AR 430 Planning Standards 2

8/10/2019 AR 430 Planning Standards 2

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Module 2 : Planning StandardsFormulation of Planning Standards for Land Use, Density, Roads and Various Facilities

at Town and Local Levels

- Guidelinesin plan preparation: determination of the requirementsfor space, facilities ,infrastructure and environmental quality in towns and cities

- Set both quantitative and qualitative requirements:# Areas/Space # Numbers/Amounts # Types # Locations/ Distribution # EnvironmentalPerformance

-

OBJECTIVE: enhance the quality of life in cities

- Criteria/Determinants in formulation of planning standards:

# Population: Number and Type/ Characteristics: most prevalent - influencing needsand demands for space and infrastructure - determining chracteristics like income,

affordability, preferences, etc.# Functional and Environmental Requirements: Example: location of school in

relation to playground / No. of vehicular lanes in a road in relation to volume of pcu/location of sewage treatment plant in relation to river flow direction/Open space around

heritage buildings

# Public Health and Safety: Example: Domestic water supply standard/air qualitystandards/ distances or types of intersections in relation to road speeds/ land use alongfault-line zone# Physiographic Constraints/opportunities: Example: Density/Space between

buildings in hot-humid vs hot dry climates# Socio-cultural and Techno-economic Contexts: Example: oriental vs western valuesfor land use mix/density / available building technology and building typology/densitystandard

- Flexible/Contextual vs Fixed/Rigid Standards: Determinantsvary with place, time revision/modification ofstandards - universal standards: viz emission standards / water

quality standards for drinking

- Broad Classes of Planning Standards:

Spatial standards: Guide provision of space and locations of various activitiesand facilities on the basis of various criteria: Examples: area under parks and

playgrounds in a neighbourhood / classes of educational facilities required for aresidential district / r.o.w of arterial road


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Utility standards: Guide the provisions of various utilities and services in termsof their rates and qualities of supply, management, etc. : Water Supply, Power,

Sewage Disposal, Solid Waste Management, etc. in respect of :

supply, service frequency, coverage, municipal expenditure, man-power

deployment, etc.

Environmental performance / quality standards: Originally developed forindustrial performances - standards for air, water or noise, thermal pollution - (a)

permissible ambient environmental quality standards and (b) permissible limits of

emissions at source, viz a factory or a sewage outfall - based on measurablelevels of individual pollution parameters viz micro-grams of sulfur di-oxide per

cu.m of air / gms of dissolved oxygen per litre of river water/B.O.D. per litre ofsewage / ambient noise level in decibels in residential vis--vis commercial zones

standards are for human and animal health usually, universal and rigid

- Focus: Spatial Standards

URBAN LAND USE PLANNING NORMS

Significance of Land Use Planning

- Provision of adequate spaceat appropriate locationsfor different typesof human

activities : living, work, recreation

-

Land use distribution : spatial relationships/interdependenciesof different uses proximity connectivity segregation - mix - Factors/considerationsof health,

environmental quality, efficient functioning, convenience, social equity, resolution of

conflicts and competing demands, economy in resource use, protection of

environmental resources,

- Land use circulation relationship


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- presentand changingneeds and demands for space and locations : trends/forecasts

- regulation and implementation of land use plan : zoning and development

regulations

Land Use Classification

- Conventionally,Location- specific distinctionof uses of land and built spaces

Broad distinctions at large area level : viz residential vs industrial zones of a city -

detailed distinctions :plot-wise/building floor-wise variation in uses

- Purpose: broad vs detailed planning macro vs micro-level planning

- Detailed classification: useful fordevelopment regulation

- Land use distinctions should beobservable / measurable/well defined and have

clearboundaries or jurisdictions

-

Broad land use classification isuniversal detailed classification/sub-classificationof broad classes may becontextual: cultural variation

- single and mixed /multiple use/zones/ premises

- Developed vs undeveloped inurban land use classification

- Intensive and extensive land use classes

- Informal and transient activities

- Land Use Coding - alphabetical/alpha-numeric/numeric coding : convenient in

detailed land use mapping and development regulations

- Example:


