Aquatic Flora and Fauna Survey of Glenbrook Lagoon Flora and Fauna Survey of Glenbrook Lagoon III...

Australian Museum Business Services - 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Ph (02) 9320 6311, Fax (02) 9320 6428 australianmuseum.net.au/AMBS [email protected]

Aquatic Flora and Fauna Survey of Glenbrook Lagoon

Prepared by Australian Museum Business Services

for Blue Mountains City Council

Final Report

December 2012

AMBS Reference: 1201080


II

Document Information 1201080

Citation:

AMBS 2012. Aquatic Flora and Fauna Surveys of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Report prepared for Blue Mountains City Council by Australian

Museum Business Services.

Versions: Version 1: Draft Report issued 23 November 2012

Version 2: Final Report issued 6 December 2012

Recipient: Christina Day, Blue Mountains City Council.

[email protected], phone: (02) 4780 5521.

Approved by: Belinda Pellow, Mark Semeniuk


III

Executive Summary Australian Museum Business Services were commissioned by Blue Mountains City Council to

undertake a study of aquatic flora and fauna at Glenbrook Lagoon. The Lagoon is located near

Glenbrook, about 10 kilometres west of Penrith in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales (NSW).

The study included database searches, aquatic flora and fauna surveys, assessments of aquatic fauna

habitats and an assessment of infestation of the Lagoon by the aquatic weed Cabomba. Field surveys

were performed during November 2012.

A total of 25 flora species were recorded during the survey comprising 18 natives (11 aquatic) and

seven introduced species (4 aquatic). Four aquatic vegetation communities were identified. No

threatened plants or threatened ecological communities were identified during the surveys. Further,

no threatened plants or threatened ecological communities identified in the database searches were

considered likely to occur, but one species was considered to have potential to occur.

A total of 18 vertebrate species considered to primarily use aquatic habitats were recorded during

the targeted fauna surveys. This included three species of fish (two native, one introduced), three

species of frog, 11 species of waterbirds and one species of turtle. A further 38 species of bird (35

native, three introduced), two species of mammal and three species of reptiles were recorded

opportunistically in the surrounds of the lagoon. The introduced Mosquito Fish (Gambusia

holbrooki) was abundant and the dominant fish species in the lagoon.

No threatened fauna species were recorded during the surveys. No threatened species identified in

the database searches were considered likely to occur, although some have potential to occur.

Aquatic fauna habitats were considered to be in reasonable condition, with the exception of water

quality. In some areas the water appeared to be heavily polluted, often producing unpleasant

odours. Habitat features of Glenbrook Lagoon important for local fauna include shallow water,

areas of dense rushes, deeper water in the central areas, trees (alive or dead) emerging from the

water, and fallen logs.


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Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................... III

1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Study Area .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Authorship and Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 1

2 Methods ....................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Database searches .................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Flora surveys ........................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Fauna surveys .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.4 Habitat Assessments ................................................................................................................ 8

3 Results ........................................................................................................ 10

3.1 Database searches .................................................................................................................. 10

3.2 Flora surveys ......................................................................................................................... 10

3.3 Fauna surveys ........................................................................................................................ 18

3.4 Fauna Habitats ...................................................................................................................... 20

4 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 22

Bibliography .................................................................................................... 23

Appendix A: Flora species recorded ............................................................... 24

Appendix B: Fauna species recorded .............................................................. 26

Appendix C: Likelihood of occurrence of aquatic threatened species previously recorded or predicted to occur within the locality ..................... 28

Appendix D: Flora site coordinates, depth readings and WoNS Cabomba scores ................................................................................................................ 34

Appendix E: Fauna survey site coordinates ................................................... 36

Appendix F: Dendrogram identifying lineages within vegetation data ...... 37

Appendix G: Flora data matrix ....................................................................... 38

Appendix H: Flora data collection proforma ................................................. 39

Tables Table 1: Modified Braun-Blanquet cover abundance scale. ..................................................................... 5

Table 2: WONS Density classes (DEWHA 2008). ................................................................................. 5

Table 3: Coordinates for the beginning and end points of each transect. ................................................ 5

Table 4: Random Cabomba assessment plot coordinates. ....................................................................... 5

Table 5: Fauna survey techniques. .......................................................................................................... 8

Table 6: List of recorded aquatic fauna species. ..................................................................................... 18

Figures Figure 1: Location of the study area and Catchment Management Area. ................................................ 2

Figure 2: Aerial photograph showing the study area and surrounds. ........................................................ 3

Figure 3: Location of flora survey transects and plots and random survey plots. ...................................... 6

Figure 4: Location of fauna survey sites. ................................................................................................. 9

Figure 5: WoNS density score for each survey plots. ............................................................................. 12

Figure 6: Map of aquatic vegetation communities and water depth readings at survey points. ............... 17


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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Australian Museum Business Services (AMBS) was commissioned by Blue Mountains City Council

(BMCC) to undertake surveys of aquatic flora and fauna at Glenbrook Lagoon in the Blue Mountains,

New South Wales (NSW). The aim of the surveys was to compile information regarding the aquatic

flora and fauna characteristics of the site. The development of a comprehensive list of aquatic flora and

fauna species for Glenbrook Lagoon would assist in informing future management of the lagoon. The

information gathered would also provide pre-treatment data for a planned herbicide treatment

targeting the aquatic weed Cabomba caroliniana (Cabomba) and the baseline for future monitoring of

the impacts of the treatment.

The specific objectives of the surveys were to:

• provide a comprehensive aquatic flora list for Glenbrook Lagoon;

• provide a series of maps showing major aquatic vegetation assemblages, aquatic weed

distribution and locations and any other notable aquatic flora;

• provide a comprehensive aquatic vertebrate fauna list;

• provide maps of key aquatic fauna habitat types, nesting sites and any other notable aquatic

fauna information; and

• provide an assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of aquatic species of conservation

significance at Glenbrook Lagoon.

1.2 Study Area

The study area is Glenbrook Lagoon which is located near the township of Glenbrook about 10

kilometres (km) west of Penrith, in the Blue Mountains. Glenbrook Lagoon is an eight hectare natural

escarpment wetland in the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Area (CMA) (Figures 1 and

2). The lagoon is a flat bottomed basin bordered by wide shallow margins, with a total estimated water

volume of 225,147 cubic metres, mean depth of 2.7 metres (m) and maximum water depth of 4.05 m

(Keogh, 1996). The lagoon is essentially a closed system and is the receiving body for the stormwater

from a highly urbanized sub-catchment. Water exits the lagoon via a single outlet on the eastern side

under Glenbrook Road, which flows via a minor drainage line to Lapstone Creek, which then flows to

the Nepean River. The Nepean River is approximately 3.4 km east of Glenbrook Lagoon.

1.3 Authorship and Acknowledgements

Flora survey work was undertaken by Belinda Pellow and James Bevan, and fauna survey work was

undertaken by Mark Semeniuk, Mark McGrouther and Ulrike Kloecker. Fauna components of the

report were prepared by Ulrike Kloecker and Mark Semeniuk, and the flora components by Belinda

Pellow. Final review of the report was undertaken by Mark Semeniuk.


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Figure 1: Location of the study area and Catchment Management Area.


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Figure 2: Aerial photograph showing the study area and surrounds.


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2 Methods The study incorporated database searches (Secion 2.1), flora surveys (Section 2.2), fauna surveys

(Section 2.3) and fauna habitat assessments (Section 2.4). The methods used are described in the

following sections.

