appendix F, given here as Table 3.3.3, is a list of the latestapproved ASTM editions and other B31.1-approved standard-orga-nization specifications. The allowable stresses for each alloy to eachspecification is noted in Appendix A Table A-4 for nickel and high-nickel alloys, Table A-6 for copper and copper alloys, Table A-7 for

aluminum alloys, Table A-9 for any alloy with allowable stress val-ues l,200F and over, and Table A-9 for titanium alloys.

3.3.8 ASME B31.3: Nonferrous Material

Specifications

Chapter III of ASME B31.3 (Process Piping) [9] discussesmaterials and notes that materials conforming to listed specifica-tions may be used. Appendix A contains the allowable stressesand quality factors for metallic piping and bolting materials inaddition to a specification index, given here as Table 3.3.4, thatlists the ASTM designations. Similar comments made for B31.1can be made regarding the quality of the specifications permit-ted. Unlisted materials may also be used if they conform to apublished specification that covers chemical, physical, and

mechanical properties, the method and process of manufacture-ing, the heat treatment, and the quality control measures. Theallowable stress values are determined by the rules of the B31.3Code.

3.3.9 References1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II, Part C. The

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007.

2. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II, Part B, TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007.

3. ASTM DS-56I, Metals and Alloys in the Unifired Numbering System,The American Society for Testing Materials, 10th ed.

4. ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Section 2, Vols. 02.01, 02.02, and02.04, The American Society for Testing Materials, 2005.

5. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II, Part A. TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007.

6. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II, Part D. TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007.

7. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section IX, The AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers, 2007.

8. ASME B31.1, Power Piping, The American Society of MechanicalEngineers, 2006 edition.

9. ASME B31.3, Process Piping, The American Society of MechanicalEngineers, 2006 edition.



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TABLE 3.3.2 SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS (Source: Table 126.1 of ASME B31.1, Power Piping)



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TABLE 3.3.3 APPENDIX REFERENCED STANDARDS [Note (1)] (Source: ASME B31.12004 Edition, Power Piping)



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TABLE 3.3.4 SPECIFICATION INDEX FOR APPENDIX A



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