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SIMPLIFIED URBAN LAND USE CLASSIFICATION

Numeric

Code

Alpha-

Numeric

Broad Land

Use Class

Numeric Alpha-

numeric

Detailed Land Use

1. R Residential 11 R-1R-2

R-3

Primary Residential ZoneMixed Residential Zone

Unplanned/InformalResidential Zone

2 C Commercial 21

22

23

C-1

C-2

C-3

Retail Shopping Zone

General Business &Commercial District

Wholesale,Godowns,Warehousing

3 M Manufacturing 313233

M-1M-2M-3

Service & Light IndustryExtensive & Heavy IndustrySpecial Industrial Zone

obnoxious

4 PS Public & Semi-Public

4142

4344

4546

47

PS-1PS-2

PS-3PS-4

PS-5PS-6

PS-7

Govt/Public OfficesUndetermined govt. land

Educational & ResearchMedical/Health

Social/Cultural/ReligiousUTILITIES & SERVICES

Cremation/Burial Ground

5 P Recreational 5152

5354

P-1P-2

P-3P-4

Playground/Stadia/Sports CmParks/Gardens

Special Recreational ZoneMulti-purpose(viz maidan)

6 T Transportation

&Communication

61

6263

6465

66

T-1

T-2T-3

T-4T-5

T-6

Roads

RailwaysAirport

Seaport/DockyardsBus Depot/Truck

Terminals/Freight ComplexesTransmission &

Communication

7 A Agriculture &

water bodies

71

7273

7475

76

A-1

A-2A-3

A-4A-5

A-6

Agriculture

ForestPoultry/Dairy

Rural SettlementsBrick Kiln/Extractions

Water Bodies


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8 S Special Area 81

82

83

8485

S-1

S-2

S-3

S-4S-5

Old Built-up area

Heritage & Consv. Area

Scenic Value area

Village SettlementOther

-

- Master Plan of Delhi:

- Broad Land Use Class Use Zone Use Premise

- Residential RD: Residential Area Plotted Housing

- Group Housing- Residence-cum work plot

- Hostel/Old Age Home

-

Guest house, Board-- Lodging Dharmshala or

- equivalent

- Night Shelter

RF: Foreign Mission

Land Use Colour Code:Residential : YELLOW; Commercial: RED/BLUE; Industrial: PURPLE; Public & Semi-

public: BLUE/RED; Utities/Transport: GREY; Recreation/Open Space/Agricultural: GREEN

Variation in Shades/Tones: Sub-classes


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Land Use Distribution Area Norms

- No fixed standard: Relationship with the functional class or economic base, viz

industrial town port town institutional town capital city.......

- Relationship withCity size: the proportions of non-residential uses tend to increase with

size - with growth, cities attract more economic activities, viz commerce, industries,

etc. as well as public facilities and amenities and physical infrastructure- many are

extensive in nature, such as industries, transport terminals, large parks and institutions,

etc., - residential densitiestend to increaseas residential land competes with non-

residential uses

-

Universally, the residential land use : single largest proportion forecasted population x

density adopted


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Source: UDPFI Guidelines

DENSITY NORMS

Measures:

-

No. of Persons per unit Areas for very large-scale planning, viz regional plans: personsper square kilometers (ppsq.km.) for urban areas: persons per hectare (ppha)

- Density Measure at Different Spatial Levels:# Town Level Density/Overall Density:computed for a delineated planning area / municipal area/planning area # AreaLevel/Ward-wise Density# Gross Residential Density: living population per unit area of predominantly

residential zones of the town excludes areas of other predominant land use zones of thetown viz. industrial areas, city level commercial, institutional areas, etc


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# Net Residential Density: living population per unit area of aggregate residential landwithin a residential zone which excludes the non-residential premises within the zone, but

may include the area under access road to the residential premises.

# Plot Level/Spot Density: Living population per unit area of a residential plot

# Occupancy Rate in Households: No. of person per habitable room in a dwelling unit

# Dwelling Unit Density: Surrogate of population more realistic for measure,especially for residential areas in the absence of population count average

family/household sizeExample: Net Residential Density Norm based on DU size: MPD 2021: upto 30 sq.m

(slum/EWS): 600 DU/Ha; 30-40 Sq.M: 500 DU/Ha; 40 80 Sq.M: 250 DU/Ha; >80

Sq.M; 175 DU/Ha

# Density of Non-Residential Zones(work areas), viz C.B.D., industrial zone workersdensity & visitors - Day time density

Factors affecting Densities:

# Land Area constraint: limitation of available developable land high densities of

development high land costs viz heavily populated islands like Hongkong

# Physiographic Constraints: slope : density difference between towns across plains vis-a-

vis hilly regions: .(see, for instance, UDPFI Guidelines)

Settlement Size Plains

(ppha)_

Hill Area

(ppha)

Small Town 75 - 125 45 - 75

Medium Town 100 150 60 90

Large Cities 100 150 60 -90

Metro Cities 125 - 175 -

UDPFI Guidelines, 1996

Climate: viz tradionally compact settlementsin hot-dry regions compared to hot-humid

regions Figure (see for instance, Victor Olgay)