2.1 Database searches

Species of conservation significance at Glenbrook Lagoon we considered to include threatened species

and ecological communities listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC

Act), Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), and

the Fisheries Management Act 1994 (FM Act). To determine the likelihood of occurrence of aquatic

species of conservation significance at Glenbrook Lagoon the following database sources were searched

for relevant species:

• the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Atlas of NSW Wildlife database for records of

threatened fauna within the surrounds of the locality. A search area of 10 km x 10 km was

used (the locality), centred on Glenbrook Lagoon (sourced 3 December 2012);

• the OEH threatened species database for known or predicted species within the Hawkesbury-

Nepean and Wollemi CMA subregions;

• the Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Populations and

Communities Protected Matters database for matters of national environmental significance

within the locality (sourced 4 December 2012);

• the NSW Department of Primary Industries Fishing and Aquaculture database for threatened

fish and aquatic invertebrates listed under the FM Act that are known or predicted to occur

within the Hawkesbury-Nepean CMA (sourced 4 December 2012)

The results from the database searches were restricted to those species that specifically require

freshwater aquatic habitat features. For each species relevant information on their distribution, habitat

requirements and ecology were used to make an assessment on whether it is likely for the species to

occur at Glenbrook Lagoon.

2.2 Flora surveys

2.2.1 Method

Flora surveys were undertaken on 14 and 15 November 2012. Six transects were established, with each

starting from the lagoon edge and moving towards a central point in the lagoon (Figure 3). Transects

were placed to sample a range of water depths, from shore to deep water, to identify any association

between water depth and changes in vegetation assemblages. A series of 1 x 1 m plots were sampled

along each transect. The distance between plots was either 10 m or 20 m. A decision of distance was

made based on the coverage of aquatic vegetation. Where aquatic vegetation was visible plots were

placed at 10 m intervals. Where vegetation could not be observed, usually in deep water, plots were

placed at 20 m intervals.

At each 1 x 1 m quadrat all species were recorded and given a modified Braun-Blanquet cover- score

(Table 1). At each quadrat a photograph was taken, water depth was measured and a GPS point was

recorded. In addition, a photograph was taken and GPS point recorded at the beginning and end of

each transect. A GPS point was also taken where notable changes in vegetation assemblages were

observed.


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Table 1: Modified Braun-Blanquet cover abundance scale.

Cover Code Projected Canopy Cover

1 <5% few individuals

2 <5% any number of individuals

3 6-25%

4 26-50%

5 51-75%

6 >75%

Within each plot and at 10 additional randomly located plots (Figure 3) a WoNS density class was

assigned to represent the density of Cabomba present (Table 2). This information would be used as

baseline data for future monitoring of the Lagoon.

Table 2: WONS Density classes (DEWHA 2008).

Class number Class Description

1 Absent

2 <1%

3 1% to 10%

4 11% to 50%

5 >50%

6 Present (density unknown)

7 Not known (or uncertain)

8 Not assessed

9 Scattered

10 100% cover

Data was recorded using a proforma designed specifically for this survey (Appendix H). Coordinates

for each transect plot are provided in Appendix D. Table 3 provides the coordinates for the beginning

and end point of each transect. Table 4 provides the coordinates for the random Cabomba assessment

sites.

Table 3: Coordinates for the beginning and end points of each transect.

Transect Point Water Depth (m) Easting Northing T1_00 0.00 279119 6262435

T1_100 2.87 279233 6262161

T2_00 0.00 279169 6262030

T2_100 3.19 279195 6262123

T3_00 0.65 279128 6262220

T3_100 3.14 279218 6262211

T4_00 0.12 279142 6262404

T4_100 3.08 279177 6262309

T5_00 0.00 279341 6262322

T5_100 3.05 279257 6262275

T6_00 0.0 279302 6262069

T6_100 3.32 279290 6262171

Table 4: Random Cabomba assessment plot coordinates.

Plot Number Water Depth (m) Easting Northing

RAN1 2.66 279203 6262082

RAN2 0.57 279263 6262077

RAN3 2.65 279291 6262104

RAN4 3.07 279187 6262334

RAN5 1.10 279126 6262360

RAN6 0.89 279121 6262329

RAN7 0.78 279125 6262288

RAN8 2.93 279146 6262203

RAN9 3.01 279145 6262169

RAN10 2.54 279136 6262132


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Figure 3: Location of flora survey transects and plots and random survey plots.


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2.2.2 Data Analysis

Data from survey plots was quantitatively analysed to interpret and classify compositional patterns in

the vegetation of the study area.

Cover/abundance scores from each plot were analysed using PATN V3.1: Pattern Analysis Package

(Belbin 2004), which undertakes hierarchical clustering of sites into groups using the symmetric

version of the Kulzcynski coefficient applied to the unstandardised cover-abundance data. The

resulting hierarchical clustering is dispayed diagramatically as a dendrogram.

Delineation of clusters of sites into groups was undertaken by interpreting lineages at successively

lower levels in the hierarchy and assessing differences between sister groups (Keith and Sanders 1990)

with respect to diagnostic species, vegetation structure and physical attributes (distribution,

topography and soil type). Interpretation using such attributes is consistent with JANIS (1996) which

defines groups in terms of floristic composition and in combination with substrate and position in the

landscape. Floristic groups (species assemblages) are recognised when further splitting fails to

discernibly resolve the variation in these factors. The number of groups in the classification is therefore

limited by the identification of prominent differences in species composition, vegetation structure and

physical habitat. The resulting groups are used to define the vegetation associations or ‘communities’

present within the study area.

Differences between sister groups can be established using a SIMPER analysis. Once established each

group is defined by a factor (or number) which is applied to each individual site. The application of

factors can be used in a SIMPER analysis to identify the species primarily providing the discrimination

between and contributing to the clustering of each group. A SIMPER analysis undertaken using the

multivariate ecological analysis package Primer 6.1.13 (Clarke and Gorley 2006), was used to finalise

groupings which were then reflected in the vegetation map units.

2.2.3 Mapping

Vegetation mapping was undertaken based on aerial imagery provided by BMCC, interpretation of

field notes, results of the data analysis and location of GPS vegetation transition points recorded in the

field.

2.3 Fauna surveys

2.3.1 Targeted surveys

Fauna surveys, targeting fish, turtles, frogs and waterbirds were undertaken on 7 and 8 November

2012. Survey techniques included electro fishing, Japanese Seine netting, bait trapping, spotlighting,

call identification and waterbird counts. These techniques are described in Table 5. Opportunistic

observations of fauna were also recorded throughout the study area. All species captured or observed

were identified to species level wherever possible. Survey locations are shown on Figure 4: Location of

fauna survey sites. and site co-ordinates are listed in Appendix E.

Prior to undertaking the fauna surveys a search of the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (OEH 2012) database was

undertaken, to determine the fauna species that could potentially occur in the study area.


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Table 5: Fauna survey techniques.

Fauna targeted

Technique No. sites

No deployed

Description and survey effort

Fish

Electrofishing 6 N/A

Electro fishing (backpack unit) was performed at each site for a minimum of 10 minutes. At sites where Japanese Seine netting was not possible due to dense water plant growth this time was extended to at least 15 minutes.

Japanese Seine netting

6 N/A At least five sweeps with the one-person Japanese Seine net were performed at each site.

Bait trapping 6 1

Three traps were set near the shore, two in slightly deeper water and one in the middle of the lagoon. Bread was used as bait. They were left in the water for at least 3 hours.

Turtles Turtle trap 6 1

The turtle traps were small rectangular ‘yabby’ style traps with dimensions of approximately 60 x 30 x 25 cm. Three traps were set on the western side of the lagoon, one on the northern side and two on the eastern side. They were baited with either duck liver or tinned sardines. Traps were deployed by 16:00 hours. They were checked at approximately 17:00 and 22:00 hours, left overnight, and checked and collected early the next morning.

Frogs Nocturnal survey

3 transects

N/A

A combination of spotlighting and call identification was used to survey for frogs along each transect. The transects were walked between 20:20 and 21:50, with all species observed or heard calling identified.

Birds Waterbird census

3 N/A

A total of 2.5 hours was spent near the edge of the Lagoon within 3 hours of dawn. During this time three locations at the edge of the lagoon were surveyed for waterbirds. Sightings of other bush birds were recorded.

All fauna Opportunistic records

N/A N/A Opportunistic observations of fauna were recorded while undertaking other survey techniques.

