SITE-SPECIFIC HEALTH & SAFETY PLAN

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY

MORGANTOWN ORDNANCE WORKS

OPERABLE UNIT 2

MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA

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Prepared for:

The Morgantown Technical Committee

Prepared by:

Radian Corporation2455 Horsepen Road

Suite 250Herndon, Virginia 22071

December 1994

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1,0 INTOODUCnON ...................................... 1-11.1 Site Description and Background ....................... 1-11.2 Key Personnel and Responsibilities ..................... 1-2

LZ1 Project Manager Responsibilities .................. 1-3LZ2 Site Safety Officer Responsibilities ................ 1-31.23 Subcontractor Supervisor's Responsibilities .......... 1-41.2.4 Radian Field Team Member Responsibilities ........ 1-4

13 Medical Surveillance ................................ 1-51.4 Training ......................................... 1-5

1.4.1 Site-Specific Orientation ........................ 1-61.5 Authorized Visitors ................................. 1-7

ZO SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY CHARACTERIZATION ......... 2-1Zl Hazards Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health ........ 2-1Z2 Physical Hazards ................................... 2-123 Chemical Hazards .................................. 2-2

Z3.1 Chemical Characterization ...................... 2-323.2 Summary of Health Effects of Chemical

Contaminants ;................................ 2-4Z4 Biological Hazards ................................. 2-5

3.0 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS AND OVERALL RISK ASSESSMENT . . 3-13.1 Job Safety Analysis .................................. 3-2

3.1.1 Soil Sampling by Hand and Hollow StemAugering ................................... 3-2

3.1.2 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling ............. 3-43.13 Installation of Monitoring Wells and

Groundwater Sampling ............. .»......... 3-63.1.4 Road Building or Positioning Drill Rig ............. 3-83.1.5 Visual Inspection and Sampling of "Seeping"

Water from Embankment ....................... 3-93.1,6 Site Walkthrough ............................. 3-10

3.2 Buddy System ..................................... 3-1133 Control of Chemical Exposure ......................... 3-123.4 Field Personnel Risk Assessment ....................... 3-12

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

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4.0 TEMPERATURE EXTREMES .. . ......................... 4-14.1 Heat Stress ......... T 7 ,., ... ..._. .. . . ... ............. 4-1

4.1.1 Air Temperature" Measurement and Heat StressMonitoring .................................. 4-2

4.2 Cold Stress ....................................... 4-24.2.1 Physiological Reactions to Cold Environments ........ 4-24.2.2 . Acute Conditions Resulting from Excessive

General Body Chilling ......................... 4-34.23 Predisposing Factors to Cold Stress ................. 4-34.2.4 Types of Cold Injuries .......................... 4-44.2.5 Health and Safety Recommendations ............... 4-4

5,0 .MONITORING PROGRAM ..................I............. 5-15.1 Real-time Airborne Vapor Measurements Using a

Direct-Reading Instrument .............. .... . . . ...... 5-1"5.2 Air Monitoring Locations and Frequency ................. 5-3

6.0 HAZARD CRITERIA ................................... 6-1

7.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ................... 7-17.1 Criteria for Selecting Level D PPE". .7. ................. 7-17.2 Criteria for Selecting Modified Level C PPE .............. 7-273 Evaluation of On-Site Effectiveness ..................... 7-37.4 PPE Limitations ................................... 7-3

8.0 SITE CONTROL AND WORK ZONES .... .................. 8-18.1 Work Zones ........... ... .... .................... 8-1

8.1.1 Support Zone ................................ 8-18,1.2 Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ) ............. 8-18.1,3 Exclusion Zone (EZ) .......................... 8-2

8.2 Decontamination ................................... 8-28.2.1 Personnel Decontamination ..................... 8-28.2.2 Exit Prior to End of Shift ........................ 8-58.2.3 Exit at End of Shift ........................... 8-58.2.4 Respirator Decontamination ..................... 8-58.2.5 Equipment Decontamination ..................... 8-6

9.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY OVERSIGHT ...................... 9-19.1 Daily Oversight .................................... 9-19.2 Field Audits by CIH ................................ 9-1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) ^

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10.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN .............. .. .......... 10-110.1 Emergency Equipment .............................. 10-110.2 Pre-Emergency Planning ............................. 10-1103 Emergency Recognition acid Prevention .................. 10-210.4 Operations Shutdown ............................... 10-210.5 Fire and Explosion Response Procedures ................. 10-310.6 Evacuation from Work Zones ................... : ..'... 10-3.10.7 Emergency Medical Treatment and First Aid .............. 10-4

11.0 RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS ..................... 11-111.1 Employee Exposure Records .......................... 11-111.2 Training Certification ............................... 11-1113 Medical Fitness Certification .......................... 11-111.4 Site Sign-m/Sign-out Log .........../....."........... 11-111.5 Accident Reports .................................. 11-2-

Appendix A - Direct Reading Instrument Monitoring Forms

Appendix B - Chemical Data Information

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LIST OF TABLES

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6-1 Air Monitoring Action. Levels .............................. 6-3

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LIST OF FIGURES

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8-1 Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit Prior to Endof Shift ................................................. 8-3

8-2 Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit at End ofShift .................................................. .8-4

11-1 SIGN-IN/SIGN-OUT LOG .... _. .............. :.v ........ 11-3

11-2 RECORD OF FIELD WORK ................... ™ . ....... 11-4

11-3 RADIAN'S ACCIDENT REPORT .......................... 11-5

11-4 RECORD OF ACCIDENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ......... 11-6

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document describes the health and safety procedures to be followedduring the field sampling program to be conducted :as part of the remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) of the.Morgantown Ordnance Works, Operable Unit 2 (OU-2),Morgantown, West Virginia. ...The field sampling program will consist of seven types ofon-site activities: . . _..._ ._... .... '.. _ ..

• Soil sampling by hand and. hollow stem augering;

• Surface water and sediment sampling;

* Installation of monitoring wells and groundwater sampling;

* Road building or dragging drill rig with backhoe;

• Visual inspection and sampling of seepage from embankment nextto railroad tracks; and

• Site walkthrough and visual inspection (excluding vacant buildings).

During the field sampling program, no personnel will enter any unoccupied building on-site. -• "•" " ":=~" " " . " "~~

1.1 Site Description and Background

The Morgantown Ordnance Works site is located in Monongalia County onthe west bank of the Monongahela River, approximately 1 mile southwest"ofMorgantown, West Virginia as shown in Figure 1-1. The current primary owner isMorgantown Industrial Park Associates, Limited Partnership (MIPA), which owns 670acres and leases buildings and land for industrial activities. General Electric Co. Plastics(GE Plastics) owns a 62-acre parcel of" the site where they operate an organic chemicalproduction facility. Local utilities and private companies own 86 acres. The remainder

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of the site includes large tracts of forest and grass land, as well as developed areascontaining inactive industrial facilities.

A RI/FS was conducted for a portion of the property designated asOperable Unit 1 (OU-1). The RI/FS conducted for OU-1 included limited soil samplingin the OU-2 study area, formerly called the "EPA designated activity area." Lead,mercury, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found to be present insoil samples collected in this area at the following concentrations:

Lead 50 - 1,620 ppmMercury 0.26 - 455 ppmPAHs not detected - 6 L8 ppm _1

Other potential contaminants include ammonia, formaldehyde, and methanol.

All Radian workers involved in on-site activities during the OU-2 RI/FSwill be required to comply with the procedures and conditions stipulated in this Plan. Itis expressly intended that all project work will comply with applicable sections of theOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for General Industry,29 CFR 1910, and the Construction Industry, 29- CFR 1926. Each field team memberworking on this project will maintain a general responsibility to identify and correct anyhealth and safety hazards, and cooperate toward working as safely,as possible.

1-2 Kev Personnel and Responsibilities „_., .

The Radian project team consists of administrative and technical personnelwith experience in the areas pertinent to the project. Project personnel who will haveoverall responsibility for the safe operation of the project are:

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Project Manager..................... Barbara Wong, CPGSite Safety Officer ............... To be determinedProject Safety Officer ............ Carolyn Solomon, CIH, CSP

All non-supervisory personnel employed by Radian or its subcontractorswill be responsible for immediately expressing to a supervisor their concerns relating tohealth and safety.

L2.1 - Project Manager Responsibilities

The Radian Project Manager will have overall responsibility to ensure thatthe Site Health and Safety Plan is implemented in accordance with federal, state, andlocal requirements, and with Radian Corporation policy.

12-2 Site Safety Officer Responsibilities *

The responsibilities of the Site Safety Officer with respect to safety are:

Conduct initial site safety training for all project field team membersas described in this document;

Assure that all Radian field team personnel have read andunderstand the Health and Safety Plan;

Assure that all work performed by Radian personnel is conducted inaccordance with safe practices outlined in this Plan;

Monitor activities to ensure the proper use of personal protectiveequipment such as hard hats, protective eyewear, gloves, coveralls,respirators, etc.;

Ensure effective work place surveillance for vapors and particulateswill be maintained and evaluate the results of surveillance;

Ensure safety equipment for use by "Radian personnel is maintainedin a useable condition;

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• Shut down or modify field work activity based on criteria presentedin Sections 5.0 and 6.0; and

* Observe health and safety hazards not described in this Plan.

1.2.3 Subcontractor Supervisor's Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the subcontractor supervisor with respect to safetyare:

Read, understand, and comply with this Health and Safety Plan;

Ensure earth moving equipment and other machines are properlyinspected and maintained and are in compliance with applicablesections of the OSHA standards referenced above;

Supply and maintain their own safety-related protective equipmentsuch as hard hats, safety boots, protective coveralls, gloves, safetyeyewear, respirators, etc.;

Assure the crew complies with this Health and Safety Plan; and

Enforce corrective action under the direction of the Radian sitesafety officer.

1,2.4 Radian Field Team Member Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the Radian field team members are:

• Read, understand, and follow this Plan;

• Perform work safely;

• Cooperate with safety personnel;

• Report any unsafe conditions to the immediate supervisor; and

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Be aware and alert for signs and symptoms of potential exposure tosite contaminants and heat stress.

1.3 Medical Surveillance

All on-site Radian project personnel will be active participants in aMedical Monitoring Program for hazardous waste workers that meets the requirementsof 29 CFR 1910.120 and have received medical examinations within the last 12 months.This site does not present hazards that could cause health effects which would not bedetected by Radian's standard medical surveillance program. Therefore, no project-specific medical monitoring is deemed necessary for Radian employees.

All subcontractor personnel who will be expected to be exposed over thePermissible Exposure Limits and wear a respirator for 30 days or more must be active "participants in a medical surveillance program that meets the requirements of 29 CFR1910.120. The subcontractor will furnish documentation of the compliance to the Radianproject director before the start of work.

1.4 Training

All on-site project personnel, including Radian and subcontractorpersonnel, will have completed the 40-hour off-site health and safety training as specifiedin the OSHA hazardous waste regulation (29 CFR 1910.120(e>(3)) and at least threedays of on-site training under the direction of a trained, experienced supervisor. Allmanagement and supervisory personnel must have received an additional eight hours oftraining in managing hazardous waste work. Annual refresher training (eight hours) isalso required under the above-referenced regulation.

Radian certifies that all Radian personnel performing field work on thisproject meet the necessary general training requirements. Subcontractors will be

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responsible for supplying Radian's Project Manager with written statements certifyingthat all of their on-site project personnel meet the OSHA training requirements, per 29CFR 1910.120.

