APUSH GeographyAtticus Rosen, Sebastian Reed, Jacob Begich, Robby

Sedwick

Period 1 (1491-1607)

Native American Culture Areas

Native American Culture Areas - Northwest Coast

● Located along the Pacific Coast from Yakutat Bay to Cape Mendocino.● Temperate: Never Too hot and never below freezing/● Their coastal environment shaped the way they subsisted. Mainly

focused on fishing for food and whaling for heating oil and other necessary goods.

● Mainly lived in small 20-100 person settlements near vital resources like forests or fishing areas.

● These small settlements traded with each other using water transport.

Native American Culture Areas - Great Plains

● Grassland between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains. From Alberta to Texas.

● Low levels of agriculture, environment not that fertile. This led to a more nomadic, hunter-gatherer society in the region. This effected their housing style. Many native groups in the region used built teepees because they were easily packed up and movable.

● The little agriculture they had was from corn cultivation. Most of their food came from the buffalo in the region.

● When horses were introduced by Europeans, it helped their nomadic lifestyle.

Native American Culture Areas - Great Basin

● Climate: Hot and arid. Desert and flatlands. ● Natural Resources: Grasses, seeds, sagebrush, roots, and wild

rice.● Hunting-Gathering societies existed- Hunted sheep, squirrels,

rabbits, deer, and antelope.● Mountainous interior with desert planes on the exterior of the

basin.● Routinely nomadic: Tribes traveled around their home areas

based on the season.

Native American Culture Areas - Southeast and Florida● Very diverse geography, multiple climates.

○ Florida: Coastal/Tropical, Humid○ North: Scrub and forrest○ Mississippi River Area: Fertile and temperate.

● The fertile environment allowed for more permanent settlement and heavy reliance on maize (corn) production.

● Settlement: Most houses were called “Indian Mounds” ● Environment shaped their settlement design and patterns of

movement.

Native American Culture Areas - California

● Colorado River Area: Agriculture based, cultivated maize, pumpkins, and beans

● Southern Area: Complex societies● Towards Great Basin Area: Rabbits, nuts, acorns, and wild plants.● Central Culture Area: Hunting for deer, rabbits, elk, and fish. Lived in

wood houses covered with soil● Northwest: Abundant forests - redwood - . Woodworking was their

trade: wood houses, canoes, and household goods.● Northeast: Also abundant woodworking● All of these regions traded with each other because their environments

provided specialized resources.

Native American Culture Areas - Southwest and Texas

● Hot and Dry climate. ● Fertile land, complex irrigation systems formed.● Most permanent settlements arose in the area: over 400 miles of

road constructed by the the Pueblo people. ● Stone or adobe was the main building material. ● Their fertile environment allowed them to build these

permanent settlements with complex irrigation and road networks

● Pueblo peoples (Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi) dominated the region.

Native American Culture Areas - Northwest Plateau

● Hunter-gatherer peoples: During winter, they stayed in permanent settlement. Hunting season- moved to semi-permanent resource camps were they based their hunting and gathering out of

● Permanent communities were more populous than other regions- several hundred to up to a thousand people lived in these communities/

● Fishing was another main resources - salmon and eels main resource from rivers

● Hunting: Deer, elk, caribou, and small game

Native American Culture Areas - Northeast

● Temperate forests, meadows, and other wetlands● Diverse food cultivation - hunting gathering as well as agriculture

and subsistence fishing.● Fished salmon frequently from the surrounding rivers.● Western fringes mainly hunted bison● “Three sister” crops: corn, bean, squash. All minorly cultivated in

the area.

The Columbian Exchange● An exchange of livestock, disease, crops, peoples, culture,

technology, and resources that happened primarily during the

sixteenth century CE after Columbus brought news of the existence

of the Americas back to Spain in 1492

● Crops like corn and potatoes were brought to Europe, increasing

agricultural yield, diseases were brought to the Americas, wiping out

millions of natives

● Religion and cultural ideas were imposed on the natives, spreading

Christianity and creating new belief systems based on integration of

native and European beliefs

● Europeans and Africans moved, willingly or not, to the Americas by

the millions in the 1500s

● Large domesticated animals were brought to the Americas, allowing

faster transportation and more varied food sources

● New technologies like the firearm and metallurgy were brought to

the Americas from Europe

Period 2 (1607-1754)

Colonial Area Comparison

● The difference in the environment of the three distinct colonial regions caused the development of differing social, economic, and political structures.

● The two most starkly contrasting zones were the Chesapeake and the Massachusetts Bay regions.

