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APUSH Lecture 2D
(covers chapter 7)
Ms. Kray
Describe the political ideals and philosophy of Thomas Jefferson
Analyze the Jeffersonian-Federalist struggle over the judiciary – its causes, the main points of conflict, and its consequences for the future of the nation.
Analyze Jefferson’s constitutional reservations concerning the Louisiana Purchase and the significance of his decision to accept the bargain.
Analyze the political, social, and economic changes brought by new technologies.
The“VirtuousRepublic”
Classical view of
a model republic
“City on a hill”
[John W
inthrop]Ideal citizen
[Cincinnatus]
1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens.
2. A selfless, educated citizenry.
3. Elections should be frequent.
4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms.
5. Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances].
6. The need for a written Constitution.
7. “E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”]
8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens.[“Republican Womanhood”].
Enlightenment
Thinking
Education central to Republican vision of America The goal nationwide system of public schools The reality schooling primarily the responsibility of
private institutions. Higher education very limited
Republican Motherhood educated wives & mothers will raise
better citizens Judith Sargent Murray pushed for
women’s rights
The “noble savage” Education would “civilize” and uplift
Indians (assimilation)
Noah Webster Blue-backed spellers – taught
patriotism & spelling Webster’s “American” English
dictionary
American Literature began to develop Washington Irving’s Legend of
Sleepy Hallow and Rip Van Winkle
Parson Mason Weems fictional bio of George Washington
Many supporters of the Enlightenment believed in Deism God exists but not directly
involved with the human race and its sins
Revolution weakened Americans’ commitment to church institutions but most still had strong religious convictions
Religious Revival – reaction against rationalism & skepticism of the Enlightenment Itinerant preachers traveled the country seeking
recruits Appealed to emotion and fear of damnation Peter Cartwright and Cane Ridge Charles G. Finney & the “Burned Over District” in NY
Influenced reform movements of the antebellum period (temperance, abolition, etc.)
Very popular with women
African Americans embraced it Substantial group of black preachers emerged Did egalitarian religious message mean
equality in real life stirred racial unrest Gabriel Prosser’s rebellion planned at revival
meeting
Built a spinning mill for Quaker merchant Moses Brown in Rhode Island
1st modern factory in America
Cotton gin revolutionized life in the
SouthSlaver is here
to stay!Interchangea
ble parts mean tasks
could be divided among several workers
1807 – Robert Fulton sailed first ship powered by steam engine up the Hudson
1792 - construction on Lancaster Road began. Ran 60 miles fr. Lancaster to Philly. Began “turnpike era”
Citizen farmer = ideal citizen Free from corrupting influence of cities,
bankers, financiers, and industrialists
States rights Federal government must not violate the
rights of the states
Freedom of speech and the press were essential rights b/c government must be closely watched
Scope and activities of the federal government should be reduced (Republican simplicity)
Election of 1800 had much bitter partisanship
When Jefferson took office sought to calm Federalists fears Inaugural Address: “We are all
Federalists, we are all Republicans” Kept some federalist ideas
Maintained national debt & continued Hamilton’s debt-repayment plan
Carried on neutrality policies of Jefferson & Adams.
Reduced the size of the military Has been built up due to Quasi-War Forced to increase size later b/c of Barbary Pirates
Eliminated many federal jobs but dismissed few public servants for political reasons
Repealed the excise taxes – including whiskey tax
Whiskey Rebellion was free speech
Lowered the national debt
Supreme Court last branch of government still in Federalist hands
John Marshall Chief Justice 34 yrs. (1801-1835) His decisions strengthened the
national government and protected business
Marbury v. Madison Established the principle of
judicial review for national laws
Jefferson feared so long as a foreign power controlled the Mississippi River, U.S. risked entanglement in European affairs
Jefferson sent diplomats to France Offered $10 million to purchase New Orleans and a small
strip of land between New Orleans and Florida France desperate for cash b/c of Napoleonic Wars -- Offered
the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million
Jefferson worried the purchase was unconstitutional
Doubled size of the USA
Removed foreign presence from our border
Doubled the size of the U.S.
Guaranteed extension of western frontier Jefferson hoped acquisition of millions of acres
of land would keep America an agrarian society
Increased Jefferson’s popularity
Showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist party
Incr. knowledge of the country (sci. & geog.)
Strengthened claims to Oregon
Improved relations w/Indians (Sacagawea)
Developed maps & land routes for trappers & settlers
1805 -- Zebulon Pike Expedition, “Great American Desert”
Jefferson was re-elected by an overwhelming margin in the Election of 1804 but he would face growing problems in his 2nd term.
Republicans decided not to nominate Burr for a 2nd term
Essex Junto Group of extreme Federalists Angered by Louisiana Purchase Wanted New England to secede but
need New York & New Jersey as well Hamilton would not support, so they
turned to Burr Burr ran for NY Governor
Hamilton urged Federalists not to support Burr
Burr lost
vs.
Hamilton was killed and America lost
one of its greatest leaders. Burr
became a political outcast
Burr plotted to take Mexico from Sp. & unite it with Louisiana under his rule.
Jefferson ordered Burr’s arrest & trial for treason Chief Justice John
Marshall presided over trial
Burr was acquitted b/c of Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and lack of witnesses to any “overt acts.”
Jefferson also faced opposition from Old Republicans (“Quids”) who accused him of abandoning his Republican principles
Napoleonic Wars, 1799-1814 Britain & France using naval
blockades and impressment to win the war
British worst offenders Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1807
Occurred off Virginia coast British captain of warship Leopard,
ordered American captain of Chesapeake to hand over four American sailors (alleged British deserters)
American captain refused, British open fire
3 killed, 4 impressed; U.S. wants war
British supplying and inciting Indian attacks on our western frontier
Alternative to war U.S. was Britain largest trading partner
Hope this act would stop their aggressive actions
Short term: Hurt U.S. economy New England = center of U.S. trade hit hard
Many merchants & ship owners were Federalists
Political liability for Jefferson Federalists did better in elections
of 1808 Jefferson repealed embargo days
before he left office in 1809.
The only good thing was the embargo forced our infant industries to develop more quickly
Describe the political ideals and philosophy of Thomas Jefferson
Analyze the Jeffersonian-Federalist struggle over the judiciary – its causes, the main points of conflict, and its consequences for the future of the nation.
Analyze Jefferson’s constitutional reservations concerning the Louisiana Purchase and the significance of his decision to accept the bargain.
Analyze the political, social, and economic changes brought by new technologies.