1.4.1 Site-Specific Orientation

Radian will provide site-specific occupational health and safety hazardorientation to all personnel assigned to the site. This will include Radian employees,subcontractor employees, and any individuals that may need to remain on site on aregular basis. This orientation will include:

• Names of personnel and alternates responsible for_irnplementingsite safety and health procedures;

• Basic operational safety emphasizing the hazards expected on site,e.g., the uneven terrain, slips, trips and falls, and overhead hazards;

* Use of personal protective equipment;

• Work practices through which the employee can minimize risks fromhazards;

• Site controls, including areas of contamination to avoid and access. r_to and from the site;

• Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on site;

• Medical surveillance requirements, including the recognition of signsand symptoms that indicate overexposure to hazards;

* Acute and chronic effects 6f the toxic chemicals at the site;

• Signs, symptoms, and prevention of heat stress;

* Personnel and equipment decontamination facilities and procedures;

• Prohibited site activities;

• The buddy system; and

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* Emergency response plan.

1.5 Authorized Visitors ... . _ . . . . . .

Authorized visitors will be required to comply with the site control and safework practice requirements of this Plan and also the personal protective equipmentrequirements described in Section 7.0. In addition, visitors will be provided with a copyof this Health and Safety Plan for review. All visitors intending to enter the exclusionzone will be required to submit proof of compliance with OSHA training requirementsand the medical monitoring requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120. Certificates ofcompliance or completion will be signed by the visitor's employer and presented to theSite Safety Officer prior to admittance into established work zones.

Upon arrival at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site, all projectpersonnel and visitors must sign-in at the MIPA administration building. A sign-in/sign-out log will be maintained in the office of John Snider, MDPA.

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2.0 SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY CHARACTERIZATION

This section describes the potentiaHiealth and safety hazards, includingphysical and chemical hazards, that are present at the Morgantown Ordnance Works sitedue to site conditions and past use of hazardous materials.

2.1 Hazards Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

Radian staff and other contractors, have visited the Morgantown OrdnanceWorks site several times. Based on existing informatioh, the current site "conditionpresents no evidence of chemical, biological, or physical hazards that will be immediatelydangerous to life and health. The following sections identify areas of potential concerns.

22 Physical Hazards

Physical hazards may be associated with field operations occurring at thesite. Field personnel must be aware at all times of these hazards, as well as hazardsdirectly related to the work task at hand. Physical hazards associated with theMorgantown Ordnance Works site include:

• Uneven and overgrown terrain;

» Wet terrain (slip hazards);

• Trenches and ravines;

* Overhead power lines;

• Abandoned buildings1;

* Electrical hazards from power tools and generators;

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Abandoned building entry is explicitly prohibited by all field personnel.

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Heavy equipment hazards such as snapping cables, being hit byequipment or caught in rotating tools; and

Exposure to excessive noise.

The Site Safety Officer will be responsible for marking hazards, erectingbarriers, and informing field personnel on a daily basis of specific hazards at the site.Careful planning and open communicatton among field personnel will effectivelyminimize any physical hazards associated with the site.

2.3 Chemical Hazards

The chemical hazards associated with the work activities discussed inSection 3.0, Task Hazard Analysis, result from chemicals historically disposed of at the

site and data available from previous investigations. During the remedial activities, fieldpersonnel may encounter contaminants present hi soil, water, and air. Contaminatedsoils may produce elevated airborne and point source concentrations that will be readilydetected with direct-reading instruments. Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors andparticulate matter is the most likely route of personnel exposure in the work area.Direct skin contact with contaminated soil presents an additional potential route ofexposure. Ingestipn of contaminated materials is also considered a potential route ofexposure. ._....-._.._.—

To ensure employee protection from potential chemical hazards, thefollowing safety precautions will be implemented:

An air monitoring program as outlined in Section 5.0 of this Planwill be implemented to measure airborne concentrations ofhydrocarbon vapors and particulate compounds potentiallyencountered during on-site work;

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Protective clothing will be required during work activities to controlany exposure to contaminated materials. Personal, protectiveequipment requirements are discussed in Section 7.0;

General safe work practices will be initiated to reduce the possibilityof ingesting any contaminated materials; and

Work zones will be established to provide site control (i.e., supportzone, contaminate reductioa zone, and exclusion zone).

23.1 Chemical Characterization

The Morgantown Ordnance Works site was operated by various companiesthroughout its history. The various production area chemical waste characteristics aresummarized below.

The soil and sediment samples around the main process area,Building 140, indicated the presence of lead, mercury, and PAHs.The levels detected during previous soil sampling are as follows:

Lead (150-1620 ppm)"; "— Mercury (40 - 455 ppm);and

PAHs (2.0 - 61.8" ppm).

Samples from the area around the gas processing area indicatedelevated soil concentrations of lead, and PAHs. The levels detectedduring previous soil sampling are as follows:

— Lead (183 ppm); and"PAHs (24.6 ppm).

The organics process area samples indicated elevated soilconcentrations of lead. The levels detected during previous soilsampling are as follows:

- Lead (603 ppm).

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The coke oven area samples indicated elevated soil concentrationsof lead, and PAHs, -The levels detected during previous soilsampling are as follows:

Lead (150 - 590 ppm); andPAHs (12.7 - 35.3 ppm).

2.3.2 Summary of Health Effects of Chemical Contaminants

The potential health effects associated with overexposure to the chemicalsidentified at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site are sijurunarized below:

Inorganic Lead: The primary routes of exposure include inhalation andingestion. During the RI/FS at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site,primary exposure routes include inhalation and ingestion of dust particlescontaminated with lead. The established Permissible Exposure Limit(PELjyTJasecTdn" eight hours of exposure to inorganic lead, is 0.05 mg/m3,An action level of 0.03 mg/m3 has also been established by OSHA. Thisaction level will be used to determine the need for additional airmonitoring personnel. Based on the highest detected level of lead on thesite, 0.162%, it would take approximately 18 mg/m3 of dust to reach theOSHA action limit of 0.03 mg/m3.

Prolonged absorption of lead or its inorganic compounds may result insevere gastrointestinal disturbances and anemia. The most severe leadexposure may result in encephalopathy. The onset symptoms of leadexposure are often abrupt (i.e., complaints of weakness, weight loss,lassitude, insomnia, and hypertension). Physical signs of exposure areusually facial pallor, malnutrition, and abdominal tenderness. Occasionally,the symptoms are relatively slight and overshadowed by neuromusculardysfunction which may progress to paralysis of extensor muscles of the wrist(wrist drop) and/or ankles (foot drop). Lead is a cumulative toxin;elimination of lead from the body is slow, requiring considerably longerthan the period associated with other toxic chemicals.

Mercury: The primary routes of exposure include inhalation and ingestionof dust particles contaminated with inorganic mercury compounds, as wellas skin absorption. The established PEL, based on a not to exceedexposure to inorganic mercury compounds, is 0.10 mg/m3. Based on thehighest detected level of mercury on the site, 0.0455%, it would takeapproximately 219 mg/m3 of dust to reach the PEL.

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Acute exposure to high levels of mercury (mainly in the vapor state due toits high vapor pressure) may cause severe respiratory damage andheadaches. Long term or repeated exposure to mercury in the liquid orvapor state may lead to shaking of the hands, eyelids, lips, tongue, or jaw.Allergic effects may also occur upon repeated contact. Other chroniceffects include swollen gums, loose teeth, personality changes, loss ofmemory, and intellectual deterioration.

Polvnuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs or PNAs): The primary routesof exposure include inhalation and ingestion of dust particles contaminatedwith PAHs and skin contact. Not many of the PAHs have establishedPELs. One of the lowest established PELs for PAHs is 0.2 mg/m3 (i.e.,coal tar pitch volatiles). Based on the highest detected level of PAHs onthe site, 0.0062%, it would take approximately 3000 mg/m3 of dust to reachthe PEL.

Acute inhalation or ingestion of PAH laden dust may cause upperrespiratory irritation. Skin contact may produce a rash, but only smallamounts are generally absorbed through the skin. Repeated exposure hasbeen associated with risk of developing bronchitis and cancer of the lungs, "skin, bladder, and kidneys. Pregnant women may be especially susceptibleto exposure effects.

Ammonia: Ammonia is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory system. TheOSHA 15 minute STEL is 35 ppm and the ACGIH 8-hour TLV is 25 ppm.

Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is classified as a suspect carcinogen.Formaldehyde gas is irritating to the eyes, nose throat, and upperrespiratory tract, and skin contact with strong solutions can cause irritation.The OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (8-hour TWA) and 2 ppm (15- minute STEL).

Methanoi: The primary routes of exposure to methanal include inhalation,skin absorption, or ingestion. Exposure to methanol vapors effects thecentral nervous system and the optic nerve and retina of the eye. TheOSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV is 200 ppm. The STEL is 250 ppm.

2.4 Biological Hazards _

Potential biological hazards at the Morgantown Ordnance Works includecontact with poisonous plants and insects, or other vectors.

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3.0 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS AND OVERALL RISK ASSESSMENT

The purpose of job safety analysis is to identify hazards associated with aspecific job or task. An assessment is then made of the overall employee health andsafety risk associated with the project. This information is used to design methods ofcontrolling and monitoring these hazards. Anticipated work activities include:

• Soil sampling by hand and hollow stem augering;

• Surface water and sediment sampling;

• Installation of monitoring wells and groundwater sampling (includingsampling of an existing monitoring well);

• Road building or dragging drill rig with backhoe;

• Visual inspection and possible sampling of "seeping" water fromembankment next to railroad tracks; and

• Site walkthrough and visual inspection (excluding vacant buildings).

The general types o~f hazards associated with these activities are listedbelow. - = . . . = . - . = . - - = . - . . - - -

Mechanical Hazards: Cuts, contusions (bruises), being struck by orstriking objects or machinery, and being caughtbetween objects or machinery.

Electrical Hazards: Possible excavation or puncturing of buriedcables, exposure to overhead power lines, andlightning hazards during electrical storms.

Chemical Hazards: Field exposure to chemicals listed in Section2.0.

Fire Hazards: Possible excavation or puncturing of buriedlines, and grass and equipment fires.

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Slip Hazards: Possible slip hazards from inspection of surfacewaters and sample collection nearembankments.

Thermal Hazards: Exposure tp outside temperature extremeswhile wearing protective clothing.

Acoustical Hazards: Exposure to excessive noise during drilling anddirt moving operations involving heavyequipment.

3.1 Job Safety Analysis

The purpose of job .safety analysis is to identify hazards associated with aparticular job and develop ways to mitigate these hazards. The job safety analysiscontains a brief description of the hazards associated with the job and strategies/procedures to be used to control these hazards.

3.1.1 Soil Sampling by Hand and Hollow Stem Augering

Hand augering will be used to collect soil samples in several areas of thesite. One area in which hand augering will be used is between buildings, thus reducingventilation. This area also contains an outdoor overhead gantry system and crane,creating an overhead hazard.

A drill rig using a hollow stem auger will also be utilized to collect soilsamples. The samples will be collected using a split spoon sampler in several areas ofthe site. One area where the drill rig is to be used is the coal residue fill pile. Soilsamples will only be collected from the stable areas of the.fill pile. Generally, the edgesof the pile will be considered unstable. The major hazard associated with the use of adrill rig on this site will be the uneven overgrown, and sloping terrain.

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The primary hazards associated with soil sampling will include:

Physical hazards:

-- — - Uneven terrain;Noise from heavy equipment;Working near heavy equipment;

- - Overgrown terrain;Overhead hazards, falling objects, and moving equipment;

— Unstable equipment;Reduced ventilation between buildings; andBecoming entwined in moving equipment.

Chemical hazards:

Worker contact with potentially contaminated soils; and- Worker exposure to potentially contaminated air.

Biological hazards:

Worker contact with poisonous plants; andWorker contact with insects or other vectors.