2.3.2 Weather conditions during surveys

Weather conditions during the survey on 7 November 2012 were overcast but dry with the exception

of a light shower late in the afternoon. The maximum temperature was 27 C, the minimum

temperature 20 C. The day was calm with maximum wind speeds of 6 km per hour (Bureau of

Meteorology, 2012). These conditions were good for the detection of all targeted fauna, and

particularly favourable for the detection of frogs.

2.4 Habitat Assessments

Habitat assessments were undertaken on 19 November 2012 from the shoreline of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Resources which were considered important for native fauna potentially occurring in the area were

identified, such as dense aquatic vegetation, fringing vegetation, large logs and rocks or hollow-bearing

trees. Opportunistic observations were recorded throughout.


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Figure 4: Location of fauna survey sites.


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3 Results

3.1 Database searches

The database searches identified a total of three aquatic flora species and 26 aquatic fauna species

(seven amphibians, 13 birds, one mammal, two fish and three invertebrates) that are known or

predicted to occur in the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon or the relevant CMA region or subregion

(Appendix C). None of the species are considered as ‘likely to occur’ at Glenbrook Lagoon. Eight

species are considered to have the ‘potential to occur’. These include one plant species (Tall

Knotweed), six bird species (Cattle Egret, Australasian Bittern, Black-necked Stork, White-bellied Sea-

Eagle, Black Bittern) and one mammal species (Southern Myotis).

3.2 Flora surveys

3.2.1 Indigenous species

A total of 18 indigenous flora species were recorded during the survey comprising seven non-aquatic

species and 11 aquatic species (Appendix A). Although there were more indigenous aquatic species

than introduced aquatic species, indigenous species contributed to <50% of the total aquatic

vegetation cover.

A review of data in the Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (OEH 2012) did not identify any records of

threatened aquatic flora species in close proximity to the study area. Further, the surveys did not locate

any threatened flora species within the study area.

3.2.2 Introduced species

A total of seven introduced species were recorded during the survey comprising three non-aquatic

species and four aquatic species (Appendix A). One species Cabomba caroliniana (Cabomba) is listed

as noxious (class 5) and a Weed of National Significance (WoNS). The Lagoon is largely dominated

by Cabomba caroliniana, and introduced species from the genus Nymphaea. The Nymphaea spp. are

composed of two species, Nymphaea alba and Nymphaea Mexicana, and hybrids.

Cabomba caroliniana was recorded at most survey plots but was often not observed in the deeper water

towards the central areas of the lagoon. The WoNS density score for Cabomba caroliniana at each

survey plot is shown in Figure 5. As well as records within survey plots Cabomba caroliniana was

observed to be widespread across the lagoon, with most occurrences and flowering visible around the

lagoon margins (Plate 1). Incidental observations suggest that Cabomba caroliniana was less dense on

the eastern side of the lagoon. Cabomba caroliniana is known to occur in the deeper water towards the

centre of the lagoon but only a few instances in this location were detected during this survey. It is

likely that these areas will reveal flowering Cabomba caroliniana later in the season (February/March).

This species is recognised as a significant problem by BMCC and a control program using a herbicide

treatment is proposed in the near future. There was some anecdotal evidence that areas with a very

dense cover of Nymphaea sp. were likely to have lower densities of Cabomba caroliniana.


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Plate 1: Cabomba caroliniana flowering around the margins of the lagoon.

The Nymphaea spp. are now present in large areas of the lagoon (Plate 2), despite not being reported

as a significant plant in a study of the lagoon undertaken in 1992 (Keogh 1996). Imagery from 2007

indicates that areas of Nymphaea spp. may have been much smaller than those seen in aerial imagery

from 2011.

Plate 2: Nymphaea spp. growing on Glenbrook Lagoon. Nymphaea alba hybrids in the foreground, Nymphaea mexicana in the background.


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Figure 5: WoNS density score for each survey plots.


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Another introduced species, Rotala rotundifolia, occurs in patches throughout the lagoon mostly on

the margins of the bank or as floating masses amongst the Nymphaea spp. close to the bank (Plate 3).

This species has been listed as a potential environmental weed in Australia (Csurches and Edwards

1998). The following information relating to this species is an extract from the Centre for Aquatic and

Invasive Plants (2012) at the University of Florida:

“Rotala rotundifolia grows about 4 to 5 inches per week. Once the plant reaches the top of the water, it

grows across the surface and quickly shades out other aquatic vegetation. It requires high sunlight and

CO2 concentrations for optimum growth. Rotala grows submersed and emergent similar to

hygrophila. In Florida, plants display both terrestrial and aquatic growth forms and produce many

small seeds within capsules. Although little is known about the biology of roundleaf toothcup, the

ability of the plant to reproduce from vegetative fragments, and its ability to produce seeds, further

raises concerns about its potential invasiveness”.

Plate 3: Rotala rotundifolia growing on the bank of the lagoon (left, in foreground) and as a floating mass (right).

Although a significant problem in the past at the lagoon, Salvinia molesta was not observed or recorded

in any transects or survey plots. Salvinia molesta (Salvinia) was recorded during a survey in September

2012 undertaken by BMCC staff. This species is also listed as noxious (class 2) and a WoNS.

3.2.3 Data analysis

Analysis of the data collected from 48 surveyed plots (Appendix G) using PATN defined two major

lineages in relation to the assemblage of species recorded (Appendix F). Eleven additional sites were

uninformative in relation to the analysis due to the lack of species in these plots.

Interpretation of the data using a SIMPER analysis found that plots in the first lineage (lineage 1) had

a very high cover of Cabomba caroliniana, while the second lineage (lineage 2) plots had a high level of

Nymphaea mexicana. Within lineage 2 a number of subgroups were delineated depending on the

percentage cover of either Lepironia articulata, Eleocharis sphacelata and/or Utricularia australis.

Depth measurements were collected at each plot location (Appendix D; Figure 6). Based on the

analysis of depth figures from each plot and their relationship with species present, the following was

determined:

• Lepironia articulata occurred in plots with a water depth of less than 1 m;

• Eleocharis sphacelata occurred in water depths of between 1 and 3 metres; and

• Cabomba caroliniana, Nymphaea mexicana and Utricularia sp. occur in all depth categories.


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3.2.4 Description of plant communities

For mapping purposes the two major lineages within the analysis were used to define aquatic

vegetation communities, as well as the subgroup where plots had dense stands of Lepironia articulata.

Other subgroups could not be delineated for mapping purposes. This is because mapping relies not

only on analysis results but also on the ability to transfer these results into the mapping context using

visually interpretive signals.

Based on the resolution of the aerial imagery available it was possible to reliably delineate three

vegetation boundaries:

• areas with Lepironia articulata;

• areas with Nymphaea/Eleocharis sphacelata species; and

• areas with Melaleuca sp. present.

Using the WoNS score data collected from transect and random plots a fourth vegetation unit was

delineated for Cabomba caroliniana in the areas where the species was dense.

Three aquatic vegetation communities were defined as Lepironia articulata Rushlands,

Nymphaea/Eleocharis Wetlands and Cabomba caroliniana. A forth community, Melaleuca Thicket,

which was not represented within analysis plots was delineated only in inundated areas within the

lagoon perimeter. Two map units were described for disturbed vegetation and for areas with no

vegetation visible. Descriptions of aquatic vegetation communities are provided below.

Lepironia articulata Rushlands

The vegetation in this map unit was dominated by the species Lepironia articulata with Nymphaea spp.

and Utricularia gibba occurring less commonly. Lepironia articulata Rushlands usually occurred as

dense monocultures around the perimeter of the lagoon, generally in water less than 1 m in depth

(Plate 4).

Plate 4: Typical Lepironia articulata Rushlands.