# Social/Cultural factors: privacy vis--vis community values: viz difference between

western and oriental - nuclear vis-a-vis joint family structure- housing preferencesviz

single vs. multi-family housing

# City Size


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# Economic or Affordability Factor: viz high vs low income dwelling sizes- land values,

etc

# Technology: vis construction technology/ communication

Density Regulation: through F.A.R., Plot Size, ground Coverage, etc., regulations

- Density Zoning: Town Plans classify residential zones in terms of planned densities:

High, medium, low


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Social Infrastructure & Commercial Facilities

- Need for a wide variety of facilities and services of different types of adequate sizes and

numbers and in suitable locations - Quality of Life

- Standards are used to Assess the deficiencies/adequacies of facilities in a town or parts thereof

- Common Facility Types associated with residential areas: * Educational * Health *

Recreational * Socio-cultural * Shopping * Religious *Cremation Burial Grounds * Security/

Police * Postal and Communication Services, etc.

- Facilities develop in the market with their demands economy of scale: threshold

population bothSize andType:

- Private Sector investment andGovernment intervention for non-commercial facility

development

- Typical Nested Hierarchical Distribution Normbased on Population Distribution ExampleMPD 2001 HOUSING CLUSTER; 250 Persons

Tot Lot (1) 480 S .M.

HOUSING AREA: 5000 PersonsN.S. (2) P.S. Comm.R., Relig.Bldg,

Milk B., 1.63 Ha.

NEIGHBOURHOOD: 15000 PersonsS.S. (2), Dspnsory (2), Comm.

Hall & Library, 11 KVA Sbstn (2), L.S. Taxi-Auto Stand, Park,

Playground

7.2 HaDISTRICT : 5,00.000 Persons: Ge n.Hosptl (2),Tel Xcng, Head P.O., Fire Stn(2), 220 KV SbStn,

Petrol Pump, Dist C., Bus Trmnl, Bus Depo (2),20 Ha COMMUNITY : 1,00,000 Persons : Int Hospital(2),

Poly Clinic, Nurs. Hm (2), Intgr. Schl (2), Handicapped,College, Police Stn, police Post (2), Club, Music/Drama

C., Yoga C., LPG, 66 KVA SbStn (2), Comm & Srv C.,Inf. Sct Dhaba, Sports C., Petrol Pump (2), Bus Trmnl,Park

39.73 HaDIVISION : 10,00,000 Persons : Tech Edu C.(2),

Police Battalion, Dist. Jail, Home Guard D.Q., Socio-

cultural, Local Wholesale Mkt., Div. Sports C., Bus

Depot

60.8 Ha


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- Planning Norms tend to cover:* Hierarchical Types * Number * Physical Size/ Area *

Location/ Distribution : Catchment based on Travel Time or Distance

- Factors

* Population Size: viz 1 Senior Secondary School per 7500 Population

* Population Density: viz low-density settlement may require more than necessary for the

population size/ high density settlement may require may require smaller catchments area

* Population Characteristics: viz age-sex structure: school going age childrenin determining school facilities/ income group for recreational or commercial facilities

Special Contextual Norms: viz MPD 2021: reduced space standards for social facilities

for redevelopment of unauthorized colonies in for Economy and Space Constraints:

# 800 sq.mfor a primary school per 5000 persons and 2000 sq.mfor a Sr. Sc. School per

10000 persons, as against the general norm of 0.2- 0.4 Ha and 0.6-0.8 Haper 10000

respectively

# Composite Facility Centre: 500-1000 sq.m.: multi-purpose hall, religious site, health

centre, chld.park, milk booth, fair price shop, etc.

Regional Demand: viz a major town in rural region may be used for higher order

health/educational facilities for the entire regional population

* Accessibility/Location/Physiographic: viz frequency of health clinics across hilly terrain

/a nhood park in relation to a main road

* Functional Norms: viz room size per bed/ built-up area based on No. of Beds & OPD

patients in general hospital/ Play Area requirement for high schools

* Government/Authority Norms viz MOHFW,GOI: health centres/CBSE: affiliated

Schools/AICTE: technical education institutions

Examples:


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UDPFI:


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Retail Trade:

Metropolitan City Centre

District CentreCommunity Centre

Convenience Shopping Centre

3 -4 units per 10 formal shops (informal bazaar)