The safe work practices to be instituted during soil sampling activitiesinclude:

• Approach and conduct work from the upwind side;

• Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand onloose soils;

• Sample using the "HNu PI 101 "real-time" analyzer and MINIRAMaerosol monitor at or near the person collecting the sample;

• Minimize worker contact with soil and biological hazards by usingprotective equipment and general safety sense;

• Use the appropriate personal protective equipment as discussed inSection 7.0;

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* Require all moving equipment to have an assistant present to pointout obstacles and direct movements;

• Require the drill rig and any other heavy equipment activities tohave a clearance of more than 10 feet from overhead lines (voltagesthat do not exceed 362 kilovolts, phase to phase);

* Prior to drilling, the field supervisor will consult with municipalpersonnel and facility personnel about the location of anyunderground utility lines or other buried hazards. All contact withutilities must be documented. These hazards must be conspicuouslyidentified;

» If drums or cylinders are uncovered during rerr ~*al, work will bestopped immediately and the Site Safety Office aotified;

• Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all field personnel onthe specific hazards associated with operation;

• Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPEdiscussed in Section 8.2; and

* DO NOT enter any vacant buildings.

3.1.2 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling

Surface water and sediment samples will be collected from ponds, ditches,drainage swales, and creeks. No samples will be collected from the river.

The primary hazards associated with the surface water and sedimentsampling:

• Physical hazards:

— Working near steep dropoffs;- Being hit by falling objects;- Working on uneven and wet terrain;— Working in overgrown areas; and— Slip hazard associated with wet terrain.

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Chemical hazards:

Exposure to potentially contaminated soils and water; and 'Exposure to potentially contaminated air.

Biological hazards:

Worker contact with poisonous plants; andWorker contact with insects or other vectors.

The hazards associated with these operations will be mitigated byimplementing the following safe work practices:

• Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand onloose soils.

* Minimize worker contact with soil, water, and biological hazards byusing protective equipment and general safety sense. Use a dowelor "Other device to aid in stability during water sampling if a sliphazard exists (i.e., if samples must step on rocks or on uneventerrain to collect the sample).

• Use the appropriate personal protective equipment as discussed inSection 7.0. Neoprene gloves will be worn during water andsediment sampling.

• If drums or cylinders are located during sampling, do not move orsample them without further investigation.

• Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all field personnel onthe specific hazards associated with operation.

• Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPEdiscussed in Section 8.2.

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3.13 Installation of Monitoring Wells and Groundwater Sampling

Monitoring wells will be installed in several areas of the site. The wellswill be installed using_hollow stem auger drilling method. Water will be sampled fromnewly installed wells, as well as from existing wells.

The primary hazards associated with the installation and groundwatersampling include:

• Physical hazards:

— Uneven terrain;— Overgrown terrain;— Noise from drilling equipment and other heavy equipment;— Working near heavy equipment;— Being hit by equipment or falling objects; and— Overhead hazards;— Unstable equipment;— Reduced ventilation when between buildings; and— Becoming entwined hi moving equipment.

• Chemical hazards:

— Worker contact with potentially,contaminated soils and .water; and

— Worker exposure to potentially contaminated air.

* Biological hazards:

— Worker contact with poisonous plants; and— Worker contact with insects or other vectors.

The safe work practices to be instituted during well installation andgroundwater sampling activities include:

• Approach and conduct work from the upwind side;

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Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand onloose soils;

k.Sample using the MHNu PI 101 "real-time" analyzer and MINIRAMaerosol monitor at- or near the person closest to the borehole duringdrilling and sampling;

Minimize worker contact with soil, water, and biological hazards byusing protective equipment and general safety sense;

Use the appropriate personal protective equipment as discussed inSection 7.0;

Require all moving equipment to have an assistant present to pointout obstacles and direct movements;

Require the drill rig and any other heavy equipment activities tohave a clearance of more than 10 feet from overhead lines (voltagesthat do not exceed 362 kilovolts, phase to phase);

Prior to drilling, the field supervisor will consult with municipalpersonnel and facility personnel about the location of anyunderground utility lines or other.buried hazards. All contact withutilities must be documented. These hazards must be conspicuouslyidentified;

If drums or cylinders are uncovered during removal, work will bestopped immediately and the site safety officer notified;

Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all field personnel onthe specific hazards associated with operation; and

Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPEdiscussed in Section 8.2.

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3.1.4 Road Building or Positioning Drill Rig

In order to reach several areas of. the site to install wells or perform soilborings, dirt roads will have to be cleared or the drill rig will have to be dragged to theareas using a bulldozer.

* Physical hazards:

— Overgrown terrain;— Working near heavy equipment;— Being hit by equipment or falling objects;— Working on uneven and wet terrain; and— Noise from the equipment.

• Chemical hazards:

— Exposure to potentially contaminated soils; and— Exposure to potentially contaminated air.

• Biological hazards:— Worker contact with poisonous plants; and— Worker contact with insects or other vectors,

Safe work practices to be instituted during road buildi-^ or drill rigpositioning activities include:

Require all moving equipment to have an assistant present to pointout obstacles and direct movements;

Require all heavy equipment to be part of a preventive maintenanceprogram;

Require the backhoe, front-end loader, and other heavy equipmentactivities to have a clearance of more than 10 feet from overheadlines (voltages that do not .exceed 362 kilovolts, phase to phase);

Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all fie_ld personnel onthe specific hazards associated with operation; and

NRJ-0753-8

Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPEdiscussed in Section 8.2.

3.1.5 Visual Inspection and Sampling of "Seeping" Water from Embankment

A visual inspection from the low side of the embankment next to therailroad tracks, will be conducted to determine if any water is seeping through the soils.If seepage is found, water samples will be collected.

The hazards associated with the visual inspection of the embankment andpossible seeping water sampling include: . - .

• Physical hazards;

Working on uneven, wet, and overgrown terrain;

Uneven terrain due to the sloping of the site for drainage;and

— - - Railroad tracks.

• Chemical hazards:

" Worker contact with potentially contaminated soils andwater; andWorker exposure to potentially contaminated air.

• Biological hazards:

- Worker contact .with poisonous plants; andWorker contact with insects or other vectors. .

Safe work practices to be instituted during the embankment inspection andwater sampling activities include: ... . .

Minimize workers contact with water and soils by using protectiveequipment and general safety sense;

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i\ D '•; = i i ' I' KH fs O u u "•? Q

* Do not obtain samples from areas not easily and safelyapproachable;

• Work in pairs; and

• Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPEdiscussed in Section 8.2.

3.1.6 Site Walkthrough

Prior to initiating the field sampling program, a site walkthrough will beperformed to confirm the areas to be monitored and/or sampled. The walkthrough willnot include Investigation of any abandoned buildings on the site.

• Physical hazards: . . _ . . . _

— Overgrown terrain;— Working on uneven and wet terrain;— Working near heavy equipment; and— Being hit by equipment or falling objects. -

* Chemical hazards:

— Exposure to potentially contaminated soils; and— Exposure to potentially contaminated air.

• Biological hazards:

— — Worker contact with poisonous plants; and— Worker contact with insects or other vectors.

Safe work practices to be instituted during the site walkthrough activitiesinclude: '

Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand onloose soils;

Do NOT enter any vacant buildings;

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•-. •- r-- i f r\ 1 * I ! 1 * F\ >"\0 u u *t D 0

Do NOT enter any confined spaces (i.e., any area with restrictedventilation or a limited means of entry and exit). A trench greaterthan 4 feet in depth is considered a confined space.

Sample using the "HNu PI 101 "real-time" analyzer in areas wherean odor and/or visual contamination are present;

Minimize worker contact with soil, water, and biological hazards byusing protective equipment and general safety sense; and

Use the appropriate personal protective equipment which isdiscussed in Section 7.0.

3.2 Buddy System

All work in the exclusion zone will be scheduled so no employee works inthis zone alone at any time.' Each worker will have a buddy with whom visual contactmust be maintained at all times. The buddy will ensure against an employee becomingstressed without a co-worker being aware of his or her condition. It also enables theco-workers to watch out for each other while in the proximity of potential chemical andphysical work hazards, and to notify one another of the integrity of personal protectiveequipment.

Personal protective equipment and field operations often create situationswhere verbal communication between buddies is impossible. All field personnel willunderstand and be able to utilize the following emergency hand signals:

SIGNAL ..... MEANING

Hand gripping throat Cannot breathe• Grip partner's wrist or place hands Leave area immediately, no debatearound waistHands on top of head Need assistanceThumbs up OK, I'm all right, I understandThumbs down No, negative, I do not understand

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3.3 Control oLChemical Exposure .__

Published occupational exposure limits for chemical substances will be usedto guide the control of chemical exposures. All exposures will be kept as low as feasible.In general, when exposures occur they will be controlled by use of engineering controlsand/or administrative and work practice controls and/or protective equipment, so thatpersonnel will not be expected to be exposed in excess of the OSHA PermissibleExposure Limit (PEL), ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV®), or NIOSHRecommended Exposure Limit (REL), whichever is the lowest.

3.4 Field Personnel Risk Assessment

Published occupational exposure limits (PELs, TLV®s, or RELs) forchemical substances will be used as the basis for determining the potential impact ofexpected airborne concentrations. These exposure limits are designed to protect theaverage individual from experiencing any adverse effects following daily exposure, up to40 hours per week, for theii working lifetime. Current airborne contaminantconcentrations at the site are well below these exposure criteria. As field activitiesbegin, airborne contaminant concentrations may be expected to incr = -^e as a result ofactivities such as drilling. A comprehensive air monitoring program Til be in effect atthis time to assure that adequate personal protective equipment is used by field samplingpersonnel. Personal protective equipment will be tailored specifically toward protecting,the worker from identified hazards.

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4.0 TEMPERATURE EXTREMES

4.1 Heat Stress .... .,. .- '< ------ -----

During the day-to-day field activities, the Site Safety Officer will be alertfor the signs and symptoms of heat stress. A hazard exists when individuals will berequired to work in warm temperatures while wearing protective clothing. When theambient air temperature at the site exceeds 7Q°F and persons will be working inimpervious clothing or when air temperature exceeds 90 °F and persons will be workingin normal clothing, heat stress may become a problem. If these conditions will beencountered, the following precautions will be taken:

• The Site Safety Officer will regularly monitor the ambient airtemperature; and

• Workers will be observed for the following signs and symptoms ofheat stress: .......

Dizziness,- Profuse sweating,— Skin color change,

Increased heart rate,— Body temperatures in excess of 1'00°F as measured by fever

detectors (forehead strips), andVision problems.

A worker who exhibits any of these symptoms will be immediately relievedof responsibilities and requested to consume electrolyte fluid or cool water while restingin a shaded area. The individual should not return to work until symptoms are no longerrecognizable. If symptoms appear critical, persist, or get worse, the field activitiessupervisor will seek immediate medical attention for the employee. If the individualdoes resume work, he/she will be monitored for any increase in heart rate or bodytemperature for the remainder of their shift. In addition, the worker will be requested toconsume electrolyte fluid or cool water every hour.

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4.1.1 Air Temperature Measurement and Heat Stress Monitoring

Tbe Site Safety and Health Officer will monitor workers hourly when:

• Symptoms of heat stress are reported or observed;

• Ambient temperature exceeds 70°F and workers are dressed inimpervious clothing;or

• Ambient temperature exceeds 90°F and workers are dressed innormal clothing.

Workers will be monitored for heat stress conditions by measuring theheart rate (HR) by radial (wrist) pulse for 30 seconds after one minute of rest. The HRafter one minute rest should not exceed 110 beats per minute. If it is higher, the nextwork period will be shortened by 33%, while the length of the rest period remains thesame. If the pulse rate is still 110 beats per minute after one minute of rest in the nextrest period, the following work cycle will be shortened by 33 percent. This shortening ofthe work period must continue until the worker's HR is less than 110 beats per minute.

