APUSH Semester Review

By Andy and Tony Wickham

N. American Discovery-

reasons, impact • Explorations

– Religion

• Protestant Reformation in Europe

– Northern Europe against auth. of pope in Rome led to religious conflicts between Cath/Protestants

– Trade – Europe with Africa, China, India

– Trying to find new route

– Technology improvements – Renaissance

– Enlightenment

– Columbus 1492

• American colonies support European countries

Columbus

• 8 yrs trying to get $

– Succeeded 1492: Isabella and Ferdinand (Spn)

• Legacy

– Columbian Exchange

• To New World:

– Horses, Pigs

– Guns

– Disease

» Small-pox, measles

» Mortality rate of Native Americans: >90%

• From New World:

– Potato, Beans, Corn, Tomatoes

– Tobacco

– Syphilis

Spanish-Indian Relations

• Triangular Trade

– Slaves from Africa

• Middle Passage to W

Indies (very harsh)

– Sugar from W Indies in

exchange for slaves

• Used to make rum in New

England

– Rum from New England

• Sold in Africa for slaves

Colonies

• New England Colonies

– Harbors and fur trapping

– Bad soil, so farming wasn’t as important

– Fishing, shipbuilding, lumber, and trade

– Small towns=centers of local government

• Middle Colonies

– Excellent for farming, and natural harbors

• Typically trade raw materials for manuf. Goods

• Southern Colonies

– Grew own food

– 3 important cash crops: tobacco, rice, and indigo

– Spread-out plantations hindered growth of towns

Colonies: Virginia, Connecticut,

Rhode Island • Virginia-became Royal Colony in 1624

– Jamestown

– Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

• Connecticut

– Thomas Hooker and followers left Mass Bay and founded in Connecticut River Valley

• Rhode Island

– Roger Williams- banished from Mass Bay; found Providence

– Anne Hutchinson founded Portsmouth which combined with Providence for make Rhode Island

Colonies: New Hampshire, Maryland,

and North and South Carolina

• New Hampshire

– John Mason founded

• Received land in New England in 1622

• Maryland

– Founded by Lord Baltimore

– Haven for Catholics at first; Toleration Act of 1649 allowed all Christians

• North Carolina and South Carolina

– Charters from King Charles II in 1663

– Main port=Charles Town (Charleston)

– 1729: North and South Carolina became separate royal colonies

Colonies: New York, New

Jersey, and Pennsylvania

• New York

– Dutch owned “New Netherland”

– 1664, Duke of York took over

• New Jersey

– Duke of York granted land to Sir George Carteret and

Lord John Berkeley (became NJ)

– Grants of land and freedom of religion

• Pennsylvania

– Quakers- William Penn

– “holy experiment”

Colonies: Delaware and Georgia

• Delaware

– Duke of York got New Sweden and renamed

• Had been founded by Peter Minuit

– Became part of Pennsylvania till 1703

• Georgia

– Founder: James Oglethorpe

– Became a royal colony in 1752

Jamestown

• King James I of Engl. chartered the Virginia Co.

– Joint-stock company that estab Jamestown 1607 (first permanent English settlement in America)

• Hardships

– Indian attacks, famine, disease

– Poor choice of location; swampy area full of disease

• Leader: Captain John Smith

– Forceful leadership

• John Rolfe

– Establish tobacco industry- key to survival!

• First used indentured servants, then some slaves too

Plymouth

• Group of Puritans want to organize completely separate church- Separatists

– Pilgrams=Separatists

– After Holland didn’t suit their liking, set up entirely new haven in New World

• Leaders: Captain Miles Standish and *Governor William Bradford*

• First settlers were helped by friendly Native Americans- first Thanksgiving in 1621

• Mayflower Compact: simple agreement to form crude govt and submit to common interest

– Promising step to self-government

King Philip’s War

• A Wampanoags chief named Metacom (King Philip) united tribes against settlers

– Thousands on both sides died

– Towns and villages burned

– Colonists (helped by the New England Confederation) eventually prevail, killing King Philip

• Virtually ending Native American resistance in New England

Rebellions: Bacon

• Chesapeake region

• Berkley’s government favored large planters rather than backwood farmers

– These poor farmers resented Berkley’s friendly relations with the Indians

• When Berkley refused to protect them from Indian raids, they took matters into their own hands:

• Murdered Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and torched capital

– Ended when Bacon died of disease

• Major disputes: class differences based on $ and colonial resistance to royalty

• Also: lordly planters now looking for new laborers

Rebellions: Shay

• Western Massachusetts 1786

• Again, impoverished backcountry farmers

• Losing farms cuz bad econ; demand cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of property take-overs

• Crushed by small Massachusetts army but:

– Struck fear in propertied class (again)

• “mobocracy” – self-interest and greed

– Did the new republic need a stronger central govt?