Colonial Area Comparison - Southern Colonies

● The Southern colonies had the prime environment for cash crop farming. They focused primarily on cotton, tobacco, indigo, and rice.

● First colony was Jamestown, Virginia. ● Many of the colonies in the South were results of

joint-stock companies or proprietorships.

Colonial Area Comparison - Southern - Virginia● Jamestown (1607) was the first permanent settlement. The surrounding

environment was swampy and home to devastating diseases. After the first few months, only 38 of the original 104 settlers still lived.

● Settlers went out in search for rumored gold that didn’t actually exist in the area. The result was a loss of productivity because they essentially wasted their time.

● Starving Time (1609-1610): Lots of colonists died due to harsh winter and disease, relied on surrounding natives for support.

● Environment was suited for tobacco cultivation. This gave rise to the plantation system in the area.

● To survive, colonists needed the vital agricultural tech that natives possessed. They taught colonists the importance of growing beans and corn.

Colonial Area Comparison - Southern - Carolinas

● Originally began as a joint venture between 8 investors.

● Founded in 1663 with Charles Town (Charleston) as it's first settlement.

● Their environment was suitable for rice cultivation.

● The regional differences is size of plantation and society between the Northern area and the Southern area caused the split between North and South Carolina.

Colonial Area Comparison - Southern - Maryland

● Founded by the 1st Lord of Baltimore, George Calvert. 1632.

● St. Mary’s was the first established settlement. They relied on the surrounding natives to survive at first.

● Tobacco was the main crop of the region.

Colonial Area Comparison - Southerns - Georgia

● Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1732.● The rationale behind the colony was it was to be a buffer

between the more economically important South Carolina and Spanish colonies.

● Because of this geographic importance, settlers at first were not given much freedom because everything had to be to regulation.

● This caused discontent and eventually most of the restrictive laws were repealed.

Colonial Area Comparison - Middle Colonies

● Because of their environment, they were most suited for cattle, food crop, and refined goods production.

Colonial Area Comparison - Middle - Pennsylvania

● Founded in 1682 by William Penn as a haven for Quakers.

● The climate was mild. Not to hot or cold.● The soil was fertile, allowed agriculture.● Originally reimbursed natives for lost land.

Colonial Area Comparison - Middle - New York

● Originally New Amsterdam under the Dutch West India Company.

● Captured by British in 1664. ● Since it was originally a Dutch colony, the

population under the British was a diverse grouping of Western Europeans.

● New York City in particular became a commercial center because of it’s geographic placement at the opening of the Hudson River.

Colonial Area Comparison - Middle - New Jersey

● The environment provided natural resources for the colony such as agricultural land, forrests, iron ore, coal, and furs.

● The iron ore natural resources allowed for a strong manufacturing industry to form.

● It’s geographical position made it an important battleground during the Revolutionary War.

Colonial Area Comparison - New England Colonies

● The basis behind most of these colonies was Puritan escape from persecution in England.

Colonial Area Comparison - New England - Connecticut

● The first settlers that spread from Massachusetts Bay settled the Connecticut River area in 1636.

● The Connecticut River provided excellent water supplies and fertile lands for farmers to plant crops on. This further incentivized settlement of the area.

● Other than areas close to the Connecticut River, the rest of the colony was rocky and unsuitable for farming.

Colonial Area Comparison - New England - Rhode Island

● Rhode Island was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams.

● The climate in Rhode Island consisted of mild summers and harsh winters. This led to especially hard times during the winter for the early colonists. At the same time, these cold winters made it hard for diseases to survive and resulted in less death diseases.

● The landscape of the colony contains rolling hills with a vast (400 mile long) coastline.

Colonial Area Comparison - New England - Massachusetts

● Founded by John Winthrop in 1629 when him, and fellow Puritan investors, received a royal charter for the colony.

● The town structure was very sparse. There were many small communities that were centered around their congregational church.

● The climate in Massachusetts was bitterly cold in the winter. This caused problems with survival in the winters. The summers were humid and home to devastating diseases.

● Forests were dense in Massachusetts which contributed to a timber industry.

Colonial Area Comparison - New England - New Hampshire

● The New Hampshire Colony received its charter in 1622.● The main industries related to its geography were fishing,

timber, and light agriculture. Most of the land was rocky which made it unsuitable for intensive agriculture.

● The whale migrations came towards the New Hampshire coasts which caused a significant whaling and whale oil industry to form.

● Pumpkins, squash, beens, soy, and rice were the staple crops of the region.