43, Cold Stress

4*2.1 Physiological Reactions to Cold Environments

When the human body is exposed to a cold environment, two types ofphysiological adjustments will be brought into play in order to maintain the body

temperature:

Metabolic heat production is augmented by voluntary movementsand by the onset of shivering. It is possible to increase themetabolic rate five to seve'n times for short periods by shivering, butthis increased rate cannot be maintained indefinitely; and

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The body maintains its temperature when exposed to cold bydecreasing the heat loss from the skin. This conservation of heat isaccomplished through constriction of the blood vessels in the skinand a reduction in plasma volume reaching the skin. (Under heatstress conditions the opposite (vasodilation) occurs.)

These two mechanisms reduce the blood flow through the skin and thus,lower the temperature so that less heat is lost by conduction and radiation. Reduction ofsurface area by changes in posture, such as "hunching up the body," also assists inreducing heat loss. _ - . , , - - , - .._-.__—- - - -« ------

Although acclimatization to-heat is a well-known physiological process, theproblem of physiological acclimatization to cold is subject to controversy.

4.2.2 Acute Conditions Resulting from Excessive General Body Chilling

Because of adaptive mechanisms, the body temperature does not usuallyfall more than 2° to 3°F. If, however, the exposure to the cold air is intense andprolonged or if the body is unable to compensate sufficiently, the body temperature maycontinue to fall. The pulse rate and blood pressure decrease after an initial rise; the

original feeling of cold and pain gives way to numbness and loss of sensations; andmuscular weakness and a desire for sleep ensue. When the body temperature reachesSO°F, coma sets in. Death usually occurs when the body temperature falls between 70°to 77 °R

4.2.3 Predisposing Factors to Cold Stress

The following factors will affect one's ability to adjust to cold.

Age (older persons are more affected);Adipose tissue (overweight persons are more affected);Physical fitness (non-fit persons are more affected);

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* Smoking and consumption of alcohol;• Allergies; and• Medications.

4,2.4 1!ypes of Cold Injuries

. Three major cold injuries are:

1. Immersion foot: Results from prolonged exposure to cool or coldwater and occurs generally at air temperatures above freezing.Duration of exposure generally days or weeks.

During rewarming, numbness, extreme edema, hyperemia (excessvolume blood), and anhydrosis (swelling, muscle wasting - evensuperficial gangrene) may occur.

2. Trencfafoot: "Wet cold" disease resulting from exposure of one toseveral days to moisture at or near the freezing point.

3, Frostbite: The most common type of cold exposure results whenexposed to temperatures well below freezing for minutes or hours.There is a potential for massive tissue loss and gangrene within 24hours if not treated.

4.2.5 Health and Safety Recommendations

Currently, no OSHA standards exist for cold stress. NIOSH has developeda criteria document which presents the following recommended work practices pertainingto cold stress;

1. Maintain manual dexterity-special provisions may need to be madeto keep hands warm (i.e., hot air jets, radiant heaters, andgloves/mittens).

Cover metal handles, seats, control bars, etc., when temperature isless than 30°F to prevent conductive heat loss.

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A 8300^72

2. Cold protective clothing must be appropriate for level of cold andphysical activity.

CIo: The insulating value of clothing is expressed in a unit calledthe clo. It is defined as follows: "The clo is a unit of insulation andis the amount of insulation necessary to maintain comfort and amean skin temperature of 92°F in a room at 70°F with airmovement not over 10 feet per minute, humidity not over 50%, witha metabolism of 50 calories per square meter per hour.1' On theassumption that 76% of the heat is lost through the clothing, a clomay be defined in physical terms as the amount of insulation thatwill allow the passage of 1 calorie per square meter per hour with atemperature gradient of 0.18°C between two surfaces.

1 clo = °'18°Ccal/sq m/hr

"Ordinary business clothing has an insulation value of about 1 clo.The best clothing has in practice a value of about 4 clo per inch ofthickness."

In cold weather, the following clothing can help prevent or minimizeadverse effects resulting from the cold:

A. Outer windbreak layer to shield from wind.

(1) Loose fitting clothing which allows skin to breathe andallows for evaporation of sweat. Wool clothing is thebest.

(2) Major problem is sweat build-up that freezes on the• -- =-—skin or clothing. This is prevented by changing inner

layers of clothing if they become wet.

B. Protection of extremities using face masks, gloves, andinsulated or vapor barrier boots (heated versions areavailable).

3. Maintain a work rate sufficient to prevent heavy sweating.

4. Provide heated shelters and use a work/rest regimen to regulatework load.

NRj-075 "" . —i iiv:. .... \ - -..':.— .- -- -".-".*1021-Ol.nrj ' " . " " . . . . '4-5

5. Monitor new employees and do not allow them to work full-timeuntil accustomed to cold work conditions.

6. Workers should be instructed in proper health and safetyprecautions including:

* Rewarming;• Appropriate clothing;• Eating and drinking habits; and• Recognizing the early warning symptoms of excessive body

cooling and frostbite.

Finally, exclude from working in cold (<30°F) temperatures persons withdiseases or taking medication which interferes with the normal body temperatureregulation of reduces tolerance to work in cold environments.

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5.0 MONITORING PROGRAM

The goals of, the monitoring program will be to confirm theappropriateness of selected personal protective equipment and to provide data onemployee exposures while working on site.

The typ'es of moiiitoring to be performed include:

Airborne organic vapor measurements using real-time, directreading instrument (HNu PI 101 with an 11.7 eV lamp), andDraeger detector tubes; and

Real-time airborne aerosol monitor (MINIRAM PDM 3 orequivalent).

Depending on air sampling results and site conditions, the Field Supervisor,in coordination with the Site Safety Officer, may increase or decrease the level ofpersonal protection.

5.1 Real-time Airborne Vapor Measurements Using a Direct-ReadingInstrument _ .........

Direct-reading, real-time monitoring will be performed during the fieldsampling activities to ensure that personnel exposure to potential airborne hazards doesnot exceed acceptable limits and that the appropriate level of personal protectiveequipment is worn as specified in Section 6.0. Airborne hydrocarbon levels will bemeasured by photo-ionization using an HNu PI 101 instrument and by air sampling usingDraeger detector tubes, and real-time dust levels will be monitored using a direct-reading aerosol monitor called a MINIRAM.

HNu PI 101 Direct-Reading Instrument: The HNu PI 101 with a 11.7 eVlamp will be used for real-time monitoring of hydrocarbon vapor concentrations. The

NRJ-0751021-01.nrj

/ 5

instrument is portable and can be used for instantaneous or continuous monitoring. Theinstrument will be calibrated prior to each day's use using known calibration gases(isobutylene). A one-point quality assurance check will be performed following eachday's sampling to determine instrument drift during the day. The Standard OperatingProcedure (SOP) for the HNu will be followed _for maintenance, use, and calibration.Appendix A contains the form for recording direct reading measurements. This formwill be completed for each day's monitoring activity.

MINIRAM Direct-Reading Aerosol Monitor: The MINIRAM PDM 3 willprovide real-time readings of respirable and total particulates. Its principle of detectionis light scattering. The instrument is portable and can be used for instantaneous orcontinuous monitoring. The instrument will be calibrated prior to each day's use usingthe calibration adapter and zeroed weekly using the zero bag apparatus. Appendix Acontains the form for recording direct-reading measurements. This form will becompleted for each day's monitoring activity. The MINIRAM shall be operated inaccordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. These guidelines are contained in theoperating instructions for the instrument.

Draeger Detector Tubes: Draeger detector tubes for methanol (tube #67-28941), formaldehyde (tube #67-26760), and ammonia (tube #CH20501) will be used inconjunction with the HNu to speciate air contaminants. The principle of detection fordraeger tubes is based on a colorimetric change after a specified amount of air is drawnthrough the tube. The Draeger hand pump will be leak checked each day (bycompressing the bellows and inserting an unbroken tube. The bellows should remaincompressed for at least one minute). The detector tubes will be used in accordance withmanufacturer instructions. These instructions are contained in each tube box. .

NRJ-07S1021-Ol.mj 5-2

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5.2 Air Monitoring Locations and Frequency

The location and frequency of air monitoring will be selected to representpotential exposure levels during work activities. Monitoring, will be conducted in thevicinity of individuals with the highest potential for exposure or in areas of greatestexpected contamination (i.e., soil borings and well installations near the main building orcoal residue disposal area, and areas where visual contamination may be present).Monitoring will be performed in the breathing ,zpne_(BZ). of the persons performingwork within the exclusion zone(s). The breathing zone is defined as a one-foot radius

from the worker's mouth. The BZ samples most accurately reflect the airborneconcentration of'contaminants encountered by workers.

When monitoring with the HNu and MINIRAM, measurements should bebased on the average sustained instrument reading of the ambient air over a five minuteperiod. It is important to note if exhaust from nearby backhoes or other equipment orvehicles or weather (high humidity will reduce the meter's effectiveness) are affecting thereadings. The frequency of real-time monitoring will depend upon the monitored levels.

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6.0 HAZARD CRITERIA

Based on review of the historical analytical data and the Visual SiteInspection Report (Radian Nov. 1990)," the major chemical contaminants of concern aremetals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Other compounds may be present,Including ammonia, methanol and formaldehyde, but are not as ubiquitous as the metalsor the PAHs.

Screening for total hydrocarbons will be performed using an HNuphotoionization detector equipped with an 11.7 eV lamp. This lamp is capable ofdetecting methanol, formaldehyde and ammonia as well as other organic compounds. •An action/response table is provided in Table 6-1. HNu readings of 1 ppm abovebackground or more require additional detector tube monitoring and continuous . .monitoring in the breathing zone of site personnel working in the Exclusion Zone.

Work practices and methods will be instituted to limit exposures. Whereelevated exposures persist, respiratory protection will be the primary control method toprotect personnel from these hazards.

The MINIRAM will be used to monitor the particulate levels and to relatethe particulate levels with exposure to metals and PAHs. According to calculations, itwould take 18 mg/m3 of dust to reach the OSHA action limit for lead, 108 mg/m3 formercury, and 3000 mg/m3 for PAHs. Therefore, there is an extremely limited potentialfor overexposure to metals and PAHs, which .will be the primary chemical hazards at thissite. The breathing zone levels that will result in upgrading respiratory protection will bethus based on nuisance dust levels rather than metals or PAH levels because nuisancedust levels will be reached first. Levels of less than 10 mg/m3 will require no respiratoryprotection. Dust levels of 10 - 18 mg/m3 will require the use of a half-face cartridgerespirator with HEPA cartridges or a single use dust respirator and the possibility ofadditional air monitoring for lead. Such air monitoring will be performed by a Certified ^

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj 6-1

AR300478

Industrial Hygienist. The single use respirator can only be used when the HNu readingsare below 25 ppmv. If levels greater than 18 mg/m3 are maintained for a period of fiveminutes, then dust suppression should be used. Dust suppression would consist ofwetting'the area with water or a surfactant. .Table 6-1qutlinesjhe monitoring guidelinesand action levels.

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj

Table 6-1

Air Monitoring Action Levels

ActionLevel

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

Instrument Reading

HNu/1 ppmv Breathing Zone*

MINIRAM/ < 10 mg/m3 BreathingZone*

HNU 1-5 ppmv Breathing Zone

BNu/5-10 ppmv Breathing Zone*

MINTRAM/10-18 mg/m3 BreathingZone*

Draeger Tubes

Methanol

Formaldehyde

Ammonia

MINIRAM/10-18 mg/m3 &HNu/5-10 ppmv Breathing Zone*

HNu/10-50 ppmv Breathing Zone*

MINIRAM/>18 mg/m3 BreathingZone*

HNu/>5G ppmv Breathing Zone*

Response

No action Level D Respiratory protection. Take readings 4times a day or as requested.