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Nymphaea/Eleocharis Wetlands

Nymphaea/Eleocharis Wetlands were widespread across the lagoon (Plate 5). They typically are

dominated by hybrids of either Nymphaea mexicana or Nymphaea alba although Nymphaea mexicana is

the more common of the two species. The rush species Eleocharis sphacelata occurs patchily, generally

in areas with a water depth of between 1 and 3 m. Both Utricularia gibba and Utricularia australis are

often present and in some locations may occur in dense clumps. Cabomba caroliniana was often found

in Nymphaea/Eleocharis Wetlands. It appeared to be less dense in locations where the stolons of

Nymphaea spp. were very dense.

Plate 5: Nymphaea/Eleocharis Wetlands with Eleocharis sphacelata in the background and a small stand of Melaleuca thicket.

Cabomba caroliniana

The Cabomba caroliniana map unit was allocated to areas where Cabomba caroliniana was the

dominant species and where few other species were present (Plate 6). In the centre of the lagoon

where the water is deep, observations of Cabomba caroliniana were not able to be made. However, it is

highly likely that the season for this species is not advanced enough for the Cabomba caroliniana to

have appeared at surface level. These areas have been mapped as a unit called ‘No surface vegetation’.

Plate 6: Cabomba caroliniana map unit.


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Melaleuca Thicket

Melaleuca thickets occur adjacent to the lagoon and in some locations are currently within areas of

inundation (Plate 7). These areas have been mapped as Melaleuca thicket. Typically the species

present is Melaleuca linariifolia but Melaleuca quinquenervia was also observed in these thickets. The

Melaleuca is often surrounded by Nymphaea spp., and Utricularia sp. and in some locations very dense

stands of Cabomba caroliniana.

Plate 7: Melaleuca Thicket surrounded by Nymphaea mexicana.


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Figure 6: Map of aquatic vegetation communities and water depth readings at survey points.


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3.3 Fauna surveys

A total of 56 fauna species were recorded during the surveys. Of these, 18 fauna species were

considered to be primarily aquatic (Table 6). This included three species of fish, three species of frog,

11 species of waterbird, and one species of turtle. No threatened fauna species were recorded. Four of

the species recorded were introduced, including the Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki), Domestic

Goose (Anser sp.), the Common Myna (Sturnus tristis), and the Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus

jocosus).

A full fauna species list including opportunistic records is provided in Appendix B.

Table 6: List of recorded aquatic fauna species.

Group Family Scientific name Common name Status Number

Fish Anguillidae Anguilla sp. Longfin Eel* N 1

Eleotridae Philypnodon grandiceps Flathead Gudgeon N 3

Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki Mosquito Fish I 250+

Frogs

Hylidae Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog N 60+

Hylidae Litoria peronei Peron's Tree Frog N 15+

Myobatrachidae Limnodynastes peronei Striped Marsh Frog N 30+

Birds

Acrocephalidae Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed-Warbler N 1

Anatidae Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck N 4

Anatidae Anser sp. Domestic Goose I 2

Anatidae Aythya australis Hardhead N 13

Anhingidae Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter N 1

Ardeidae Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron N 2

Charadriidae Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing N 3

Phalacrocoracidae Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant N 1

Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant N 4

Rallidae Fulica atra Eurasian Coot N 7

Rallidae Porphyrio porphyria Purple Swamphen N 6+

Turtles

Chelidae Chelodina longicollis

Eastern Snake-necked Turtle

N 2

Key: N = Native species, I = Introduced species, * = probable, No. = number of individuals recorded. + indicates minimum number recorded.

The introduced Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki), was abundant, and the dominant fish species in

the lagoon (Plate 8). Upwards of 30 individuals were often recorded within each Japanese Seine sweep.

The Mosquito Fish is listed as a class 3 noxious fish species in the greater Sydney area by the NSW

Department of Primary Industries. It is a small fish, up to 3.5 cm in length, which has become an

extremely invasive species in Australia. The Mosquito Fish is considered to be planktivorous species

but can switch to other diets if competition is increased (Blanco et al 2004). Mosquito Fish give birth

to live young with females able to produce up to nine broods per mating season, with the average size

ranging from five to 100 (Pyke, 2005). The species is very tolerant of a wide range of environmental

conditions and thrive in many environments, including those toxic to other fish species (Hernandez-

Martich, 1997). They are aggressive, fin-nipping harassers of other fish, and pose a serious threat to

native Australian fish and aquatic fauna, by preying on their larval stages.

The Flathead Gudgeon was uncommon within the lagoon, with only three individuals recorded from

two locations (Plate 8). The species is endemic to Australia and a common freshwater fish of eastern

Australia (Australian Museum, 2011b). Even though it predominantly occurs in freshwaters, it has

also been recorded from estuarine and protected areas in coastal bays (Australian Museum 2011b).

Flathead Gudgeons are commonly 80 to 90 mm in length but can grow up to 130 mm. It is a benthic


19

species that is primarily found on muddy bottoms, often amongst vegetation. Females lay clutches of

up to 900 eggs, which they attach to solid objects like logs or rocks and which are protected and cared

for by the male until the juveniles hatch. The Flathead Gudgeon is a carnivorous ambush predator of

aquatic insects, molluscs, tadpoles, crustaceans and small fish.

The freshwater eel was recorded during electro fishing. The tail and fin was observed in the shallow

water but unfortunately the fish could not be caught for positive identification. However, the size and

characteristics of the tail, fin and the movements of the fish clearly indicated the fish was an eel. It is

most likely to have been a Longfin Eel (Anguilla reinhardtii). This species lives in rivers, lakes and

swamps, but appears to prefer flowing water (Australian Museum, 2012). The eels are principally

carnivorous although some plant material is eaten. Large adults take a variety of prey including insects,

yabbies, shrimps, molluscs, frogs and fish, although fish appear to be the main component of the diet

(Department of Primary Industries, 2010).

The species of turtle, frog, waterbird and fish that were recorded at Glenbrook Lagoon are all relatively

widespread in NSW and are commonly found in habitats similar to Glenbrook Lagoon.

The waterbirds are widespread throughout eastern Australia, but may not be particularly common

throughout all areas of the Blue Mountains due to a lack of large wetland habitats. Similarly, the

Eastern Snake-necked Turtle (Chelodina longicollis) is restricted to areas which contain suitable

wetland habitat, including swamps, lagoons, rivers and creeks.

The frog species recorded are relatively common species in the Blue Mountains and can often be heard

calling from suburban backyard ponds. They were observed and heard calling in good numbers

throughout the lagoon. The Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog (Litoria fallax) and Striped Marsh Frog

(Limnodynastes peronii) were heard calling in good numbers from within dense stands of rushes. The

Peron’s Tree Frog (Litoria peroni) was also observed and heard calling from many locations, usually

from trampled rushes, within trees emerging from the water, or from fallen logs (Plate 8).

Plate 8: Flathead Gudgeon (left: larger fish) and Mosquito Fish (left: smaller fish) and Peron’s Tree Frog (right).


20

3.4 Fauna Habitats

Glenbrook Lagoon supports a variety of fauna habitats important for local aquatic fauna, most of

which were considered to be in reasonable condition. One notable exception would be water quality,

which in sections appeared to be heavily polluted, often producing unpleasant odours.

The shallow water around the perimeter of the Lagoon provides foraging habitat, in particular for

water birds (Plate 9). For example, the Purple Swamphen was regularly observed in the shallow water

at the Lagoon’s edge. This species forages on shoots of reed and rushes, as well as small animals such as

frogs and snails (Pringle 1985). Dense stands of rushes are also important, providing shelter and

nesting habitat for waterbirds (Plate 9). These dense stands of rushes may support nesting sites for the

Purple Swamphen, Eurasian Coot and Hardhead, and although none were detected during the

surveys, they can be very cryptic. The dense stands of rushes provided habitat for native frog species, in

particular the Striped Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes peronii) and the Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog (Litoria

fallax), which were regularly heard calling from within these dense stands. These areas provide

excellent protection for calling males during spring and summer.

Plate 9: Examples of shallow water habitat (left) and dense rushes with a Purple Swamphen (right) near the Lagoon edge.