Government and Commercial Offices 5-6 units per 1000 employees

Wholesale & Freight Complexes 3-4 units per 10 formal shops

Hospital 3-4 units per 100 beds

Bus Terminal 1 unit for two bus bays

Schools

Primary & SecondarySenior Secondary/Integrated

3-4 units

5-6 units

Parks

District ParksNeighbourhood Parks

8-10 units at each major entry2-3 units

Residential 1 unit per 1000 persons

Industrial 5-6 units per 1000 employees

Railway/MRTS Stations Based on surveys

Physical Infrastructure Basic Services

- Water Supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management

- General Plan/Master Plan of cities should incorporate the delivery norms and standards

and locations of major physical elements of the services

- Special Plans/Functional Plans of individual utilities are also made for large cities

- Equality in supply/delivery of minimum basic services

-

Norms and Standards for Urban Services may cover aspects of:

Coverage of Population and/or Area usually 100%

Level of Supply, viz 150-200 lpcd for domestic water supply Variationwith

city size and type: viz 135-150 lpcd for smaller urban centres/ higher standards

for industrial cities (CPHEEO, 1999)

- Per capita solid waste generation (viz MPD 2021: 0.68 kg/day) : supply of distributive

facilities/installations dhalaos/bins/disposal ground


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Transportation

Urban Road Classification or Hierarchy

- Traffic flow: hierarchicalin terms of trafficvolumesas traffic is collected from many

small catchments by local roads which disposes traffic to higher and higher levels ofroads interconnecting many small catchments across a large city increasing functionalorder of roads with correspondingly increasing space as well as increasing designspeeds for increasing capacitiesto accommodateincreasing traffic volumes. Also, otherdesign factors like spacingbetween roads of the same level and the frequency and typeof intersections will change with the functional hierarchy.

- An exampleof hierarchical classification of roads with corresponding functions, space

standards and other design norms is shown. (Table)

- Indian Road Congress (IRC)classification of urban roads with specifications of spacestandards, design speeds and cross-sectional elements ( Ref: IRC 86-1983)


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Arterial:provides principal network for through- continuous long distance intra-urbantraffic flows between the CBD and outlying residential areas and suburbs coordinate

with expressways for distribution and collection of through traffic helps to delineatemajor residential/commercial/industrial districts spacingmay range from < 1.5 kmin

dense central areas to >8 kms in sparse fringe areas divided full/partialaccessrestricted and regulated parking, loading/unloading pedestrian crossingsatintersections (!!) Recommended Design Speed: 80 kms/Hr Recommended Land

Width: 50-60 metresSub-arterials: lower level than arterials spacing: 0.5 km to 3-5 kms RecommendedDesign Speed: 60 Kms/Hr Recommended Land Width: 30-40 metersCollector Streets: collect traffic from local streets to feed sub-arterial/arterial and viceversa in residential neighbourhoods/commercial/industrial areas full access noparkingrestriction except peak hours Recommended Design Speed: 50 Kms/Hr

Recommended Land Width: 20-30 metersLocal Streets: access to abutting properties low traffic in all land uses Recommended Design Speed: 30 Kms/Hr Recommended Land Width: 10-20 meters

- Typical Road Elements (between intersections):

Vehicular Lane

Carriageway : single/multiple lane divided/undivided

Median verge

Shoulder

Pedestrian Sidewalk


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Cycle Track

Services: Landscaping, Utilities, Signage, Furniture

Passenger Car Unit (PCU): Urban roads are characterized by mixed modes or types

of vehicles- not only that they have differential road space occupation, but thecoexistence of their differential speeds and movement characteristics affect the

overall speed and capacities of the roads. Transportation engineers determine roadcapacity bystandardizingdifferent mode or vehicle types by specifying their

equivalence with the passenger carFor example:IRC : Vehicle Type Equivalency Factor

1. Passenger car, tempo, auto, jeep, van,

agricultural tractor 1.0

2. Truck, bus, agricultural tracto-trailer 3.03. Motor-cycle, scooter and cycle 0.54. Cycle rickshaw 1.5

5. Horse drawn vehicle 4.06. Bullock cart (large/small) 8.0/6.07. Hand cart 6.0

- General Guideline PCU may not be constant vary with traffic conditions and modeproportions

Parking Norms:

- Typology: * On-streetParking : Parking lane R.O.W. accordingly- Determine according toLand Use/ Building Use of an area :Short term

requirement in shopping streets/ collector roads with public usePremises- Long termrequirement in residential streets- Restriction on Arterials carriageways use of service roads

* Off-streetPublic Parking: Open lot/Basement/Multi-level

- Equivalent Car Space (ECS): viz car/taxi= 1/two wheeler= 0.25/ auto

rickshaw=0.50/bicycle=0.10 (UDPFI Guideline, 1996)

- Parking Space Requirement: Parking demands will vary with land uses across the city;

for example, parking requirements of commercial areas are generally much higher thanmiddle income residential areas of the city. Furthermore, multi-level parking requirement

requiring more space is greater for commercial offices, malls, etc than for industries or

residential land uses. Thus the Master Plan of Delhi has differential parking regulation,

as shown:

Permissible ECSper 100 sq.m of floor area & Area per ECS(MPD-2021)Residential Premise : 2.0 Open Parking : 23 sq.m

Commercial Premise: 3.0 Gr.Flr Covered: 28 sq.m.


