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APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005
Seoul, Korea1
Overview of Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Satellite Activities
Country Report for Australia
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 2
Services provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology
weather forecasts and warnings (and tsunamis) climate and hydrological information in support of aviation, shipping, defence,
industry and the general public, to enhance economic and social well-being
TC Tracy1974ESSA-8
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 4
Local ground stations
Rationale for local reception: timeliness; full resolution; low cost, relatively low maintenance; backup to Melbourne Head Office (security of
access to data). Ranging geo satellites - TARS - Treaty with Japan,
MOU with China
J-TARS, Crib Point
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 6
Locally received satellite data
MTSAT-1R/GOES-9/FY-2C: Melbourne HO & Crib Pt (near Melbourne)
NOAA: Crib Pt (2), Darwin, Perth, Casey (Antarctica), Alice Springs
FY-1D: Melbourne, Darwin, Casey MODIS: Hobart, Perth, (Alice Springs from
ACRES); AIRS Melbourne Hobart, Alice Springs, Perth - consortia MTSAT-1R, FY-2C - Perth, Darwin, Brisbane
& Sydney, plus Melbourne
Crib Point - south of Melbourne (SE Australia)
TERSS - Hobart
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MTSAT-1R/GOES-9 applications
solar radiation Atmospheric Motion Vectors volcanic ash detection assimilation of radiances into NWP models Data Collection Platforms
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Example of output from the Bureau's solar radiation model using GMS-5 visible observations and ancillary data
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AMVs at 3 levels derived from GOES-9 images, processed using McIDAS before assimilation into NWP models
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FY-2C 30 Jan 2005 06 UTC
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MTSAT-1R on 9 May 20050232 UTC infrared, test transmission HiRID
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MTSAT-1R 0333 UTC, 9 May 2005 colour-enhanced composite with Vis, IR: HiRID
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 18
Data Collection Platforms
Automatic weather stations - geo relay (GMS/MTSAT)
Tide gauges - geo relay
Drifting buoys - NOAA DCPLS
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Coverage by Bureau Receiving Stations – Polar Orbiters
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 20
Polar orbiter applications
ATOVS retrievals Sea Surface Temperatures Normalised Difference Vegetation Indices Grassland Curing Indices sea ice monitoring low cloud/fog detection bushfire monitoring (hotspots, smoke) volcanic ash detection multichannel composites BMRC is validating GPS estimates of Total
Precipitable Water, and improving NWP models.
TC Thelma
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 22
Australian region sea surface temperature map from NOAA satellite data in degrees Celsius.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 23
SST quality: average RMS error (satellite versus ground truth). Red line is RMS error of 1.0 degree Kelvin.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 24
Maximum Value Composite NDVI product
Low cloud/fog mask from NOAA data, for southern part of Western Australia, 6 April 2004. Colours are: gray no cloud detected; red rejected fog/low cloud; blue very low cloud/fog; green low cloud; yellow low cloud but tops clearly distinct from ground (ex ch3-ch4); brown dull cloud - low
and/or thin (ex neighbouring pixel check); purple bright cloud - mid and/or thick (ex neighbouring 'surface' check); magenta/pink cirrus & cloud edges; orange cold cloud - ice or large water droplets; black cold cloud - probable
ice.