Areas of deeper water provide suitable habitat for a different variety of water birds, including Eurasian

Coots, Hardheads, cormorants and the Australasian Darter. These species, or groups of species, forage

under water for plant matter or small animals, and require the water to be a certain depth. The deeper

sections of the Lagoon also often contained waterlilies, which likely provide foraging resources for the

herbivorous or insectivorous water birds.

Another important habitat feature within Glenbrook Lagoon are trees emerging from the water (Plate

10). In particular, dead trees were observed being used by Little Black Cormorants, Pied Cormorants

and the Australasian Darter. These habitat features are important following foraging underwater, for

resting and to allow feathers to dry.


21

Plate 10: Examples of trees or stags protruding from the shallow water.

Fallen logs were present throughout the shallow edge habitat of the lagoon, mainly in the north and

eastern areas (Plate 11). Logs provide important perching habitat for water birds, such as the Pacific

Black Duck which were recorded resting on logs in the north east. They also provide potential basking

sites for turtles. The Peron’s Tree Frog (Litoria peroni) was very common in areas of the north east,

and numerous individuals were observed calling from fallen logs.

Plate 11: North-eastern section of the Lagoon where fallen logs were common and the Eastern Snake-necked Turtle was recorded.


22

4 Conclusion The surveys undertaken throughout the study area recorded a total of 18 indigenous flora species,

comprising seven non-aquatic species and 11 aquatic species. A total of seven introduced species were

recorded during the survey comprising three non-aquatic species and four aquatic species. Glenbrook

Lagoon is heavily infested with weeds, signified by indigenous species contributing less than 50% of

the total aquatic vegetation cover. One exotic species Cabomba caroliniana (Cabomba) is listed as

noxious (class 5) and a Weed of National Significance (WoNS). The introduced species Rotala

rotundifolia has been listed as potential environmental weed in Australia (Csurches and Edwards

1998). Salvinia molesta was not observed or recorded in any transects or survey plots.

Four aquatic vegetation communities were defined as Lepironia articulata Rushlands,

Nymphaea/Eleocharis Wetlands, Cabomba caroliniana and Melaleuca Thicket. Two map units were

described for disturbed vegetation and for areas with no vegetation visible.

No threatened plants or threatened ecological communities were identified. No threatened species

identified in the database searches were considered likely to occur, although one threatened species was

considered to have potential to occur.

A total of 56 vertebrate species were recorded in the vicinity of Glenbrook Lagoon. Of these 18 species

were considered to be primarily aquatic, including three species of fish (two native, one introduced),

three species of frog, 11 species of waterbirds and one species of turtle. A further 38 species of bird (35

native, three introduced), two species of mammal and three species of reptiles were recorded in the

surrounds of the lagoon. The most abundant fish species in the waters of Glenbrook Lagoon is the

Mosquito Fish, which is listed as a class 3 noxious fish species in the grater Sydney area by the NSW

Department of Primary Industries.

No threatened fauna species were recorded during the surveys. No threatened species identified in the

database searches were considered likely to occur, although some have potential to occur.

Glenbrook Lagoon supports a variety of aquatic fauna habitats important for local aquatic fauna, most

of which were considered to be in reasonable condition. Water quality in sections appeared to be

heavily polluted, often producing unpleasant odours. Habitat features of Glenbrook Lagoon important

for local fauna include shallow water, areas of dense rushes, deeper water in the central areas, trees

(alive or dead) emerging from the water, and fallen logs.


23

Bibliography Allen, G.R. (1989). Freshwater fishes of Australia. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New

Jersey.

Australian Museum (2011a). Anguillidae-Freshwater Eels. Website:

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Anguillidae-Freshwater-Eels. Accessed November 2012

Australian Museum (2012). Longfin Eel, Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner, 1867. Website:

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Longfin-Eel-Anguilla-reinhardtii/. Accessed November 2012

Australian Museum (2011b). Flathead Gudgeon, Philypnodon grandiceps (Krefft, 1864). Website:

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Flathead-Gudgeon-Philypnodon-grandiceps. Accessed

November 2012

Belbin, L. (2004) PATN Pattern analysis package. Division of Wildlife & Ecology, Commonwealth

Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra.

Blanco, S., S. Romo, and M. J. Villena. (2004). Experimental study on the diet of mosquito fish

(Gambusia holbrooki) under different ecological conditions in a shallow lake. International

Review of Hydrobiology 89: 250-262.

Bureau of Meteorology (2012). Observations from Penrith Lakes AWS (station 067113). Australian

Government. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/IDCJDW2111.latest.shtml

Centre for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (2012). Roundleaf toothcup, Dwarf Rotala. University of

Florida. Accessed November 2012. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/664

Clarke, K. R. and Gorley, R. N. (2006) Primer v6: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E: Plymouth.

Csurches, S and Edwards, R. (1998). Potential Environmental Weeds in Australia, Queensland

Department of Natural Resources

Department of Primary Industries (2010). Long-finned eel (Anguilla reinhardtii). Website:

http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/fisheries/recreational-fishing/inland-angling-guide/fish-species/long-

finned-eel. Accessed November 2012

DEWHA (2008). Field Manual for Surveying and Mapping Nationally Significant Weeds

Commonwealth of Australia. Commonwealth Department of Environment, Water, Heritage

and Arts, Australia

Hernandez-Martich, J. D., and M. H. Smith (1997). Downstream gene flow and genetic structure of

Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquito fish) populations. Heredity 79: 295-301.

JANIS (1996) Proposed Nationally Agreed Criteria for the Establishment of a Comprehensive,

Adequate and Representative Reserve System for forests in Australia. Report of the Joint

ANZECC/MCFFA National Forest Policy Implementation Subcommittee (JANIS)

(Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra).

Keith, D. A. and Sanders, J. M. (1990) Vegetation of the Eden region, south-eastern Australia: species

composition, diversity and structure. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1, 202-232.

Keogh, A.J. (1996) Master’s Thesis: Systems Management of Glenbrook Lagoon, NSW. Department

of Applied and Environmental Sciences. University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury.

OEH (2012). NSW Bionet, Office of Environment and Heritage website for the Atlas of NSW Widlife:

www.bionet.nsw.gov.au Accessed 3 December 2012.

Pringle, J.D. (1985). The Waterbirds of Australia. (Ed. V.N. Serventy) Angus and Robertson

Publishers, NSW, Australia.

Pyke, G. H. (2005). A review of the biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki. Reviews in Fish

Biology and Fisheries. 15: 339-365


24

Appendix A: Flora species recorded

Family Scientific Name Common Name BMCC Surveys 2012 Survey November 2012 (AMBS) non aquatic Weed Status

Introduced Species

Cabombaceae Cabomba caroliniana Green Cabomba X1 X

Noxious Class 5; WoNS

Callitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis Common Starwort X1

Cyperaceae Cyperus eragrostis

X1 X X

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea ?capensis

X1

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea alba and hybrids

X1 X

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea mexicana and hybrids Yellow Waterlily X1 X

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup X1 X X

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus Celery Buttercup

X X

Lythraceae Rotala rotundifolia

X1 X

Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta

X1

Noxious Class 2; WoNS

Native Species

Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides X2

Brassicaceae Cardamine paucijuga

X X

Cyperaceae Carex appressa Tall Sedge X1 X X

Elatinaceae Elatine gratioloides Waterwort X1 X

Cyperaceae Eleocharis sphacelata

X1 X

Poaceae Hemarthria uncinata Matgrass X1

Cyperaceae Isolepis fluitans Floating Club-rush X1 X

Juncaceae Juncus ?subsecundus

X1


25

Family Scientific Name Common Name BMCC Surveys 2012 Survey November 2012 (AMBS) non aquatic Weed Status