Rebellions: Whiskey

• Rebellion against Hamilton’s high excise tax on whiskey

– Whiskey=econ necc and medium of exchange

• Tar and feather revenue officers

• Washington calls militia from neighboring states- 13k men crush the rebellion

– Shows that govt was strengthened

• But a sledgehammer to kill a gnat?

Rebellions: Stono

• The Stono Rebellion was the largest rebellion mounted by slaves against slave owners in colonial America. –1739

• 20 slaves 1st, recruited (or forced) others to help

• Militia ended; heads posted as a warning

• Led to Negro Act

– Prohibition on importing slaves from Africa

– Mandatory militia patrols

– Restrict slaves’ lives

Rebellions: Nat Turner

• 9-11, 1831 – Nat Turner hanged in

Jerusalem, Virginia (lots of irony…)

• Led a band of rebels that killed 57 white

men, women, and children over 3 days.

• Was caught 6 weeks later and was hung

with 16 others involved.

New England Confederation

• 1640s, New England colonies faced with

Native American, French, & Dutch threats

• 1643, four colonies form this mil. Alliance

– 2 representatives from each colony on board

– Important precedent for unified action toward

a common purpose (1 of first examples-key!)

Albany Congress

• 1754- intercolonial congress in Albany, NY

– Only 7/13 colonies’ delegates showed up

• Immediate purpose: keep Iroquois tribes loyal to

Brit in coming war (Fr&Ind/7yrs)

• Longer-range purpose: achieve greater colonial

unity-bolster common defence

– Benjamin Franklin’s “Join, or Die.” snake

• Propose Albany Plan of Union, but individual colonies

spurned it

– Set a precedent for a more revolutionary congresses 1770s

Hartford Convention

• Most spectacular manifestation of New England Federalist discontent in War 1812

• 26 prominent men met in secrecy for 3 wks

• Demanded:

– Financial assistance form Washington to compensate lost trade

– Proposed constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote for embargo, new states, or decl. war

– Abolish 3/5 clause

– Prohibit election of 2 successive presidents from same state (“Virginia Dynasty”)

• Ended up killing Federalist party

Nashville Convention

• Delegates from 9 slave states met in 1850

to discuss a possible course of action if

slavery were banned from the new

Mexican territory

– Some talk of succession, but moderated by

Whigs and Democrats

• Paved the way for the compromise of 1850

Mercantilism

• Trade, colonies, and wealth is basis for a country’s military and political strength

– Colonies provide raw materials for mother

• Navigation Acts (1650-1673):

– Only English or colonial ships and crews

– All goods to the colonies must pass through England’s ports first

– Enumerated goods could only be exported to England

• The Navigation Acts were resented by the colonies, especially New England

Maryland-Act of Toleration

• Supported by Catholics in Maryland;

passed in 1649

• Guaranteed toleration to all Christians

– But decreed death for those who denied

divinity of Christ (like Jews or atheists)

• One result: after colonial era, Maryland

sheltered more Roman Catholics than any

other English-speaking colony in New

World

French and Indian War

• Wars between England and France spread to the

New World

• Started when George Washington attack French

forts in Ohio River Valley

• Immediate effects:

– Gave Great Britain supremacy in North America and

established as dominant naval pwr

– Brit convinced that colonial mil effort=weak

– Colonists, on the other hand, were proud of their

performance- boost confidence

• Not impressed with Brit troops or leadership

Quebec Act

• Coincidentally passed at the same time as the Coercive Acts

– Organize Canadian lands from France

– Established Roman Catholicism as official religion of Quebec

– Set up a govt w/out representative assembly

– Extended Quebec’s boundary to Ohio River

• Colonists were angered

Pre-Revolution Laws (1763-66)

• Proclamation of 1763: prohibit colonists to settle

west of App. Mtns

• Sugar Act: duties on foreign sugar and certain

luxuries-raise $ and stop smuggling

• Quartering Act: provide “quarters” and food for

British soldiers

• Stamp Act: (See next slide)

• Declaratory Act: passed when Parliament

repealed the Stamp Act- asserted right to tax and

make laws for colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Stamp Act of 1765

• Taxed stamps required on most printed

paper in the colonies

– Including legal documents, newspapers, etc.