No action Level D Respiratory Protection, Take readings 4times a day or as requested.

Monitor continuously in the breathing zone of all personnel inthe exclusion zone. Institute Draeger tube monitoring.

!/2-Face Respirator organic vapor /HEPA cartridges. Upgradeto modified Level C. Respiratory Protection. Take readingsevery hour or as requested.

Single use respirator or Vz-face cartridge respirator. Takereadings every hour or as requested. Contact Project Health& Safety Officer concerning the need for additional sampling.

Less than 100 ppm (no action, monitor hourly)Greater than 100 ppm-stop work, contact project CIH

Less than 0.5 ppm (no action, monitor hourly)Greater than 0.5 ppm-stop work, contact project CIH

Less than 15 ppm (no action, monitor hourly)Greater than 0.5 ppm-stop work contact project CIH

&-Face respirator organic vapor/HEPA cartridges. Upgradeto modified Level C respiratory protection. Take readingsevery hour or as requested.

Full face respirator organic vapor/HEPA cartridges. Upgradeto Level C respiratory protection. Take readings continuously.

Employ dust suppression. Contlct Project CIH, Takereadings until within #1 or #2 action levels.

Employ vapor suppression. Contact Project CIH. Takereadings until within #1 or #2 action levels.

* Sampling will be performed in the breathing zone of personnel closest to the contamination.

Always use the response which is "the most protective as different action levels are reached by each piece of equipment.

NRJ-0751021-Ql.mj 6-3

7.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used when engineering controlsand work practices do not adequately reduce employee exposure hazards, or to providean additional measure of safety beyond that provided by engineering or other controls.

Based on the site assessments and hazards, EPA Level D PPE will berequired for activities occurring within the exclusion zone unless monitoring indicates aneed to upgrade. . ._ _ .._. ; _;__;ii; ;

Protective equipment assignments may be increased based on action levelspresented in Section 6,0. Any decrease m specified protection must be approved by thefield supervisor and the Site Safety Officer.

7.1 Criteria for Selecting Level D PPE

Level D protection (no respiratory protection) will be required when HNureadings are less then 5 ppmv and MINIRAM readings are less than 10 mg/m3 in theexclusion zone. The required PPE for level D includes:

• Hard hats; _

• Work coveralls or uncoated ryvek;

• Safety glasses with side shields;

• Rubber, neoprene, or vinyl boots (steel-toed), or steel-toed workboots with tyvek boot covers;

• Work gloves and, if handling contaminated soils, disposable outernitrile or neoprene gloves; and

• Hearing protection if within five feet of operational equipment.

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If HNu or MINIRAM readings are 5 - 10 ppmv or 10 - 18 mg/m3,(respectively), then the next level of protection, Level C, will be required.

73 Criteria For Selecting Modified Level C PPE

Use of Level C, which includes air-purifying respiratory equipment may berequired when working within the exclusion zone, based on the criteria discussed inSection 6.0. . _ . . . . . - _ _ ._.._.

The required PPE used for those work activities associated with Level Cincludes:

• Air purifying respiratory protection (half-face), combinationorganic/HEPA filter respirator;

* Hard hat;

• Work coveralls or uncoated tyvek;

• Safety glasses with side shields;

• Rubber, neoprene, or vinyl boots (steel-toed), or steel-toed workboots with tyvek boot covers;

• Work gloves and, if handling contaminated soils, disposable outernitrile or neoprene gloves; and

• Hearing protection if within five feet of operational equipment.

Level C respiratory protection wiU be upgraded if Hnu readings are 10 - 50ppmv to a full-face respirator, which provides a protection factor of 50 times theallowable OSHA PEL or ACGIH TLV for a given contaminant as long as the

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj 7-2

AR30(Tl*82

maximum use. limit .of the cartridge is not exceeded. The required PPE to be used forwork activities associated with Level C with upgraded respiratory protection includes:

• Air purifying respiratory protection (full-face), and a combinationorganic/HEPA filter respirator

• Hard hat;

• Work coveralls or uncoated tyvek;

• Rubber, neoprene, or vinyl boots (steel-toed, or. steel-toed workboots with tyvek boot covers;

* Work gloves and, if handling contaminated soils, disposable outernitrile rubber neoprene gloves.; and

• Hearing protection if within five feet of operational equipment.

7.3 Evaluation of Qn-Site Effectiveness

The Site Safety Officer will periodically evaluate the on-siteeffectiveness of assigned protective equipment and modify requirements asneeded. In particular, modifications may be required based on HNu and MINIRAMreadings. ...__. . . . ' . . .•... • "... _ . _ . _ _ . _ : . _

7.4 PPE Limitations _

Protective clothing_and respirator use can cause employees to fatiguerapidly and will inhibit body cooling. Employees will be instructed to pace themselves toensure adequate rest periods. . .

NRJ-075 - --=r -.— •---—--^1021-Ol.nrj ' " 7-3

8.0 SITE CONTROL AND WORK ZONES

The purpose of site control is to control and direct site access andmovement between areas of the site. Site control and the initiation of work practicesminimizes the transfer of potentially hazardous substances from the site and serves toprotect the environment and public health. '

8-1 Work Zones

Work zones will be designed to prevent contamination from migrating offsite and to protect the site personnel from contamination. The establishment of workzones will help ensure that field personnel will be properly protected against the hazardspresent where they will be working; work activities will be confined to- the appropriateareas; and field personnel can be located and evacuated in an emergency.

8.1.1 Support Zone

This zone will be located near the outermost portion of the site. It will beconsidered a noncontaminated, clean area. Any function that need not or cannot beperformed in hazardous or potentially hazardous areas will be performed here. Any siteadministration, personnel control, and support equipment storage will occur here.Personnel may wear normal work clothes within this zone. Any potentially contaminatedclothing, equipment, and samples will remain in the contamination reduction zone untilfully decontaminated.

S.I.2 Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ)

This zone will serve as the buffer between the support zone and theexclusion zone. The CRZ is designed to reduce the probability that the clean supportzone will become contaminated or affected by other site hazards. Access from the CRZ

NRJ-0751021-Ol.mj 8-1

AR300W

to the support zone will be through a control point. Equipment and personnel" decontamination procedures will take place in a designated area within the CRZ.

8.1.3 Exclusion Zone (EZ)

This is the zone where all field activities will occur. The exclusion zonewill consist of a circle with a minimum of 25 feet surrounding the actual work activity. Itis possible to have multiple exclusion zones if more than one task is going on at thesame time. No smoking, eating, drinking or chewing will be allowed in the exclusionzone. ,_

8.2 Decontamination

Decontarninatibn procedures will be followed by all Radian personnel whoenter the EZ or CRZ. Also, all equipment used in these areas will be decontaminatedaccording to the procedures outlined below.

8.2.1 Personnel Decontamination

Personnel decontamination procedures will be followed by Radianpersonnel entering the EZ or the CRZ. Decontamination stations will be established inthe EZ/CRZ boundary and at the CRZ/SZ boundary.

Two different procedures will be used to exit the EZ and CRZ. Oneprocedure will be used prior to the end of the shift as specified in Section 8.2.2. Thesecond procedure will be used at the end of the shift as specified in Section 8.2.3. Theseprocedures are diagrammed in Figures 8-1 and 8-2.

NRJ-075 . .;-™=-_- '™;iz:i.;;::: ~».-..--..,-.-, .1021-Ql.mj 8-2

flR300U85

EXCLUSION ZONE

Equipment Drop

Boot Wash and Rinse

PreliminaryDecontamination StationEZ/CRZ Boundary

CONTAMINANT REDUCTION ZONE

Boot Wash and Rinse

Glove Wash and Rinse

SecondaryDecontamination StationCRZ/SZ Boundary

Wet Wipe Respirator Exterior

Remove Respirator, Store in Plastic Bag or Disposeof (if single-use)

Remove Gloves

Wash Face, Neck, Hands, and Forearms UsingSoap

SUPPORT ZONE

Figure 8-1. Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit Prior to End of Shift

NRJ-075 :1021-Ol.nii 8-3 V

mt,

•

EXCLUSION ZONE

Boot Wash and Rinse

CONTAMINANT REDUCTION ZONE

Boot Wash and Rinse

Glove Wash and Rinse

Wet Wipe Respirator Exterior

Remove Reusable Cartridges Discard

Remove Gloves and Discard

Equipment Drop PreliminaryDecontamination StationEZ/CRZ Boundary

Secondary DecontaminationStation CRZ/SZ Boundary

Remove Reusable Coveralls and Underwear Place inLaundry Bag

Sanitize Respirator Store to Air-Dry

Figure 8-2. Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit at End of Shift

NRJ-0751021-01.nij 8-4

8 22 Exit Prior to End of Shift

When exiting the EZ prior to the end of the shift (e.g., for lunch or break),Radian personnel will wash boots and remove outer gloves at the decontaminationstation located at the EZ/CRZ boundary. At the decontamination station, personnelwill wash boots and inner gloves, and store gloves for reuse. The wash solution will be a5% trisodium phosphate (TSP) solution, made by mixing 10 gallons of water with fourpounds of TSP. Exterior surfaces of respirators will be wet-wiped and placed in a plasticbag for temporary storage. All personnel will wash their face, neck, hands, and forearmsusing soap prior to eating, smoking, drinking, or using the toilet.

Exit at End of Shift

When exiting the EZ at the end of a work shift, Radian personnel willproceed through the boot wash located at the EZ/CRZ boundary. • Respirators (ifrequired) and disposable gloves and coveralls will be removed and bagged for disposal.Workers will then proceed to the CRZ/SZ decontamination station. To exit the CRZ,all workers will pass through the CRZ/SZ boot and glove wash station, and wet-wipetheir respirator exteriors. Containers will be provided for disposal of respiratorcartridges, gloves, and other disposables. Bagging of reusable outer coveralls, if any, willbe performed at this location. Reusable outer coveralls will be bagged at the end of theshift for daily laundering.

8.2.4 Respirator Decontamination

Air purifying respirators will be cleaned daily by the individuals to whomthey have been assigned. Each individual will be responsible for cleaning andmaintaining his/her own respirator. A wash basin or sink will be provided to rinse therespirators at the end of the day with a solution containing a sanitizer recommended bythe manufacturer. A final water rinse will then be used to remove the sanitizing solu- jj

NRJ-075 _.. - . .1021-01.mj 8-5

tion. Respirators will be hung to drip dry and, if not used daily, will be placed insideplastic bags for protection against contaminatipn. Each individual will be assignedhis/her own respirator. No interchanging of respirators will be permitted. Respiratorswill be identified by employee initials inscribed with permanent ink markers. Respiratorcartridges will be changed daily, or more frequently if sampling data indicate thatpotential saturation concentrations exist or if breathing resistance becomes difficult. TheCIH also will spot-check respirators to ensure that they all remain clean, are properlymaintained, and are properly stored.

8.2.5 Equipment Decontamination

The drilling subcontractor will provide an equipment decontaminationstation within the CRZ for removal of all visibly contaminated soils from all equipmentprior to departure from the EZ. The.subcontractor will collect all wastewater for properdisposal.

NRJ-075...1021-Ol.nij

9.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY OVERSIGHT

9.1 Daily Oversight

The Site Safety Officer is responsible for providing daily health and safetyoversight during field activities. He will ensure that all work is performed according tothe Site Health and Safety Plan, and for monitoring activities to ensure that all PPE andmonitoring equipment is used properly. The SSO has the authority to shut down ormodify field work activity based on criteria presented in Sections 5.0 and 6.0,

92 Field Audits by CIH

The Project Safety Officer may perform unannounced field audits duringthis project The purpose of the health and safety audit will be to provide additionalinsurance that all aspects of the Site Health and Safety Plan are complied with, and toverify that site conditions and work activities are consistent with those described in the

Health and Safety Plan. Inconsistencies and deficiencies will be documented in a briefaudit report which will be distributed to the Project Manager and Project Director.These individuals will be required to institute corrective measures within a specified timeperiod.