Cyperaceae Lepidosperma longitudinale Pithy Sword-sedge X1

Cyperaceae Lepironia articulata Grey Rush X1 X

Onagraceae Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis Water Primrose

X

Myrtaceae Melaleuca linariifolia Flax-leaved Paperbark

X1 X X

Myrtaceae Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved Paperbark

X X

Menyanthaceae Nymphoides indica Water Snowflake X3

Menyanthaceae Nymphoides sp. Marshwort

X

Polygonaceae Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed

X X

Polygonaceae Persicaria praetermissa

X1 X X

Philydraceae Philydrum lanuginosum Woolly Waterlily

X

Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton sulcatus Pondweed X1

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus inundatus River Buttercup X1 X X

Typhaceae Typha ?domingensis Narrow-leaved Cumbungi

X

Typhaceae Typha ?orientalis Broadleaf Cumbungi X1

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia australis Yellow Bladderwort X1 X

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia gibba Floating Bladderwort X1 X

Menyanthaceae Villarsia exalata Yellow Marsh Flower

X

Zygnemataceae Spirogyra (filamentous algae)

X1

Note: 1 – Recorded during opportunistic surveys of aquatic flora during a site inspection of a small section of the shoreline, from the northern beach area to the north-east stormwater inlet

of Glenbrook Lagoon. The inspection was undertaken on 13 September 2012 by Geoff Sainty (Sainty & Assoc), Richard Jobson (SRBG) and Christina Day (BMCC). 2 – recorded by BMCC on 2 August 2012. 3 – recorded by BMCC on 9 November 2012.


26

Appendix B: Fauna species recorded Group Family Scientific name Common name Status*

Fish Anguillidae Anguilla sp. Longfin Eel* N

Eleotridae Philypnodon grandiceps Flathead gudgeon N

Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki Mosquito Fish I

Frogs

Hylidae Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog N

Hylidae Litoria peronii Peron's Tree Frog N

Myobatrachidae Limnodynastes peronii Striped Marsh Frog N

Birds

Acanthizidae Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill N

Acanthizidae Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill N

Acanthizidae Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren N

Acrocephalidae Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed-Warbler N

Alcedinidae Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra N

Anatidae Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck N

Anatidae Anser sp. Domestic Goose I

Anatidae Aythya australis Hardhead N

Anhingidae Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter N

Ardeidae Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron N

Artamidae Cracticus tibicen Australian Magpie N

Artamidae Strepera graculina Pied Currawong N

Cacatuidae Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo N

Cacatuidae Eolophus roseicapillus Galah N

Charadriidae Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing N

Columbidae Leucosarcia picata Wonga Pigeon N

Columbidae Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing N

Corvidae Corvus coronoides Australian Raven N

Cuculidae Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel N

Estrildidae Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch N

Maluridae Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren N

Maluridae Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren N

Meliphagidae Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill N

Meliphagidae Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird N

Meliphagidae Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater N

Meliphagidae Philemon corniculatus Noisy Friarbird N

Monarchidae Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark N

Pachycephalidae Collucricindla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush N

Pachycephalidae Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler N

Pardalotidae Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote N

Petroicidae Eopsaltria australis Eastern Yellow Robin N

Phalacrocoracidae Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant N

Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant N

Psittacidae Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella N

Psittacidae Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet N


27

Psophodidae Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird N

Ptilonorhynchidae Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Satin Bowerbird N

Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul I

Rallidae Fulica atra Eurasian Coot N

Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen N

Rhipiduridae Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail N

Sturnidae Sturnus tristis Common Myna I

Timaliidae Zosterops lateralis Silvereye N

Turdidae Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush N

Mammals

Muridae Rattus sp. rat N

Pseudocheiridae Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum N

Reptiles

Agamidae Physignathus lesueurii Eastern Water Dragon N

Chelidae Chelodina longicollis Eastern Snake-necked Turtle

N

Scincidae Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water-skink N

Lampropholis delicata Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink

N

Key: N= Native, I= Introduced, * = probable

.


28

Appendix C: Likelihood of occurrence of aquatic threatened species previously recorded or predicted to occur within the locality Flora or

Fauna Group

Common Name

Scientific Name

TSC Act^

EPBC Act^

FM Act^

Occurrence* Habitat requirements/Ecology Likelihood of occurrence at

Glenbrook Lagoon

Fauna Amphibian Giant Burrowing Frog

Heleioporus australiacus

V V - Recorded (3)

Occurs in heath, woodland and open dry sclerophyll forest on a variety of soil types. Breeding habitat is usually soaks or pools within first or second order streams. The species has not been recorded breeding in polluted water or areas affected by pH changes.

Unlikely to occur. Habitat present not preferred and likely to be too polluted. Has been recorded on three occasions within 5 km of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Amphibian Green and Golden Bell Frog

Litoria aurea E V - Predicted

Found in a wide range of water bodies (including disturbed sites), except fast flowing stream. Breeding habitat includes water bodies that are still, shallow, ephemeral, unshaded, free of Mosquito Fish, and usually containing bulrushes (Typha spp.) and/or spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.). Surrounding terrestrial habitats that consist of grassy areas and vegetation no higher than woodlands, and a range of diurnal shelter sites is needed.

Unlikely to occur. The species is not known from the area and no records exist from the locality. Further, there are extremely high abundances of the Mosquito fish.

Fauna Amphibian Booroolong Frog

Litoria booroolongensis

E E - Known

Found along permanent streams with some fringing vegetation cover such as ferns, sedges or grasses.

Unlikely to occur. Species is found along streams, not in still water. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Amphibian Littlejohn's Tree Frog

Litoria littlejohni V V - Known

Occurs in a wide variety of aquatic habitat types within forests, coastal woodlands and heaths. Requires unpolluted water. Other requirements of species are relatively unknown. Difficult to survey as it calls very infrequently.

Unlikely to occur. Water quality at the Lagoon is likely to be poor and there are extremely high abundances of the Mosquito fish. There are no records within the vicinity of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Amphibian Stuttering Frog

Mixophyes balbus

E V - Known

Typically found in association with permanent streams through temperate and sub-tropical rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest, rarely in dry open tableland riparian

Unlikely to occur. Species is typically found along streams, not in still water. Known from the subregion but not recorded


29

Flora or

Fauna Group

Common Name

Scientific Name

TSC Act^

EPBC Act^

FM Act^


Glenbrook Lagoon

vegetation and in moist gullies in dry forest. within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Amphibian Giant Barred Frog

Mixophyes iteratus

E E - Known

Occurs in uplands and lowlands in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest and in vegetated riparian strips on farmland. Breeding habitat is shallow, flowing rocky streams.

Unlikely to occur. Species is typically found along streams, not in still water. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Amphibian Red-crowned Toadlet

Pseudophryne australis

V - - Recorded (41)

Has a restricted distribution confined to the Sydney Basin. Occurs in open forests, mostly on Hawkesbury and Narrabeen Sandstones. Inhabits periodically wet drainage lines below sandstone ridges that often have shale lenses or cappings. Breeding congregations occur in dense vegetation and debris beside ephemeral creeks. Red-crowned Toadlets require very clean water for breeding.

Unlikely to occur. Species inhabits creeks and drainage lines on sandstone not lagoons. Has been recorded on many occasions within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon, with the closest record about 1 km away.

Fauna Bird Cattle Egret Ardea ibis - M - Recorded (1)

Forages in wide variety of habitats including paddocks, cropland, wetlands, mudflats, dams etc, on invertebrates and small vertebrates. They breed in colonies with other waterbirds in wetlands.

Has potential to occur on occasion. Foraging habitat present, less likely for breeding. Has been recorded once within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Australasian Bittern

Botaurus poiciloptilus

E E - Known

Occurs mainly in densely vegetated freshwater wetlands. Feeds on variety of invertebrates and small vertebrates taken from around pools and waterways. Species is widespread but uncommon throughout south-eastern Australia.

Has potential to occur on occasion. Potential breeding and foraging habitat exists. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Black-necked Stork

Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus

E - - Known

Inhabits wetlands, such as floodplains of rivers with large shallow swamps and pools, and deeper permanent bodies of water. Will stray into open grass, woodland areas or flooded paddocks in search of food.