TOVS/ATOVS
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Satellite versus radiosonde soundings
97-98 El Nino - SE Asia fires
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4 Feb 2003, NOAA-16, Victoria/Tasmania
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China’s FY-1C &-1D
10 channel radiometer received and processed real-time at Crib Pt,
near Melbourne, Casey, Darwin
Multichannel composite colour FY-1C image over south Australia
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 32
FY-1D
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 33
Indirectly received satellite data
Meteosat & GOES from SSEC, UKMO, Eumetsat NOAA from SSEC University of Wisconsin INSAT from Internet scatterometer e.g. from GTS or QuikSCAT from
NOAA/NESDIS ERS altimeter in BUFR from GTS ENVISAT RA and AATSR ftp from ESA SSM/I DMSP from NOAA/NESDIS ATOVS (SATEMs) from NOAA/NESDIS & UKMO SATOB AMVs and SSTs
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 34
QuikSCAT: Wind barbs (in knots), colour-coded via wind speed: 0 - black, 5 - blue, 10 - light blue, 15 - cyan, 20 - aqua, 25 -
green, 30 - lime green, 35 - yellow, 40 - orange, 45 - red, >50 brown.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 35
ERS Scatterometer winds over Tropical Cyclone Justin 16 March 1997, overlaid on GMS-5 satellite image.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 36
TRMM surface rain
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28 May 2003Night - EST
AVHRR – 0300AATSR – 2200MODIS – 2230AMSRE – 0200
15.5–17.0 OS138.5–141.0 OE
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 38
Future Plans for Bureau satellite activities
further direct reception; further access to non-local RT products (GTS, Internet); further education & training and promotion to improve
utilisation, with Bureau's Training Centre; quality and performance measurement; X-band data management and new ground stations (Crib Pt,
Darwin, Antarctica) MODIS workshops and software exchange/stds enhanced data assimilation into NWP models, especially
regional/mesoscale e.g. ATOVS, AIRS establishment of regional servers for RT time data dissemination
including RARS
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 39
Advanced and Future Satellite Systems
Aqua: MODIS 36 channels, 250m-1km res, 0.4-15 microns; AIRS/AMSU/HSB - AIRS 2378 channels vis to mid-IR: high res soundings
METOP-2 FY-3 series NPP, NPOESS COMS, FY-2D, MTSAT-2 GIFTS
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 40
APSDEU environment: International Meteorological Satellite Arrangements
WMO World Weather Watch (WWW) WMO Space Programme (Geneva) enhanced R&D RT satellite data access brokered by WMO with
huge impact on NMHSs (eg. Terra, Aqua, Envisat) Coordination Group on Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) ITWG/ITSC APSDEU members have many bilateral MOUs or Treaties which
provide facilitating mechanisms for enhanced cooperation
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 41
International satellite trends
Trend 1: R&D satellites in space based component of GOS which serves NMHSs for nearly 200 countries increased RT access; more data
Trend 2: satellite sensors are integrating imaging and sounding functions and shifting from multispectral to hyperspectral. Determine geophysical parameters better
Trend 3: L-band environmental satellites being replaced by advanced satellites at X-band
Trend 4: newer satellites transmit in internationally agreed digital formats unable to be read by current ground receiving stations unless they are substantially upgraded.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 42
Trends…. Trend 5: Need to form composite observing systems integrating
ground and space based networks, with adaptive capabilities for natural disasters or emergencies
Trend 6: Education and training more and more critical and globally coordinated
Trend 7: Clients want integrated products, GIS compatible with data layers, to assist in their decision making and businesses
Trend 8: global and regionalised data distribution in RT, perhaps the forerunner of EOS/GEOSS subsystems
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 43
Total solar eclipse Dec 2002, near Woomera, Australia
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 44
Mars
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 45
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 46
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APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005
Seoul, Korea49
ASIA-PACIFIC RARS
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 50
Data Collection
HRPT Stations Built on existing national stations (Australia, China incl HK, Japan,
Korea, New Zealand) Further stations identified subject to
• coverage/user requirement assessment (e.g. NWP models)• network/communications considerations• possible candidates (need to define this)
– Singapore, Guam, Tahiti, Fiji, Hawaii– additional Antarctic stations (McMurdo, Dumont d’Urville, Siyowa – in
addition to Casey) – possibility of integrated approach assume processing done at each HRPT station – output AAPP Level
1a or 1c Transfer of data between stations and processing centres – hybrid
mixture of GTS-based FTP, internet-based FTP, national communications
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Standardisation Recommendations
Anything disseminated inter-regionally must use a commonly agreed version of the AAPP software, and should be in BUFR (which should be integrated into the distributed software)
Minimum standards should be set for quality-tagging of data (source traceability, ……)
Minimum service management standards should be set (points to be addressed are in the EARS documentation)
EUMETSAT can assist with its quality control and monitoring software (free)
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 52
Data Collection and Distribution
between 2 and 6 Data Collection and Distribution Centres (Nodes) proposed: Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul etc (approximates to Region II) Melbourne, Singapore etc (approximates to region V) Need to agree on this
Centres responsible for both regional and inter-regional distribution Builds on GTS architecture Regional distribution will use a combination of FTP/Internet or GTS – depends on
available connectivity Inter-regional distribution – first preference is GTS – subject to meeting timeliness
targets – tests to be conducted (Melbourne<>Tokyo, Tokyo<>Washington, Melbourne<>Exeter); possibility of China comms satellite? Exchange timeliness to be determined.
