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Aquatic Aquatic EcosystemsEcosystems
What are the 2 deciding factors What are the 2 deciding factors that affect land biomes?that affect land biomes?
Would this be the same for Would this be the same for aquatic biomes?aquatic biomes?– SalinitySalinity– NutrientsNutrients
Freshwater Freshwater Ecosystems Ecosystems
RiversRivers StreamsStreams LakesLakes PondsPonds MarshesMarshes SwampsSwamps WetlandsWetlands
Flowing Water: Flowing Water: Rivers and Rivers and StreamsStreams Along the river, different Along the river, different
populations of organisms are populations of organisms are found due to: shading, depth, found due to: shading, depth, temperature, current and energy temperature, current and energy sources.sources.
WatershedsWatersheds describes an describes an
area of land area of land that contains that contains a common a common set of set of streams and streams and rivers rivers
drains into a drains into a single larger single larger body of body of water, such water, such as a larger as a larger river, a lake river, a lake or an oceanor an ocean
Human ImpactsHuman Impacts Dams- change the populations at the Dams- change the populations at the
site of the dam as well as downstream site of the dam as well as downstream from the dam.from the dam.
Water Pollution- affects downstream Water Pollution- affects downstream populationspopulations
UrbanizationUrbanization
Standing Water: Standing Water: Lakes and PondsLakes and Ponds Three ZonesThree Zones
– Littoral Zone- shallow water area, most Littoral Zone- shallow water area, most productiveproductive
– Limnetic Zone- Open water beyond literal Limnetic Zone- Open water beyond literal zone, less vegetation, includes larger fishzone, less vegetation, includes larger fish
– Profundal Zone-bottom, deepest part of Profundal Zone-bottom, deepest part of the lake.the lake.
Thermal Thermal StratificationStratification Dependent on sunlight Dependent on sunlight
penetrationpenetration Turnovers mix nutrientsTurnovers mix nutrients
Wetlands, Marshes, Wetlands, Marshes, SwampsSwamps Wetlands: saturated for at least part of Wetlands: saturated for at least part of
a year and have high organic matter, a year and have high organic matter, HIGHEST SPECIES DIVERSITY, HIGHEST HIGHEST SPECIES DIVERSITY, HIGHEST PRODUCTIVITY OF ALL ECOSYSTEMSPRODUCTIVITY OF ALL ECOSYSTEMS
Swamps and Marshes: permanently Swamps and Marshes: permanently saturated, includes grasslike plantssaturated, includes grasslike plants
Provide invaluable ecosystem services: Provide invaluable ecosystem services: replenish water supply, clean and filter replenish water supply, clean and filter water, stores floodwater, and provide water, stores floodwater, and provide food and shelterfood and shelter
Estuaries: Estuaries: A salt and A salt and freshwater mixfreshwater mix Shifting water levelShifting water level Changes in salinityChanges in salinity Organisms uniquely adaptedOrganisms uniquely adapted Very fertile, high productivityVery fertile, high productivity
– Constant influx of nutrientsConstant influx of nutrients– Tidal action circulates nutrientsTidal action circulates nutrients– High level of light pentrationHigh level of light pentration– Large plant mass traps detritus, Large plant mass traps detritus,
which fish feed uponwhich fish feed upon
Mangrove forests Mangrove forests and salt marshesand salt marshes Often seen as worthless, but they Often seen as worthless, but they
provide valuable servicesprovide valuable services– Salt marshes: Habitat, traps pollution and Salt marshes: Habitat, traps pollution and
sediment, groundwater supply, buffers sediment, groundwater supply, buffers stormsstorms
– Mangrove forests: breeding ground for fish Mangrove forests: breeding ground for fish and crabs, nesting sites for birds, stabilize and crabs, nesting sites for birds, stabilize soils, storm protection soils, storm protection
Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay Largest, richest estuary in USLargest, richest estuary in US Provides oysters, crabs, fishProvides oysters, crabs, fish Home to more than 17 million peopleHome to more than 17 million people Suffers from pollution from Suffers from pollution from
agriculture, automobiles, homes, agriculture, automobiles, homes, industryindustry
Massive campaign to reduce Massive campaign to reduce pollutionpollution
Marine Marine Ecosystems: Ecosystems:
OceanOcean Intertidal Intertidal
Zones: Zones: – Biologically Biologically
productive productive – occur on occur on
coastcoast– Stressful Stressful
conditionsconditions
Benthic EnvironmentBenthic Environment– Ocean FloorOcean Floor– Mostly sedimentsMostly sediments– Borrowing organisms: worms, clamsBorrowing organisms: worms, clams– Lots of bacteriaLots of bacteria– Abyssal benthic zone and the hadal Abyssal benthic zone and the hadal
benthic zone include life without sunbenthic zone include life without sun
Marine Marine Ecosystems: Ecosystems:
OceansOceans
OceansOceans
Impact of Impact of Human Activities Human Activities on the Oceanson the Oceans Development destroys coastal Development destroys coastal
ecosystemsecosystems Pollution: from rivers, dumping, Pollution: from rivers, dumping,
spills, atmospheric pollutionspills, atmospheric pollution Agricultural runoffAgricultural runoff Increased fishing technologiesIncreased fishing technologies
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Coral Reefs Coral Reefs : The : The Underwater Tropical Underwater Tropical Rain ForestRain Forest Found in warm, shallow sea watersFound in warm, shallow sea waters
– Some consist of red coralline algaeSome consist of red coralline algae– Some consist of colonies of tiny coral Some consist of colonies of tiny coral
animals and their symbiotic animals and their symbiotic zooxanthellaezooxanthellae
– Grow slowly, new polyp colonies attach Grow slowly, new polyp colonies attach and grow on old coral.and grow on old coral.