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj " 9-1

AR3GGW

10.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

On-site emergencies will be handled by off-site emergency supportpersonnel. Incidental releases of hazardous substances can then be absorbed,neutralized, or otherwise controlled at the time of release by employees in theimmediate release area will not be considered emergency response situations.

In case of a hazardous materials emergency, the site safety and healthofficer will assume full control and direction of the emergency response. All emergencyresponses and communications will be coordinated and controlled through the IncidentCommander. _ . . _ . . _ ' . _ _

10.1 Emergency Equipment

Emergency equipment will be provided by Radian. Emergency equipmentfor the EZ will be kept in the CRZ. The equipment will include:

• Two 20-pound multi-purpose (ABC-rated) fire extinguishers; and

• An adequately stocked first-aid kit.

Another adequately stocked first-aid kit and an emergency siren will beavailable in the SZ. . . . . . . _._

10.2 Pre-Emergency Planning _ . .

Prior to the start of work, Radian will inform local authorities of the startdate and anticipated Scope of Work. Radian must make formal arrangements with localemergency response authorities prior to the start of work. These arrangements includeestablishing emergency response duties and authorities. The on-site telephone Hues andemergency signal also will be tested prior to the start of work.

NRJ-0751021-OLnrj

SR300149

First-aid kits will be on-site at all times during remedial activities. TheRadian Site Health and Safety Officer will drive the route to the hospital listed inSection 9,7 prior to the start of work.

10,3 Emergency Recognition and Prevention

Emergency conditions that may be anticipated during site investigationactivities include: . .._... ' . .

• Medical emergency;

• Heavy equipment accident;

* Discovery of unanticipated buried hazards;

• Overexposure of personnel to on-site contaminants; and

* Heat or cold stress. . .. _._.

To ensure that hazard recognition and accident prevention protocols willbe maintained, Radian personnel must follow the requirements of this Plan.

10.4 Operations Shutdown

Operations shutdown may be mandated by the regional Radian CIH or bythe Site Safety Coordinator, in conjunction with the region Radian CIH. Conditionswarranting work stoppage will include:

* Uncontrolled fire;

• Uncovering potentially dangerous buried material (e.g., old drums orcylinders);

NRJ-075 .. . .1021-01,nrj 10-2

flR30QIi92

Any condition immediately dangerous to life and health or theenvironment; and

Heat stress illness manifested by the crew.

When any of these conditions exist, operations will be stopped and the sitesecured. All personnel will leave the work area until the CIH or Site Safety Coordinatorhas determined that operations may resume.

10.5 Fire and Explosion Response- Procedures

Fire on-site can be started by natural events, work activities, or theactivities of others. Radian will have two multi-purpose (ABC-rated) fire extinguisherson hand at all times. Personnel will be informed of the location of these fireextinguishers and will be instructed to attempt control of only very small fires. Theprocedure for using a fire extinguisher is to pull the safety pin, point the extinguisher atthe base of the flames and discharge the extinguisher by sweeping the flames from adistance of about 6 feet. The extinguisher operator should move in as the flames arebeing put out. Radian will inform the local fire district immediately in case of any firewhen its support will be required.

10i6 Evacuation from Work Zones_

If an on-site emergency occurs, the Site Safety and Health Officer willsound the site emergency alarm. All workers will meet at the command post located inthe SZ, An employee head count will be performed to ensure all workers are accountedfor. • . ;" _ " " ".".

In case of emergency, evacuated employees may be decontaminated rapidlyby removing or hosing off exterior clothing. If a worker is critically injured in the EZ,

NRJ-0751021-01.mj

remove the worker immediately from the area. DO NOT take time to decontaminate aninjured worker; seek medical attention immediately.

10.7 Emergency Medical Treatment and First Aid

Only minor injuries will be treated on-site. They will be treated with thefirst-aid kit available on-site.

At a minimum, one available on-site phone is located in John Snider'soffice on the third floor of the Morgantown Industrial Park Association building.

For major injuries, two medical care faculties are located near the projectsite. The Monongalia General Hospital will be used in the event of a-life-threateningemergency. The telephone number is 598-1212.-The hospital is located at 1200 J.D.Anderson Drive, which is off Pineview Drive. The hospital is approximately five milesfrom the site.

For medical problems that are not life-threatening, a local Physician'sGeneral Practice, will be used.

Emergency Numbers .Fire 911 Hospital 598-1212.Police 911 Ambulance 911 _.Poison Control 202-625-3333 (DC area)John Snider (Morgantown Industrial Park) 302-292-9453

NRJ-07511021-Ol.nij 10-4

11.0 RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS

The following records will be maintained in the project files for at least 30years.

Copy of this Health and Safety Plan;Signed copy of the Health and Safety Certification Form;Respirator Training Certification Form;Field logs of air monitoring data;Site Safety Log, including any accident/illness report forms;OSHA Injury and Illness log; andEmployee exposure records.

11.1 Employee Exposure Records

Employee exposure records must be forwarded to the employee's employerso that they may be maintained in the employee's medical record.

11.2 Training Certification

Records documenting that all Radian field personnel have received thetraining specified in 29 CFR 1910,120 will be maintained by the Project Manager.

Medical Fitness Certification

A record documenting that all field personnel are medically, qualified, asdiscussed in this Health and Safety Plan, will be maintained by the Project Manager.

11.4 Site Sign-in/Sign-out Log

A site sign-in/sign-out log will be established and maintained by the SiteSafety and Health Officer. The log is intended to document who is working on the site,

NRJ-075 . . . . . . . . . _ . .1021-Ol.tuj 11-1

flR300U95

on a daily basis. An example site sign-in/sign-out log is presented in Figure 11-1. "Individual employee field work records also will be kept in the Site Safety Log. Anexample of this form is presented in Figure 11-2.

11.5 Accident Jteports

All accidents, including those that do not result in injury or illness, will bereported to the Project Manager within 24 hours of their occurrence. The report form tobe used is in Figure 11-3. In addition to the accident report, incidents causing accidentalchemical exposure will be reported to the Project Manager using the report form inFigure 11-4,

NRJ-0751021-OLnrj 11-2

flR300U96

Figure 11-1

SIGN-IN/SIGN-OUT LOG

Project:_

Date:

40-Hours OSHA TimeName(Print)______Affiliation_______________Safety TrainedfY or >fl____In Out

NRJ-075 '"""" _. _ l___i ;.....:__. '_.1021-Ol.nrj 1L-3

Figure 11-2RECORD OF FIELD WORK

Name of Employee: _____________________ Employee Number:

Date(s) of Held Work: __________________

Estimate length of time on-site (days x hr/day):

Name and Location of Site: __ __

Type of Site (refinery, TSDF, etc.):

Project Number and Title: ____

PURPOSE OF ON-SITE ACTIVITY:____ Site Visit __ ____ Remediation Activities_____ Sampling Effort _____ Drilling____ Other (explain)______________:________

DESCRIPTION OF EMPLOYEE'S ACTIVITIES ON-SITE:

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT USED:

Level of Protection; __ Level A ___ Level B __— Level C ___.Level D

Respirator Type: __ Full-face ___ Half-face __— None _____ Other

Cartridge Type: __- Dust filter __ Organic vapor

_____Other (specify)

Clothing Type: __ Cloth overall _ Tyvek coveralls

____ Other (specify)

NRJ-0751021-Ol.arj 11-4

Figure 11-3RADIAN'S ACCIDENT REPORT

DATE: .-..._i" ....-.—— i". ._ —•;•:.-..- , r ,:. - - , , 'TIME: _____-"...._. ______. - INJURED PERSON: _______________

DESCRIPTION OF INJURY:

LOCATION OF ACCIDENT:

COMPANY'S FIRST AID;

PHYSICIAN'S TREATMENT:

IS FURTHER PHYSICIAN'S CARE REQUIRED?

CAUSE OF INJURY: _____' ______

PREVENTION:

COMMENTS:

REPORTED BY:

DISTRIBUTION: (initials)Administrator for Occupational Safety and HealthLocal Safety Coordinator _____________

NRJ-075 . - • . _ "'1021-Ol.nrj ~"~^~ 11-5

.SR300U99

Figure 11-4RECORD OF ACCIDENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE

Name of Employee: _________ _ . Employee Number: _____

Date(s) of Exposure: ..LV!.1_. "" '. - ' "" ~~i __. ' ••--•^*> --^— - - ~ ^_~_ ~ .

Estimated Length of Exposure:

Name and Location of Site: _

Project Number and Title: __

Purpose of On-Site Activity:

Was a site-specific health & safety plan approved prior to site work?

Describe the exposure event (include how the exposure was identified):

Protective equipment in-use at time of the exposure:

Respiratory: ...'~_._ __'"" "I"~~_"-"'

Face: "IT.'.L.l- '""-'"'

Eyes: _^___=" =' ":"" . .. : ..

Hands:

Body:

Other:

Was a Radian Health & SafetyjOfficer contacted after the exposure?(give name): ___;_____ : '" ' 1 """"'

What were his or her instructions?

Is follow-up sampling to identify specific compounds required?

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj . ' 11-6

AR3uG5QO

Appendix A ' r^k

DIRECT-READING INSTRUMENT MONITORING FORMS

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj

AR30050

HNu PI 101REAL TIME MONITORING FORM

MORGANTOWN ORDNANCE WORKS OPERABLE UNIT 2 INVESTIGATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

DATE: " . ..:'"-:.. AMBIENT BACKGROUND: PPMV

SERIAL #: ______.....;_.'.", NAME: " "" "" '

CALIBRATION INFORMATIONAND EQUIPMENT CHECK

CHECK WHEN COMPLETEDCAL. CHECK: __ BATIERX-CHECKED:_SPAN POT CHANGED: _ WHAT IS SETTING: __LAMP CLEANED:_ ......