• First direct tax paid by colonists who buy

goods rather than just merchants who

import them

• Protest- Patrick Henry, Stamp Act

Congress, Sons and Daughters of Liberty,

boycotts

More Pre-Rev Laws (1767-73)

• Townshend Acts: new duties on imports of tea, glass, and paper

– Pay crown officials; not liked by colonists

– Also allow search for smuggled goods

• Not protested at first but then…

– John Dickinson’s “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” – argue no taxation w/out representation

– Boycotts and more smuggling

• Intolerable Acts: directed mainly at Boston and Massachusetts (cuz of Boston Tea Party)

Revolutionary Battles

• Lexington and Concord- started the war

• Bunker Hill- British win cuz colonists run outa gunpowder, but suffer huge casualties

• Washington crossing the Delaware (Dec 26) and defeats Brit at Princeton

• Burgoyne’s blunder at Saratoga- revived faltering colonial cause and made foreign aid from France possible

• Yorktown- France, not Brit, dominated seas briefly; lead to Cornwallis being trapped and colonists to win the war

Colonies’ Advantages and

Disadvantages

• Advantages

– Outstanding leadership (Franklin, etc)

– Foreign aid (later)

– Fighting defensively

• Disadvantages

– Badly organized

– Individual states/sectional jealousy

– Economic difficulties- “not worth a Continental”

Britain’s Advantages and

Disadvantages • Advantages

– Population. 7.5 mill vs 2.5

– Monetary wealth and naval power

– Professional army (and Hessians, loyalists, and Indians)

• Disadvantages

– Had to detach troops to Ireland

– Government=confused and inept

– Many Britons didn’t want to kill Amer cousins

– 2nd rate generals

– Few and gross provisions

– Distance and communication

– No crippling city

First Continental Congress

(1774) • Determine how the colonies should react to the threat to

their rights and liberties

– NOT desire for independence yet

• Diverse group of delegates- conservative to radical

– Radicals: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams

– Moderates: George Washington, John Dickinson

– Conservative: John Jay and Joseph Galloway

• Adopted these measures:

– Reject Intolerable Acts

– Declaration of Rights and Grievances

– The Association- urged complete boycott

– Plan to meet again 1775 if rights not recognized (see next slide)

Second Continental Congress

(1775) • This time, all colonies represented

• Hopefully drafted new appeals to Brit people and king

– Spurned

• Adopt measures to raise $ and army/navy

– Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

• Select George Washington to head army

• Olive Branch Petition- pledged loyalty and asked King George III to secure peace and protection of colonial rights

Declaration of Independence

• Richard Henry Lee initially proposed

independence

• Declaration really is an “explanation”

– Serves to appeal for other Brit colonies in

Americas, invite foreign help, and rally

resistance at home

– Invoking “natural rights” of humankind

– Long list of tyrannous misdeeds

Thomas Paine

• Common Sense

– Best-selling pamphlet

– It’s only common sense to rebel against “the Royal

Brute of Great Britain”

• “Republicanism”

– Power from the people themselves

• Deism

– Reason rather than revelation; science,~Bible

– Denied original sin

– Supreme Being who created and stepped back

Articles of Confederation

• First written constitution

• Linked independent states in dealing with common problems

• No executive branch and judicial left to sts

• Each state had only 1 vote

• Amending required unanimous votes

• Two main handicaps: inability to regulate commerce and couldn’t enforce taxing

• Land laws: – Land Ordinance of 1785: surveyed and divided land

– Northwest Ordinance of 1787: govern Old Northwest- temporary tutelage, then permanent equality

George Washington

• Established the cabinet

• Kept weak nation out of foreign wars (Neutrality Proclamation)

• Retired after 2nd term- set tradition

• Farewell Address (advice)

– Avoid permanent alliances

• Temporary alliances are ok

– Avoid political parties