– 3 types: fringing reefs, atolls, barrier 3 types: fringing reefs, atolls, barrier reefsreefs
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
Fringing Reef: Fringing Reef: – Submerged platforms of living coral Submerged platforms of living coral
extending from the shore into the seaextending from the shore into the sea Barrier Reef: Barrier Reef:
– Follow the shore but are separated from it Follow the shore but are separated from it by waterby water
– Great Barrier Reef is world’s largestGreat Barrier Reef is world’s largest Atoll: Ring-shaped islands of coral in open seaAtoll: Ring-shaped islands of coral in open sea
– Form on submerged mud banks or volcano Form on submerged mud banks or volcano craterscraters
– Surround a seawater lagoonSurround a seawater lagoon– Channels connect lagoon to the seaChannels connect lagoon to the sea
Coral Reefs of the Coral Reefs of the WorldWorld
= Coral Reef
The Great The Great Barrier ReefBarrier Reef
1500 1500 speciesspecies of fish of fish 400 different types 400 different types
of coral of coral 4,000 mollusks4,000 mollusks 500 species of 500 species of
seaweed seaweed 215 species of birds 215 species of birds 16 species of sea 16 species of sea
snake snake 6 species of sea 6 species of sea
turtle turtle Whales visit during Whales visit during
winterwinter
•World’s largest World’s largest coral reefcoral reef•Over 1257 milesOver 1257 mileslonglong•Off the northeast Off the northeast coast of Australiacoast of Australia•Only grows about Only grows about
one inch per yearone inch per year
Human Impacts on Human Impacts on Coral ReefsCoral Reefs 30-50% of coral species rare or 30-50% of coral species rare or
endangered in the tropical western endangered in the tropical western AtlanticAtlantic
DeforestationDeforestation erosion erosion increased silt increased silt upsets balance and inhibits new upsets balance and inhibits new growth growth
Diverting fresh water Diverting fresh water increased increased salinitysalinity
Pollution, building, overpopulationPollution, building, overpopulation DredgingDredging
The EvergladesThe Everglades
The EvergladesThe Everglades Haven for wildlifeHaven for wildlife Sawgrass wetland ecosystemSawgrass wetland ecosystem Designated national park, International Designated national park, International
Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Site, and a Wetland of International and a Wetland of International ImportanceImportance
Affects the Florida Bay and KeysAffects the Florida Bay and Keys Local economies rely on fisheries and Local economies rely on fisheries and
tourismtourism
The EvergladesThe Everglades Human Influence:Human Influence:
– Agricultural pollutants- nitrogen and Agricultural pollutants- nitrogen and phosphorus- change plant communityphosphorus- change plant community
– Hoover Dike prevented water from Hoover Dike prevented water from lake Okeechobee to drain into the lake Okeechobee to drain into the evergladeseverglades
– Canals, levees, pump stations divert Canals, levees, pump stations divert water to the Oceanwater to the Ocean
– Urbanization- pollutants and habitat Urbanization- pollutants and habitat fragmentationfragmentation
The EvergladesThe Everglades Farmers clean runoff to reduce Farmers clean runoff to reduce
phosphorus and nitrogenphosphorus and nitrogen Some agricultural land bought and Some agricultural land bought and
restored to wetlandsrestored to wetlands Re-engineer canals, levees, pumpsRe-engineer canals, levees, pumps Drill into the aquifer and pump Drill into the aquifer and pump
excess water into it in the rainy excess water into it in the rainy seasonseason