Period 3 (1754-1800)

Treaty of Paris 1763● This treaty ended the French and Indian War and resulted

with the territories that France held in North America being given to America

● This marked a significant development in the balance of power in North America because Indians could no longer play both the British and the French off of each other for their own gain.

● This led to the loss of influence many native tribes held. Especially French-aligned tribes.

● This also marked a rift between colonial subjects and the British government. England no longer wanted to keep a massive military force on the continent and sought an end to expansion and native alienation.

Industrial Revolution● The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the

environment through the new vehicles and industries it introduced

● Steamboats and canals expanded the use of river travel and trade and some even altered the environment of the Great Lakes like the Erie Canal which ran over 363 miles

● Textile Mills required a large increase in the amount of cotton being picked and grown and caused a surge of farmers growing more of the crop

● The beginnings of railroads and steam engines were being introduced at the time which would affect the geography of the U.S. immensely

French & Indian War - Expansion into the Interior

● The French and Indian War was the portion of the Seven Years War that took place in North America

● Natives and the French used guerilla warfare, taking advantage of the environment

● In the aftermath of the war, Britain acquired a huge mass of land in French Canada and lower North America, allowing expansion into the frontier by colonists

● The expansion of white colonists meant that land on the frontier was enclosed, deforested, and turned into European style fields

● Trappers hunted beavers and other animals, depleting the natural resources of the land and forcing the natives to retreat

Proclamation of 1763● An act that came at the end of the French and Indian

War which helped to prevent encroachment on Native Land by the colonists in America

● The British used the Proclamation of 1763 to stop westward expansion and take actions to take stricter control over their colonies

● Due to a Native revolt all land west of the Appalachian Divide became off limits to the colonists on the orders of King George III

● Colonists other than British merchants were unable to buy land or make trade with Natives in the barred territory

● The Proclamation of 1763 helped protect colonists from Native raids and Natives from the expansion of whites into their lands

Northwest Ordinance of 1787● The Northwest Ordinance was a

solution to the issue of the Northwest Territory situation

● Congress didn’t know what to do with the land that was not being occupied

● The Northwest Ordinance admitted 3-5 new states after they had reached a population of 5,000

● With their own governor and assembly after the states reached 60,000 they were able to draft their own constitutions

Pinckney’s Treaty 1795

● A treaty that helped improve some trade and general relations between the U.S. and Spain

● The treaty helped establish the boundary line between the U.S. and Spain at the 31º N line

● Opened the Mississippi River through Spanish territory and New Orleans for American trade at a tax-free deposit

● Improved alliances as the treaty included an agreement to fend off Native attacks on the other

● Orchestrated by the American, Thomas Pinckney, and the Spanish, Manuel de Godoy

Treaty of Greenville

● An agreement between the U.S. government and the Natives which gave way to the ceding of lots of Native land

● Came after agressions and hostilities growing between the two entities over American expansion into the Northwest

● Treaty formed between Wayde Anthony and Little Turtle to end violence and gave U.S. plenty of new land

● Gave strategic portions of land for forts and cities such as the Fort Wayne area

Period 4 (1800-1848)

1803 Louisiana Purchase● The purchase of the Louisiana territory by Thomas

Jefferson was in agreement with Napoleon Bonaparte and gave America access to the mouth of the Mississippi River

● New Orleans became a hotspot for trade and travel along the Mississippi and as a result river trade and technology was stimulated during this time

● The Louisiana Purchase was a result of Napoleon’s failed attempts to make an empire in America and of pressure in Europe

● Jefferson did not believe that he had the power to make the purchase but decided to anyways, making him look like a hypocrite to some

Monroe Doctrine 1823

● The Monroe doctrine was proposed by President James Monroe in 1823

● The doctrine called for nonintervention in Latin America and an end to colonization by Europe

● The Monroe Doctrine was the basis for US foreign policy in Latin America

● The US did not have the military strength to prevent european colonization of Latin America

War of 1812 ● The War of 1812 was a war

between The US and Great Britain● The war was caused by tension

resulting from the attack on the USS Chesapeake and the british practice of Impressment

● During the War the White House was burned down

● The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Ghent 1814● The Treaty of Ghent was signed on

December 24, 1814 ● The Treaty of Ghent officially ended

the war of 1812, but because of slow communications there was still the battle of new orleans after it’s signing

● The Treaty did not have any major changes for either side, nobody really gained or lost any land