TIME:____ . . __.. - = _.—__,______- •.".. . ..:: ' . ..._,....,;./. .... ... .'CHECK ONE PS_ BZ_ ,.. r ._ -r,-,---—-.- - .-AcnvrrY: — —•

NAME OF ~-- ------PER'SON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTEDPPMV relative bcnzene:_CHECK ONE PS_ BZ~ACTivrrY:

NAME OF -.-——-PERSON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTEDPPMV relative benzene:__PS=POINT SOURCEBZ=BREATHING ZONE

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj

HR300502

MINIRAM PDM 3REAL TIME MONITORING FORM

MORGANTOWN ORDNANCE WORKS OPERABLE UNIT 2 SITE INVESTIGATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

DATE: ______ _, __AMBIENT BACKGROUND:__MG\M3 _____

SERIAL #: ______ NAME:

CALIBRATION INFORMATIONAND EQUIPMENT CHECK

CHECK WHEN COMPLETEDCAJL CHECK: _ - BATTERY CHECKED:_ZERO SET: _ :INSTRUMENT CLEANED:_

TIME:____CHECK ONE PS_ BZ_ACTIVITY: _____________

NAME OFPERSON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTEDMG/M1:_________TIME:____CHECK ONE PS_ BZ_ACTIVITY:_______

NAME OFPERSON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTEDMG/M3:________

PS = POINT SOURCEBZ=BREATHING ZONE

NRJ-0751021-QLnij A-2

flR300503

.._ ._...____„_. Appendix B

CHEMICAL DATA INFORMATION

NRJ-0751021-Ol.nrj

CHEMICAL DATA INFORMATION

Inorganic LeadInorganic MercuryCoal Tar Pitch VolatilesMethanol (Methyl Alcohol)AmmoniaFormaldehyde (Formalin)

NRJ-075'lQ21-QLni3 B-l

AR300505

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FORINORGANIC LEAD

INTRODUCTION • Warning propertiesEvaluation of warning properties for respirator selection: Based

"Inorganic lead" is defined as lead oxides, metallic lead, and on lack of information on odor threshold and eye irritation lev-lead salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but ex- els, inorganic lead should be treated as a chemical with pooreluding lead arsenate). This 'guideline summarizes pertinent warning properties.information about inorganic lead for workers, employers, andoccupational safety arid health professionals who may need ~ " - - - -such information to conduct effect! w occupational safety and EXPOSURE LIMITShealth programs. Recommendations may be superseded by newdevelopments in these fields; therefore,' readers are advised to Tne currcnt Occupational Safety and Health Administrationregard these recommendations as-general guidelines. (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for inorganic lead

is 50 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air ( g/mj) as aci IBCTA ur*c inCKiTieir*ATi/MU time-weighted average (TWA) concentration over an 8-hourbUBb I ANlb IDtN ! IFItAl ION workshift. If a worker is exposed to lead for more than 8 hours• Formula- Pb in any woriKlay' *e PE*-- as a TWA for mat sha" **

^T . , „ „_ „„„_ ... , . . reduced according to the following formula: maximum per-fl ?T7£ plgment missiblc limit (in MS/m3) i ** divided * hours w?rked inflake, lead 52 .._._• ; . the day. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and• Identifiers: CAS 7439-92-1; RTECS OF7525000; DOT 1794 Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) is 100• Appearance and odor: Bluish-white, silvery, or gray odor- Mg/m3 as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workshift, 40-hr, work-less solid - week. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial

Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV* ) is 0.15CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES mg/m3 (150 Mg/m3) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and

a 40-hour workweek (Table 1).• Physical datai. Molecular weight: 207.19 Table !•— Occupational exposure limits2-, Boiling point (at 760 mmHg): 1,740 °C (3.I64°F) _________ for inorganic lead _____________3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 11.34 ..... __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Exposure units4. Melting point: 327.5 °C (621.5 °F)5, Insoluble in water OSHA PEL TWA 50• Reactivity NIOSH REL TWA 100*1. Incompatibilities: Lead reacts vigorously with oxidizing ACGIH TLV*- TWA _____________ 150 _______materials. Contact with hydrogen peroxide or active metals * Air levcl to maintained such that worker blood lead re-such as sodium or potassium may cause fires of explosions. mains <60 us/ lOOg.2. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic fumes (e.g. , leadoxide) may be released in a fire involving inorganic lead.• Flammability HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION1. Extinguishant: Dry sand, dry dolomite, or dry graphite • Routes of exposure2. Caution: Lead is combustible in powder form when exposed Inorganic lead may cause adverse health effects followingto heat or flame exposure via inhalation or ingestion.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health Service Centers for Disease ControlNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer

1988 Inorganic Lead 1flR3QQ505

* Summary of toxicology • Prepiacenwnt medical evaluation1. Effects on animals: In rats or mice, chronic oral Priortoplacingaworkermajob with a potential forexposureadministration or subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of to inorganic lead, the physician should evaluate and documentlead subacetate, lead acetate, or lead phosphate produced the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, en-cancer of the kidneys. Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection vironmental, and occupational histories, aphysical examina-of lead nitrate, lead acetate, or lead chloride to pregnant mice, tion, arid physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for therats, or hamsters caused increased fetal mortality and anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate omalformations of the posterior extremities and urogenital and the function and integrity of the kidneys and the hematopoiet-intestinal tracts in the offspring. ic (blood cell forming), nervous, gastrointestinal, and2, Effects on humans: Inhalation or ingestion of inorganic lead reproductive systems.has caused peripheral neuropathy with paralysis of the muscles ' . , ,. . . _ , . - _ ,f . . , ,, LIL - / - i A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended in orderof the wrists and ankles, encephalopatny, anemia (due to *~,u*L-.,.,,4«. _ • *• j- • i_- *., ... . ..... *_ . r. y. \ . x to detect and assess preexisting or concurrent conditions whichdecreased rod blood eel! life and impaired heme synthesis), ^ . ^ Qr ... increased ri$k when a workerprox.mal kidney tubule damage decreased kidney function ^ ^ £o . jc lead al Qr W()w ^ NIQSH R£Land chronic kidney disease. Lead can accumulate in the softtissues and bones, with the highest accumulation in the liver The examining physician should consider the probable frequen-and kidneys, and elimination is slow. Lead can penetrate the cy, intensity, and duration of exposure, as well as the natureplacental barrier, resulting in neurologic disorders in infants. and degree of the condition, in placing such a worker. Such• Signs and symptoms of exposure conditions, which should not be regarded as absolute contram-1. Short-term (acure): Exposure 10 inorganic lead can cause "dications to job placement, include preexisting neuromuscu-decreased appetite. Imcmhia, headache, muscle and joint pain, " " lar disease. In addition to the medical interview and physicalcolic, and constipation. examination, the physician should consider obtaining addition-2 . teng-ierm (chronic): Exposure to inorganic lead can cause ^ base ne electrophysiologic and electromyographic studiesweakness, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, constipation, blue and an assessment of fertility, using standardized methods andor blue-black dot-like pigmentation on the gums ("lead line"), evaluation criteria. The physician should also obtain baselinesevere headache and abdominal cramps, delirium, convulsions, vaiws for ** complete blood count including the reticulocyteand coma, count and tor those tests which characterize prior internal ex-

posure (e.g. , blood lead level) and the effects of prior exposuresRECOMMENDED MEDICAL PRACTICES (e.g., erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin and delta -• Medical surveillance program aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase).Workers with potential exposures to chemical hazards should * Periodic medical screening and/or biologic monitoringbe monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance Occupational health interviews and physical examinationsintended to prevent or control occupational injury and disease. should be performed at regular intervals. Additional examina-The program should include education of employers and work- tions may be necessary should a worker develop symptoms thaters about work-related hazards, placement of workers in jobs may be attributed to exposure to inorganic lead. The interviews,that do not jeopardize their safety and health, earliest possi- examinations, and appropriate medical screening and/or bio-ble detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers logic monitoring tests should~be directed at identifying an ex-for diagnose confirmation and treatment. The occurrence of cessive decrease or adverse trend in the physiologic functiondisease (a "sentinel health event," SHE) or other work-related of the kidneys and the hematopoietic (blood cell forming),adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of nervous, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems as corn-primary preventive measures (e.g.. industrial hygiene monitor- pared to the baseline status of the individual worker or to ex-ing, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). pected values fora suitable reference population. The followingA medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not tests should be used and interpreted according to standardizedreplace, such measures. epidemiologic procedures and evaluation criteria: a completeA nodical surveffltna program should include systematic col- ^ ««mt with reticulcxytc count and those tests whichlection and epidemiologic analysis of relevant environmental <? la If" "*n" «P<»ure (e.g. , blood lead level) andand biologic monitoring, medical screening, morbidity, and *e <****<* "ft*"™ «•«•• et ° e zlnc P™°P<»Phy-

,- j •«-• i • -j • c- -• u . nn and delta-aminolevulmic acid dehydrogenase).mortality data. This analysts may provide information about ' °the relatedness of adverse health effects and occupational ex- — • Medical practices recommended at the time of job trans~posure that cannot be discerned from results in individual fer or terminationworkers. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of bio- The medical, environmental, and occupational history inter-logic monitoring and medical screening tests should be evalu- views, the physical examination, and selected physiologic andated on an industry-wide basis prior to application in any given laboratory tests which were conducted at the time of placementworker group. Intrinsic to a surveillance program is the dis- should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination.semination of summary data ro those who need to know, in- Any changes in the worker's health status should be comparedeluding employers, occupational health professionals, to those expected for a suitable reference population.potentially exposed workers, and regulatory and public health occupational exposure to inorganic lead may causeagencies. . —reproductive effects and -diseases of prolonged

2 Inorganic Lead . ^ , „ „ 1988flRSUObO?

latency, die need for medical surveillance may extend well be- storage or smoking of tobacco or other smoking materials, oryond termination of employment. . r the storage or use of products for chewing should be prohibir-• Sentinel health events , ^ edjn work areas.1. Acute SHE'S include: Acute renal failure, *• -• - fj who ^ inorganic lead should2. Delayed-onset or reproductive SHE s include: Inflamma- g^ ^ forearms w witn soaptory and toxic neuropathy and chronic renal failure. ^ smoking( Qr

MEASUREMENT COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS

__.. , • . • .- Common operations in which exposure to inorganic lead may• TWA exposure evaluation ,r . , , .. J •. « . . L.r , • . . . . . , occur and control methods which may be effective m each caseMeasurements to determine worker exposure to inorganic lead .. , . _ , , .L ui. ' i i_ L. -™7* - u j - i are listed in Table 2.should be taken so that the TWA exposure is based on a singleentire workshift sample or an appropriate number of consecu- ' Tflb|e 2.-Operations and methods oftive samples collected during the entire workshift. Undercer- control for inorganic leadtain conditions," it may be appropriate to collect severalshort-term interval samples (up to 30 minutes each) to deter- ___ Operations ___________ Controls ____________minetheaverageexposurelevel.Airsamplesshouldbetaken During primary (ore) and Process enclosure, local ex-ta the worker's breathing zone (air that most nearly represents secondary (scrap) smelting haust ventilation, dust con-that inhaled by the worker). _ of lead; during the manufec- trol, personal protective* Method ture of storage batteries; equipmentSampling and analysis may be performed by collecting inor- during typecasting andganic lead with cellulose membrane filters followed by acid remeiting of type metal indigestion and analysis by atomic absorption. A detailed sam- printingpling and analytical method for inorganic lead may be foundin rhc NIOSH Manual of Analytical MerAod? .(method num- During soldering in the Process enclosure, local ex-ber7082). " . " .._"." " fabrication of metal articles haust ventilation, personal

protective equipmentPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

During melting and pouring Local exhaust ventilation,Chemical protective clothing (CPC) should be selected after of lead and alloys containing personal protective equip-utilizing available performance data, consulting with the lead; during weldingt burn- mentmanufacturer, and then evaluating the clothing under actual use jng, and cutting of metalconditions. . structures cbhtainmg lead orWorkers should be provided with and required to use CPC, pa|nttd wtolead containinggloves, fece shields (8-tnch minimum) and other appropriate surface coatingsprotective clothing necessary to prevent skin contact with in- "DBri^theuseofteaduithe Local exhaust ventilation.organic lead. .... _ ....... — -- / - manufecnireofsurfececoat- personal protective equip-Workers should be provided with and required to use dust-proof ings, including paints and mentsafety goggles where inorganic lead may come in contact with varnishes; during thethe eyes. . ... = . . . , . . . _ manufacture, of ceramics

and glass ______ - ____SANITATION ——— ~Clothing which is contaminated with inorganic lead should be EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURESremoved immediately and placed in closed containers forstorage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for in the event of an emergency, remove the victim from furtherthe removal of inorganic lead from the clothing. If the cloth- exposure, send. for medical assistance, and initiate emergen-ing is to be laundered or cleaned, the person performing the °> procedures.operation should be informed of inorganic lead's hazardous "Eye exposureproperties. - Where there is any possibUity of a worker's eyes being exposed

to inorganic lead, an eye-wash fountain should be providedChange and shower rooms should be provided with separate within immcdiatc ^ ^ for emergency use.locker facilities for street and work clothes.