Has potential to occur on occasion. Potential breeding and foraging habitat exists. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird White-fronted Chat

Epthianura albifrons

V - - Predicted

Occurs in salt marsh and other damp areas with low vegetation such as swampy farmland and roadside verges. Sometimes occurs on beaches and the edges of lakes. Mostly sedentary, although there may be some nomadic movements, particularly in

Unlikely to occur. The densely vegetated shores of Glenbrook Lagoon are unlikely to be suitable habitat for the species. Predicted to occur in the subregion but not recorded


30

Flora or

Fauna Group

Common Name

Scientific Name

TSC Act^

EPBC Act^

FM Act^


Glenbrook Lagoon

the drier areas of its range. The species' known Sydney distribution is now restricted to two small populations living in wetlands in Botany Bay and the Parramatta River.

within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird White-bellied Sea-Eagle

Haliaeetus leucogaster

M - Recorded (1)

Large areas of open water (larger rivers, swamps, lakes, ocean). Birds have been recorded in (or flying over) a variety of terrestrial habitats.

Has potential to occur on occasion. Has been recorded once within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Comb-crested Jacana

Irediparra gallinacea

V - - Known

Tropical and subtropical freshwater wetlands, including lagoons, billabongs, swamps, lakes, rivers, sewage ponds and dams, provided there is adequate floating vegetation.

Unlikely to occur. Potential habitat exists but Glenbrook Lagoon is outside the species core distribution, so would only occur as an occasional vagrant. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis

V - Known

Inhabits terrestrial and estuarine wetlands, usually where permanent water and dense vegetation exist. Nests are built in trees over water. They feed on a wide range of small animals, but mainly fish and amphibians

Has potential to occur. Potential foraging habitat exists, breeding considered unlikely. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Broad-billed Sandpiper

Limicola falcinellus

V M - Known

Prefers sheltered parts of the coast such as sandflats, mudflats, harbours, lagoons and saltmarshes. They are occasionally recorded within shallow freshwater lagoons. Roost on banks on sheltered sand, shell or shingle beaches.

Unlikely to occur, if so then only as a vagrant. Preferred habitat is coastal and they are rarely recorded inland. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Black-tailed Godwit

Limosa limosa V M - Known

Primarily found along the coast, but occasionally occurs inland on mudflats and swamps where the water is less than 10 cm deep during suitable conditions (i.e. usually receding water)

Unlikely to occur, if so then only as a vagrant. Preferred habitat is coastal. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Eastern Osprey

Pandion cristatus V - - Known

Occur in littoral and coastal habitats and terrestrial wetlands of tropical and temperate Australia and offshore islands. Mostly found in coastal areas but occasionally travel inland along major rivers, particularly in northern Australia. They

Unlikely to occur, if so then only as a vagrant. Glenbrook Lagoon is outside the species core distribution. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook


31

Flora or

Fauna Group

Common Name

Scientific Name

TSC Act^

EPBC Act^

FM Act^


Glenbrook Lagoon

require extensive areas of open fresh, brackish or saline water for foraging and frequent a variety of wetland habitats including inshore waters, reefs, bays, coastal cliffs, beaches, estuaries, mangrove swamps, broad rivers, reservoirs and large lakes and waterholes.

Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Australian Painted Snipe

Rostratula australis

E V - Known

Scattered distribution throughout many parts of Australia (a single record from Tasmania). Usually found in shallow inland wetlands, either freshwater or brackish, that are either permanently or temporarily filled. They are cryptic, hard to see and often overlooked. Though some individuals are apparently resident in some areas, other individuals appear to be nomadic, temporarily occupying areas where suitable habitat exists. Nests on the ground amongst tall reed-like vegetation near water, and feeds near the water’s edge and on mudflats, taking invertebrates, such as insects and worms, and seeds.

Unlikely to occur, if so then only as a vagrant. Glenbrook Lagoon is likely to have too little shallow habitat for the species. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Bird Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa

V - Known

Inhabits a variety of plankton-rich wetland types. They feed on algae, seeds of various aquatic grassed and sedges, small invertebrates including crustaceans, zooplankton, worms, insects, small fish and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants.

Has potential to occur. Potential foraging habitat occurs but breeding is considered unlikely. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Mammal Southern Myotis

Myotis macropus V - Known

Generally roost in groups of 10 - 15 close to water in caves, mine shafts, hollow-bearing trees, storm water channels, buildings, under bridges and in dense foliage. Forage over streams (preferred) and pools catching insects and small fish by raking their feet across the water surface. This species is generally uncommon to rare throughout most of its range.

Has potential to occur. The lagoon presents potential foraging habitat, and roosting habitat may occur in the surrounding area. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Invertebrate Giant Dragonfly

Petalura gigantea

E - - Recorded (1)

Requires permanent swamp with a stable water-table. Larvae are very slow growing, very long lived (at least 10 years, estimated 20-30 years) and semi-terrestrial. Larvae

Unlikely to occur. Glenbrook Lagoon may present suitable habitat, but poor water quality and high number of Mosquito


32

Flora or

Fauna Group

Common Name

Scientific Name

TSC Act^

EPBC Act^

FM Act^


Glenbrook Lagoon

inhabit a permanent burrow, a long chambered passage with its opening above water level but extending deep into the swamp.

fish present a threat. Has been recorded once within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Fauna Invertebrate Sydney Hawk Dragonfly

Austrocordulia leonardi

- - E Known #

Very restricted distribution, known only from three locations south of Sydney. Has only been recorded in deep, shady, riverine pools with cool water. Larvae are found under rocks.

Unlikely to occur. The lagoon is outside the known distribution and habitat is not preferred. No records exist from the locality.

Fauna Invertebrate Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly

Archaeophya adamsi

- - E Known #

Only known from a few sites in the greater Sydney region. Larvae have been round in small creeks with gravel or sandy bases.

Unlikely to occur. Glenbrook Lagoon is not likely to contain suitable habitat for the species and no records exist from the locality.

Fauna Fish Macquarie Perch

Macquaria australasica

- - E Known #

Found in the Murray-Darling Basin and parts of south-eastern coastal NSW. Found in river and lake habitats, especially the upper reaches of rivers and their tributaries.

Unlikely to occur. Glenbrook Lagoon is not likely to contain suitable habitat for the species. The water quality is poor, there is a high abundance of Mosquito Fish, the lagoon is extremely isolated from other drainage lines, and no records exist from the locality.

Fauna Fish Australian Grayling

Prototroctes maraena

- V - Predicted

The species has been recorded from rivers flowing east and south of the dividing ranges. They spend only part of their lifecycle in freshwater, migrating between streams and the ocean.

Unlikely to occur. Only known freshwater habitat is streams. Glenbrook Lagoon unlikely to support suitable habitat.

Flora Hypsela sessiliflora

Hypsela sessiliflora

E Ex Known

Currently known from only two adjacent sites (less than 10x15 m) on a single private property at Erskine Park in the Penrith Local Government Area. Known to grow in damp places, on the Cumberland Plain, including freshwater wetland, grassland/alluvial woodland and an alluvial woodland/shale plains woodland (Cumberland Plain Woodland) ecotone.

Unlikely to occur. Is only known from locations in Cumberland Woodland. Known to occur in the subregion but no records within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Flora Tall Knotweed Persicaria elatior V V Known

This species normally grows in damp places, especially beside streams and lakes. Occasionally in swamp forest or associated with disturbance.

Has potential to occur. Suitable habitat present. Known to occur in the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.


33

Flora or

Fauna Group

Common Name

Scientific Name

TSC Act^

EPBC Act^

FM Act^


Glenbrook Lagoon

Flora Austral Pillwort

Pilularia novae-hollandiae

E - Known

Semi-aquatic fern, resembling a small fine grass that grows in shallow swamps and waterways, often among grasses and sedges. It is most often recorded in drying mud as this is when it is most conspicuous. Probably ephemeral (especially in the drier parts of its range), appearing when soils are moistened by rain.