Indian Removal Act 1830● The Indian Removal Act was signed by President

Andrew Jackson in 1830● The Indian Removal Act called for forcing all of the

American Indians in the south east to be moved further west into Oklahoma

● 100,000 American Indians were removed from their homes by 1835

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831● This was a supreme court case,

where Cherokee nation sued the state of Georgia for their land

● The court ruled that cherokee nation was not a sovereign foreign nation, and thus had no right to sue for their homelands

Period 5 (1844-1877)

Sherman’s March to the Sea● At the close of the Civil War (1864), general William

Sherman took his Union army regiment from Atlanta to Savannah, destroying everything in his path

● His men burned fields, slaughtered livestock, and destroyed villages as to kill the morale and any hope the Confederates had left

● His march created a lasting stain across the South’s environment that further destroyed the future Southern economy

Annexation of Texas● The annexation of Texas was a controversial issue

avoided by Martin Van Buren during his presidency on the threat of war from Mexico

● The war for independence in Mexico having been won, the residents and many living in the U.S. wished for Texas to be annexed

● John Tyler took the initiative to annex Texas in 1844 with the help of James K. Polk and the U.S. gained yet another slave state and a vast amount of land to be settled in

● Texas also opened a large portion of land for cotton farmers to grow on and for cattle to be herded through

Mexican-American War● The Mexican-American War occurred during James. K

Polk’s presidency amidst a fervent expansionist movement

● American settlers in Texas fought for their independence and requested that the U.S. support them by annexing Texas

● The U.S. engaged in a grizzly war against the Mexican government as they fought to obtain their land

● Mexico agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which Nicholas Trist orchestrated gaining the U.S. near 525,000 square miles of land

● The United States gained a significant portion of new territory which they used to cultivate their growing nation

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

● The Treaty that ended the Mexican American War and established the border between USA and Mexico

● US gained territory of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming - 525,000 miles of new territory

● Because of military victory the United States dictated the treaty, forcing Mexico to cede the vast territory

● Gave American settlers opportunity to move West to farm and mine

California Gold Rush (1849)

● After deposits of silver and gold had been found in the Sierra Mountains of Nevada

● Prospectors and hopeful people all around the nation flooded to the West in hopes of quick riches

● Large mining communities built up around the sites overnight and were left barren shortly after their construction

● Boom and bust way of finding gold caused fluctuation in the already rare chances of obtaining wealth from the gold rush

Compromise of 1850

● California was admitted as a free state while in Washington slave trade was abolished

● A stronger Fugitive Slave Act was created to help masters retrieve their slaves from free states

● In Utah and New Mexico popular sovereignty was established

● Texas gave up its claims to New Mexico for $10 million

Gadsden Purchase● The Gadsden Purchase was the $10 million dollar deal

between the United States and Mexico for nearly 30,000 square miles of land

● The land that the United States gained from the purchase allowed them to build the transcontinental railroad in the South

● The Gadsden Purchase underwent multiple changes from the original treaty between James Gadsden and Santa Anna

● It created the Southern border of the United States that exists to this day

● It was also meant to mend some of the existing tensions with Mexico from the Mexican-American War but hardly helped at all

Period 6 (1865-1898)

Mining ● Mining was a large part of the Western economy● Mining towns were constructed in the mountains

wherever a strike was discovered, and they swelled in size quickly

● Mines were dangerous, prone to collapsing, had bad air conditions, and little if any safety regulations

● Mining cycle: discovery, prospectors, big corporations take over, and then abandonment

● Helped populate areas in the Far West● Silver, gold, and coal were primary resources being

mined

Alaska and Hawaii● Alaska was purchased by Sec of State William

Seward in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million, about 2 cents an acre

● Hawaii was organized as a US territory during the Spanish American War due to the strategic importance of port of Pearl harbor

● These territories eventually became states in 1959, adding millions of square miles to the United States

Decimation of the Buffalo● The expansion of railroads into the Great Plains exposed

the buffalo to the rapid hunting of white settlers● Demand for buffalo pelts led to the overhunting of the

great animal until they became nearly extinct● Natives of the plains relied on Buffalo for many things: the

hides were used for clothing/shelter, the meat was used for food, the tendons were used for bowstrings, the bones were used for tools

● Decline of the buffalo hit the natives very hard, it made them unable to sustain themselves independently in the Plains and allowed the Army to suppress them easier

● Damaged the ecosystem of the Plains as the largest animal in the region was rapidly eliminated

The Second Industrial Revolution● The rapid industrialization that occured in the late 1800s in the United