Dissemination architecture proposed reflects the specifics of the Asia/Pacific region (limited number of centres requiring ATOVS data, but ECMWF and others like NCEP want global RT ATOVS)
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 53
Australia: current capabilities
Data Acquisition six HRPT stations four X-band stations - two part owned ABoM
Reception: all NOAAs, FY-1d for HRPT stations, plus all Terra and Aqua overpasses
AVHRR, ATOVS, DCPs; CAPS, McIDAS and AAPP used Roughly 15 passes per day per station Distribution: WAN across Australia, plus optical fibre within Head Office, plus
Internet Infrastructure to assist with RARS(s) - yes - major web site www.bom.gov.au, ftp
servers, GTS, SATAID satellite data server.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 54
Australia: requirements
Requirements via RARS: ATOVS, ASCAT; also MODIS, AIRS, DMSP (e.g.SSM/IS)
Geographical regions: global. Australian region requirements well met but would like to expand to Antarctica and NZ, then global
Satellites for RARS data: NOAA, Metop, DMSP, ENVISAT, NPP, NPOESS, FY-3, Aqua, Terra
Data formats: BUFR mainly, possibly HDF (for ATOVS Level 1d) Timeliness: <2 hours, but preferably better for meso models Mechanisms:
initially GTS; could also be satellite broadcast, Internet, ftp server, RANET (Radio and Internet for the Communication of Hydrometeorological and Climate Related Information) etc. Cost of access is an issue.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 55
Australia: RARS discussions
standardisation of data processing and formats and transmission protocols will require consideration to ensure effective RARS operations
resources deployment and affordability, communications bandwidth, data compression and data management.
associated implications for expansion to distribution of satellite data beyond ATOVS would also need consideration
Regular Asia-Pacific Satellite Data Exchange and Utilisation (APSDEU) meetings deal with many data exchange issues, so that community can contribute significantly to the preparations for RARS(s) in the Asia-Pacific region. Countries attending include Japan, Australia, USA, Korea, China, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong (China). APSDEU-6, Seoul in 2005: RARS and ADMs to be discussed.
ABoM keen to contribute to enhanced exchange of satellite data to better meet our data requirements and those of other WMO Members. e.g. in cooperation with JMA, Bureau already operates a satellite data server providing near-RT GOES-9 data in SATAID format for use by NMHSs in the Asia-Pacific region. This system is likely to become increasingly important after MTSAT-1R and newer generation satellites.
APSDEU-6, 1-3 June 2005, Seoul, Korea 56
RARS Vision
RARS increases satellite data use with big global impacts; expansion to AVHRR, ASCAT, geo data
RARS fits with WMO, GEO and an Asia-Pacific regional system for coordinated:
direct reception e.g. X-band processing (cal/nav) and archival applications R&D, training rapid data exchange
balance between local reception and global non-local access driven by user needs, security of access, satellite constraints (DB/onboard storage), operator constraints (availability of RT products).