Unlikely to occur. Glenbrook Lagoon is outside the species known distribution and species prefers clay soil. Known from the subregion but not recorded within the locality of Glenbrook Lagoon.

Key: * Recorded (n) = species was recorded in a 10x10 km square centred on Glenbrook Lagoon. The number in brackets indicates the number of records. Locality = 10x10 km square centred on Glenbrook Lagoon. Predicted = Predicted to occur in the CMA subregion (Hawkesbury-Nepean and/or Wollemi CMA subregion) or within 10 km radius of Glenbrook Lagoon (for EPBC Act species). Known = Known to occur in the CMA subregion (Hawkesbury-Nepean or Wollemi CMA subregion), or Hawkesbury/Nepean CMA (for FM Act species). ^ V = Vulnerable, E=Endangered, Ex = Extinct, M=Migratory. # species listed under the Fisheries Management Act 1994 known from the Hawkesbury/Nepean CMA.


34

Appendix D: Flora site coordinates, depth readings and WoNS Cabomba scores

Name Depth (m) Zone Easting Northing Cabomba WoNS Score

RAN1 2.66 56 279203 6262082 10

RAN10 2.54 56 279136 6262132 10

RAN2 0.57 56 279263 6262077 10

RAN3 2.65 56 279291 6262104 10

RAN4 3.07 56 279187 6262334 10

RAN5 1.1 56 279126 6262360 10

RAN6 0.89 56 279121 6262329 10

RAN7 0.78 56 279125 6262288 10

RAN8 2.93 56 279146 6262203 10

RAN9 3.01 56 279145 6262169 10

T1_00 0 56 279119 6262435 3

T1_100 2.87 56 279233 6262161 7

T1_20 2.27 56 279257 6262084 7

T1_40 3.2 56 279249 6262104 7

T1_60 3.15 56 279243 6262122 7

T1_80 3 56 279236 6262141 7

T2_00 0 56 279170 6262030 1

T2_10 0.37 56 279174 6262037 1

T2_100 3.19 56 279195 6262123 2

T2_20 0.76 56 279178 6262043 4

T2_30 1.28 56 279183 6262051 5

T2_40 1.65 56 279184 6262061 5

T2_50 2.11 56 279185 6262070 7

T2_60 2.4 56 279189 6262084 5

T2_70 2.85 56 279190 6262092 4

T2_80 3.02 56 279187 6262102 4

T3_00 0.07 56 279121 6262223 1

T3_10 0.65 56 279128 6262220 10

T3_100 3.14 56 279218 6262211 7

T3_20 1.5 56 279134 6262218 1

T3_30 2.69 56 279143 6262218 3

T3_40 3.41 56 279155 6262217 4

T3_60 3.46 56 279177 6262216 7

T3_80 3.07 56 279197 6262214 7

T4_00 0.12 56 279142 6262404 1

T4_10 0.8 56 279149 6262392 2

T4_100 3.08 56 279178 6262309 5

T4_20 1.8 56 279152 6262380 7

T4_30 1.17 56 279156 6262374 4

T4_40 1.55 56 279160 6262363 3

T4_50 2.04 56 279163 6262353 7


35

Name Depth (m) Zone Easting Northing Cabomba WoNS Score

T4_60 2.52 56 279167 6262344 7

T4_80 2.79 56 279172 6262324 7

T5_00 0 56 279341 6262322 1

T5_10 0.92 56 279331 6262318 3

T5_100 3.05 56 279257 6262275 7

T5_20 1.98 56 279323 6262314 7

T5_30 2.14 56 279317 6262310 7

T5_40 3 56 279306 6262306 7

T5_60 3.62 56 279292 6262297 7

T5_80 3.14 56 279274 6262285 7

T6_00 0 56 279302 6262069 7

T6_10 1.29 56 279295 6262085 5

T6_100 3.32 56 279290 6262171 7

T6_20 2.39 56 279296 6262085 5

T6_30 2.76 56 279294 6262106 5

T6_40 3 56 279296 6262114 5

T6_60 3.19 56 279287 6262135 6

T6_80 3.28 56 279289 6262153 7


36

Appendix E: Fauna survey site coordinates Survey Technique Site name Zone Easting Northing

Bait trap BT-1 56 279265 6262077

Bait trap BT-2 56 279119 6262187

Bait trap BT-3 56 279300 6262109

Bait trap BT-4 56 279377 6262173

Bait trap BT-5 56 279354 6262278

Bait trap BT-6 56 279221 6262288

Electro fishing EF-1 56 279260 6262079






Japanese net JS-1 56 279261 6262075

Japanese net JS-2 56 279117 6262299

Japanese net JS-3 56 279148 6262430

Japanese net JS-4 56 279362 6262093

Japanese net JS-5 56 279400 6262225

Turtle trap T1 56 279115 6262187

Turtle trap T2 56 279114 6262307

Turtle trap T3 56 279109 6262367

Turtle trap T4 56 279420 6262240

Turtle trap T5 56 279400 6262213

Turtle trap T6 56 279362 6262300

Japanese net JS-6 56 279310 6262338

Frog transect 1 Start FT1ST 56 279109 6262367

Frog transect 1 End FT1E 56 279115 6262187





Waterbird count WB-1 56 279314 6262334




37

Appendix F: Dendrogram identifying lineages within vegetation data

Lineage 1

Cabomba group

Lineage 2

Nymphaea group

Lepironia

articulata group

Denser cover

Nymphaea and

Cabomba group

Denser cover

Utricularia and

Nymphaea group


38

Appendix G: Flora data matrix

RAN1

RAN10

RAN2

RAN3

RAN4

RAN5

RAN6

RAN7

RAN8

RAN9

T1_00

T1_20

T2_00

T2_10

T2_100

T2_20

T2_30

T2_40

T2_50

T2_60

T2_70

T2_80

T3_00

T3_10

T3_20

T3_30

T3_40

T4_00

T4_10

T4_100

T4_20

T4_30

T4_40

T4_50

T4_60

T4_80

T5_00

T5_10

T5_100

T5_20

T5_30

T5_40

T5_60

T5_80

T6_10

T6_20

T6_30

T6_40

Cabomba caroliniana 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 0 0 0 2 4 5 4 0 5 4 4 0 6 0 2 4 0 1 6 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 5 6

Cardamine paucijuga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cyperus eragrostis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Elatine gratioloides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Eleocharis sphacelata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 5 4 1 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0

Juncus sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lepironia articulata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Melaleuca linariifolia 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Melaleuca quinquenervia

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nymphaea mexicana 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 5 4 6 0 6 5 3 6 5 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 6 6 1 6 6 6 5 5 5 1 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0

Nymphoides sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Persicaria decipiens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Persicaria praetermissa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Philydrum lanuginosum

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ranunculus inundatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rotala rotundifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tradescantia fluminensis

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Utricularia australis 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 0

Utricularia gibba 2 2 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1

Villarsia exalata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


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Appendix H: Flora data collection proforma

Transect No:………………………………. Date: _____/_____/_____ Surveyor…………………………… Location description (Format = Area of Survey - specific location that makes site locatable without GPS) .......................................................................................................................................…………………… Photo no: Begining......................................................... End........... ........... ........... ........... Grid ref. from GPS: Beginning ...... (zone) / ...................... (E) / ................................(N) End …... (zone) / ...................... (E) / ................................(N)

Transect Data (100m length, Survey Points every 10m (in veg cover) or 20 m (in clear water), each survey point 1m by 1m quadrat)

Transect plot/ water depth (M)

Photo No.

Cabomba Density (WoNs-Table 2)

Species (dominant) Density BB c/a (Table 1)

Aquatic Cat. (Table 3)

00/

10/

20/

30/

40/

50/

60/


40

70/

80/

90/

100/

Table 4- Incidental Species outside of Transect/Quadrat Incidental Species

Major Vegetation Transition Point: (zone) / ...................... (E) / ................................(N)

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Aquatic Flora and Fauna Survey of Glenbrook Lagoon Flora and Fauna Survey of Glenbrook Lagoon III...

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