States had large environmental impacts● Cities were poorly sanitized and organized, rivers were polluted with

waste from factories, and layers of ash settled on some industrial areas because of how much coal burning was happening

● Steel was made from burning coal, which polluted the air● Trains let off steam which also polluted the air● Steamboats and automobiles were improved and became more

widespread● Sanitary systems and plumbing were improved upon because of how

much diseases were being spread through the water (killed thousands)● Farms were expanded and mechanized, bringing the Second Industrial

Revolution to the rural areas

Urbanization● The 1800s brought a rise in the number of people

living in cities as many farmers moved to urban areas in search of work

● Cities expanded at recklessly fast rate, causing environmental degradation

● High concentration of human waste polluted streets and rivers

Railroads● The expansion of railroads opened the interior and

Far West to settlement ● They also helped expose the buffalo for hunting ● They increased number of farmers in the region

who enclosed the once-free land to grow cash crops

● After the CW, wealthy families would go on railroads to tour the West, marveling at the beautiful landscape

Period 7 (1890-1945)

Spanish American War

● US acquired lots of new territory formerly part of the Spanish Empire including Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, and Cuba

● Colonies produced sugar and other cash crops and were dominated by American investors and subject to ups and downs of the world market

● Natives on the islands were not given significant say in the government in the beginning

● New Manifest Destiny motivated the US to expand power oversees

National Parks● Theodore Roosevelt set aside millions of acres of

forest to be preserved, established 150 national forests. He did this to preserve the nation's natural beauty from development and eventual decimation for profit.

● Roosevelt established 5 new national parks. These included Crater Lake, Wind Cave, Sullys Hill, Mesa Verde, and Platt National Parks

● He established 51 bird sanctuaries around the country● Because of Roosevelt's ideals, many important

environmental landmarks were preserved

Conservation Movement

● Conflicting ideas on how the environment should be treated by humans

● Some believed that the preservation of the environment was most important and that places like the national parks should be kept from human intrusion

● Others wanted to use public and government land for careful development

● John Muir and Gifford Pinchot ferociously argued on the topic of Hetch Hetchy Valley

Dust Bowl

● The dust bowl was a series of prolonged dust storms in the American Midwest.

● The storms decimated the agricultural output of the region.

● Over 100,000,000 acres of farmland were affected by the Dust Bowl. It caused the displacement of many farmers and the average crop loss was $19 million per day at its peak (equivalent to $450,000,000 in 2018)

Period 8 (1945-1980)

The Three World OrderDuring the Cold War, the world was designated into three “worlds”. The 1st world was the capitalist advanced civilizations. The 2nd world was the communist bloc. The 3rd world was the developing world.

East and West Germany / The Berlin WallAfter WWII was over, the US, UK, USSR, and France partitioned Germany into 4 military occupation zones. They all split Berlin. Berlin became a hotbed for USSR v US tensions especially with the construction of The Berlin Wall which cut off East Berlin from West Berlin.

Environmental Acts of the 1970s● Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire because it

was so polluted in 1969, bringing public attention and concern to the degrading environment

● The Clean Air Acts and Federal Water Pollution Act signed by Richard Nixon established limits on corporate emissions

● Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to enforce and research laws protecting the environment

● First Earth day was celebrated in 1970, showing changing public views on the environment

Period 9 (1980-Present Day)

Three Mile Island accident 1979● The Three Mile Island accident was

a nuclear meltdown in Pennsylvania

● The accident resulted in large amounts of radioactive gases escaping into the environment

● Nobody died in the Three mile Island accident

● Three Mile Island led to the decline of nuclear power production in the US

National Environmental Education Act of 1990● The National Environmental

Education Act was an act of congress

● The goal was to improve environmental education

● Make people aware of the toxic contaminants that could cause environmental problems-like global warming or ocean pollution

Hurricane Katrina 2005● Hurricane Katrina was a category 5

hurricane ● It landed on Florida and Louisiana● The most damage happened on the

city of New Orleans● Estimated deaths were between

1,245-1,836● Estimated damage was over $81

billion

Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill 2010

● Largest Marine Oil spill in history● It was caused by an explosion on

the Deep water horizon oil rig● It was off the coast of Louisiana in

the Gulf of Mexico● The oil had terrible effects on the

plants and animals that live in the ocean or on the nearby coastal areas

Global Warming/Climate Change…● Global warming is the rise in

average temperatures of the whole world over a long period of time.

● Between 1880 and 2012 the average global surface temperature rose by 0.85℃ or 1.53℉

● Global Warming has led to decades of Arctic sea ice decline