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Manufacturing: 2.0 Basement : 32 sq.m.Government 1.8 Multi-level : 30 sq.m

Public-semipublic 2.0 AutomatedMulti-level : 16 sq.m.

No relationship with Vehicle Ownership Pattern /I ncome Groups! !

Passenger Terminals

- Functions: * Long distance/ Inter-city journey, viz ISBT* Local/ Intra-city route transfer & journey* Inter-city modal split, viz bus- rail* Bus service management Passenger Amenities - Parking Vehiclemaintenance Depot use

- Location: * Peripheral vs Central locationof Inter-city terminals* Proximity and Integration for modal split, viz IPTs in MPD* Major intra-city route transfer nodes

* CBDs and major work centres, viz Secretariat in Delhi* Off arterials/ Freeways

- Size and Development: * Passenger volume & Trip assignment * Bus fleet

No. of Bus bays in relation to loading and unloading passengervolume per day (viz 5000 10000 per bay UDPFI)

* Waiting, Infrastructure and Parking requirements

* Shopping, entertainment, etc. especially for long-distance- Example: Transportation Plan, MPD 2021

Truck Terminal & Freight Complex

- Functions: * Provide Facilities for regional and intra-urban goods movement* Integration of modes for modal split in goods movement* Integration with wholesale trading of goods

- Size and Development: * Loading & unloading * Weighing area*Godown/warehousing*

* Parking * Refueling and maintenance (Transport Nagar) *

Rest &Facility Areas * Office areas for trading and Administration

* Wholesale market* Space Requirementbased on Vehicles per day as per Trip

Assignment Norms of dedicated agencies (viz CentralWarehousing

Corporation norms)

- Location: * Peripheral locations off Highways/Bye-passes * Proximity to peripheralRail


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Yards for freight handling * Integration with Transport Nagar * Integrationwith

Mandis/Wholesale markets

- Example: Transportation Plan, MPD 2021


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- Transportation System in a city constitutes not only the movement channels (road

network), but also all infrastructure and services to support movement of passengers and

freight- public transit: bus, truck, rail, para-transit, etc., terminals and other facilities

- Transport systems and urban forms are historically interdependent in terms of city size,

growth and pattern of distribution of land uses and population can be expressed in

terms of NODES: (economic, transport) and LINKS

-


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Growth and Form of Cities with Development of Tranport Systems

Nodes Links and City Size

Need for Peripheral Links with Growth of Central Node

Land Use Transport Relationship :

-

The relative attractionamong different zones/nodes generate tripsfor variouspurposes

(work/business, recreation, shopping, etc) undertaken by different travel modes(

walking, cycling, bus, rail, car, rickshaw, etc) that demand for movement space and

transport services across networksof the city

Transport Network as Resultant of Interactions among City Zones


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- Conversely, land use planning of cities may be altered to fit a given transportation

network for efficient, safe and pleasant movement.

-

Home-Work trips are most prominent living and work zones/nodes become the most

important origins/destinationsof trips

- Urban trips are also multi-purpose and some trips are transit

The following major factors are considered in sequence in Transportation

Planning:

TRIP GENERATION Different zones of the city generate differentlevels/amounts

Of Trips of different Purposes. Travel Demand of zones

willDepend on their Land Use, Population Size and PopulationCharacteristics (income, age, sex, occupation, etc)

TRIP DISTRIBUTION How trips are distributed among zones amount of tripsbetween one zone and another relative attraction

amongzones individual zones may be origins or

destinations oftrips usually residential zones become origins for trips

of

various purposes (work, shopping, recreation, etc) and inturn

become destination of home trips. Trip distributionacross

zones will depend on the land use pattern and population

MODAL SPLIT Proportions of trips in different private (individual) andpublic

(collective) modes walk, cycle, car, bus, metro,paratransit, etc

This will depend on the existing and planned

transportationsystem, trip distances, population characteristics, etc

TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT How trips of different modes are distributed across thetransport

Network and its various links roads of different levels,rail

line/metro lines, etc, - based on existing and plannednetworks


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Here, thefocus, however, will be on spatial norms and standards for urban roads andtransport terminals (links/paths and nodes)

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AR 430 Planning Standards 2

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