If inorganic lead gets into the eyes, flush them immediately withSkin that becomes contaminated with inorganic lead should be lajge ^ ^ ^ ^ 15 minutes, lifting the lower and up-promptly washed with soap and water. p Uds occasionally. Get medical attention as soon as possi-The storage, preparation, dispensing, or consumption of food ble. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with thisor beverages, the storage or application of cosmetics, the compound.

flR300508

• Skin exposure program should include as a minimum an evaluation of theWhere there is any possibility of a worker's body being exposed worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respira-to inorganic lead, facilities for qutck drenching of the body tor, the regular training of personnel, fit testing, periodic en-should be provided within the immediate work area for emer- vironmental monitoring, maintenance, inspection, andgency use, ~ — cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratoryIf inorganic kad gsts on the skin, uih it immediacy with soapand v£« If inoSnic lead penetrates the clothing, removeS """""j"? ' ™)weSea. . . . ... . , , .. ., , gram and that the program be evaluated regularly.clothing immediately and wash the skin with soap and water. __ e .. _ . . _ _ . .Get medical attention promptly. —Only respirators that have been approved by the Mine Safety• Rescue and'Health Administration (MSHA. formerly Mining Enforce-If a worker has been incapacitated, move the affected worker mcm and Safety Administration) and by NIOSH should befrom the hazardous exposure. Put into effect the established used- Remember! Air-purifying respirators will not pro-emergency rescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Un- tect froni oxygen-deficient atmospheres.derstand the facility's emergency rescue procedures and know For each level of respirator protection, only those respiratorsthe locations of rescue equipment before the need arises. that have the minimum required protection (actor'and meet

other use restrictions are listed. All respirators that have higherSPILLS AND LEAKS protection factors may also be used.

Workers not wearing protective equipment and clothing should BIBLIOGRAPHYbe restricted from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has beencompleted, * American Conference of Governmental Industrial

-- Hygienists: "Lead," Documentation of the Threshold LimitIf inorganic lead is spilled or leaked, the following steps should /WK and Biological Exposure Indices (5th ed.)! Cincinna-ti taken: - ti, 1986.1. Remove all ignition sources. "* American Conference of Governmental Industrial2, Ventilate area of spill or leak. Hygienists: W&> Threshold Limit Wues and Biological Ex-3, For small quantities of liquids containing inorganic lead, ab- -P°™™ indices for 1987-88, Cincinnati. 1987.sorb on paper towels and place in an appropriate container. * Amencan Industrial Hygiene Association: "Lead and Its In-^Largequantitiesofliquidscontaininginorganicleadmaybe . orgamc Compounds" (rev. 1964), Hygienic Guide_ Series,absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar materi- Detroit, 19o4, ^al and placed in an appropriate container. * American Lung Association of San Diego andTmp5, If in solid form, inorganic lead may be collected and placed Counties: "Taking the Occupational History," Annals oin an appropriate container. ternal «»<r, 99:641-651, November 1983.6. Inorganic lead may be collected by vacuuming with an ap- -' as °n' G.D., and Clayton, F.E. (eds.): Toxicology, Vol. HA

wwm -°f fifty's Industrial Hygiene and Taxicology(3rt.nv. ed.), Johnsystem. &

WASTE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL * odeofp':tierai eSuuaions' U.S. Department of Labor, Oc-_cupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1910.134,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Trans- —1910.1025, OSHA 2206, revised JuJy I, 1986.Donation, and/or state and local regulations shall be followed • Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Department of Transpor-to assure that removal, transport, and disposal are in accord- cation, 49 CFR 172.101, Transportation 49, revised October I,ance with existing regulations. 1982.

• Goldman, R.H., and Peters, J.M.: "The Occupational andRESPIRATORY PROTECTION Environmental Health History," Journal of the American Med-

. . . v . • u , . ical Association, 246:2831-2836, 1981.u must oe stressed that the use ot respirators is tne least . .. . . ,.._ _ _ .... . _. . _,. „_. .„ • , , - , * „- , j . ,, * Halpenn, W.E., Ratchffc, J., Frazier, T.M., Wilson. L.,preferred method of controlling worker exposure and should p . Screening b thett k , . . f - .DwVlWClt *3»*>i (UlU OllUlLCf t,f\, » IVlwUlwoi OVlCdiilljb til tlivnot normally be used as the only means of preventing or ... , , n_ ..,. . . „ . , f^ „- ,. . . , • ' , . -^U- . „ Workplace: Proposed Pnncipfes, Journal of Occupationalminimizing exposure dunng routine operations. However, .. ... -,0/«s *•--, «« t£0*, •* r . . . . . . u ^ Medicine, 28(8): 547-552, 1986.there are some exceptions for which respirators may be used . ' ; _ . _ . c. r, - • j i • • Hankmson, J.L.: Pulmonary Function Testing in the

cocomrolexposure: when engineering and work practice con- ^ of Worker$: Guidelines for Instrumentation, Per-trols are noc technically feasible, when engineering controls fonnancCi ^ 0*r Journal of Occupational Medi-are in the process of being installed, or dunng emergencies and . -,0/1/y. ,ftQ, Inni mc£r . ^ . « -, j. i. •• • cine, zS(lu):KJoMUy2, lyeo.certain maintenance operations including those requiring .. , „ - - , « . .-« . , r»-_- /m-t.,. , JTL- _. * ^ * Hawley, G.G.: The Condensed Chemical Dictionary (10thconfined-space entry (Table 3). - .. .. _. . . _. .,. .. . ,, v , ,n0icd-Jt Litton Educational Publishing, Inc., New York, 1981.In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory pro- • International Agency for Research on Cancer: lARCMono-tection program should be instituted which as a minimum com- graphs on the Carcinogenic Tlisk of Chemicals to Humans,pi ies with the requirements found In the OSHA Safety and Some Metals and Metallic Compounds, Vol. 23, Lyon, France,Health Standards 29 CFR 1910.134. A respiratory protection 1980.

4 Inorganic Uad flR300509 1988

• Leidel, N. A., Busch, K.A., and lynch, J.R.: Occupation- of Chemical Substances (Microfiche Edition). Sweet. D.V,. andal Exposure Sampling Strategy Manual, U.S. Department of Lewis, RJ. (eds.), Cincinnati, April 1985.Health, Education, and Wfelfare, Public Health Service, Center • Proctor, N.H., andHughes, J.R: Chemical Hazards of thefor Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Workplace, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. 1978.and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No, 77-173, Cincin- :" •'Rom, W.N. (ed.J: Environment and Occupational Medi-nati, 1977. cine, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1983.• Levy, B-S and gman. D.H. (ads.): Occupational Health: • Rothstein, M. A.: Medical Screening of Wbrkers, Bureau ofRecognizing and Preventing \\brk-Related Disease, Little, National Affairs, Washington, DC 1984.Brown and Company, Boston, 1983. ... .._ ... • Rutstein. D.D., Mullan, R.J., Frazier. T.M.. Halperin.• Mark. H.F., Othmer, D.F., Overberger, CG.,Seaborg, G.T., W.E., Melius. J.M., andSestito. J.P.:."Sentinel Health EventsGrayson, M., andEckroth, D. (eds.): Kirk-Othmer Encyclope- _ (Occupational): A Basis for Physician Recognition and Pub-dia of Chemical Technology (3rd ed.), John WU'ey & Sons, Inc., lie Health Surveillance." American Journal of Public Health.New York. 1981. .."_."" —"" ~ " 73:1054-1062, 1983.• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S- • Sax, N.I. (ed.): Dangerous Properties of Industrial MaterialsDepartment of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health (6th ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 1984.Service, Center for Disease Control: Criteria for a Recom- • Scientific Assembly on Environmental and Occupationalmended Standard... .Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Health: "Evaluation of Impairment/Disability Secondary toLead—Revised Criteria'1978, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication Respiratory Disease," American Review of Respiratory Dis-No. 78-158, Cmdihhati; 1978. . • . . eases, 126:945-951, 1982.• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. • Scientific Assembly on Environmental and OccupationalDepartment of Health and Human Services, Public Health Health: "Surveillance for Respiratory Hazards in the Occupa-Service, Centers for Disease Control: NIOSH Manual of Ana- , tional Setting," American Review of Respiratory Diseases,lytical Methods (3rd ed,, Vol,2),_ Eller, P.M. (ed.), DHHS __ 126:952-956. 1982. . '(NIOSH) Publication No. 84-100, Cincinnati, 1984. • Weast, R.C. (ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Phys-• NationalInstitutefo"rOccupationalSafetyandHealth,U.S. ics (64th ed.), CRC Press, Inc.. Boca Raton, Florida. 1983.Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health • Windholz. M. (ed.): The Merck Index (IQthtd.), Merck &Service, Centers for Dise Control: Registry of Toxic Effects Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 1983. •

-aaa Inorganic Lead 51988 flR3005!0

Tabte 3.—Respiratory protection for inorganic lead

______Condition_____________________Minimum respiratory protection*!________Concentration:

Less than or equal to Any supplied air respirator0.5 mg/mj __

Any air-purifying respirator with a high-efficiency paniculate filter

Any self-contained breathing apparatus

Less than or equal to Any powered air-purifying respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter1.25 mg/m3

Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode

Less than or equal to Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency paniculate filter2.5 mg/m3

Any powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiencyparticulate filter

Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece

Any supplied-air respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and operated in a continuous flowmode

Less than or equal to Any supplied-air respirator with a half-mask and operated in a pressure-demand or other50 mg/m3 positive pressure mode

Less than or equal to Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or100 mg/m3 other positive pressure mode

Planned or emergency entry into Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-environments containing unknown demand or other positive pressure modeconcentrations or levels above KX) _ _ . ..mg/m3 Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or

other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathingapparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode

Firefighting Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode

Escape only Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency paniculate filter

Any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus____________* Only NIOSH/MSHA-approved equipment should be used.t The respiratory protection listed for any given condition is the minimum required to meet the NIOSH REL of 100 f g/mj (TWA).

6 inorganic U«d AR3Q05

ft

Occupational Health Guideline forinorganic Mercury

INTRODUCTION fine shaking of the hands, eyelids, lips, tongue, or jaw.Other effects are allergic skin rash, headache, sores in

This guideline is intended as a source of information for thc mouth( ^ swojlen gumSj loosc teeth( insom,employees, employers physicians, industrial hygienists, ^ excess v personality change, irritability,and other occupational health professionals who may ^ 0*, loss of memory, and intellectual deteriora-nave a need for such information. It docs not attempt to,, . , . . „_ ,. tion.present all data; rather, it presents pertinent informationand data in summary form. 3' *4P°«"V Signs and Symptoms: A physician should be

contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptomsSUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION and suspects that they are caused by exposure to

mercury.* Formula: Hg . Recommended medical surrefflance• Synonyms: Quicksilver _, . .. ... , . ,, .• Appearance and odor: SQvery, mobUe, odorless— —^ f°«owmg med,cal procedures should be madeliauid available to each employee who is exposed to mercury

at potentially hazardous levels:PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) ' Initial Medical Examination:

—A complete history and physical examination: TheThe current OSHA standard for mercury is a ceiling purpose to detect pre.existing conditions that mightlevel ofO.1 milligram of mercury per cubic meter of air Iace the ^ y at creased risk, and to(mg/m'). NIOSH has recornmended that the penmssi- ^ a baseline for futufe health monitori Per.bie exposure limit be changed to a05 mg/rn'averaged ^ ^ ^ Qf ^ of Xlisii on toover an eight-hour work shift. The NIOSH Criteria . . • . .-Document for Inorganic Mercury should be consulted mercury,-chrome respiratory disease, nervous systemfor more detailed information. disorders, or kidney disease would be expected to be at

increased nsk from exposure. Examination for any signsHEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION or symptoms of unacceptable mercury absorption such

as weight loss, insomnia, tremors, personality changes,• Routes of exposure or other evidence of central nervous system involve-Mercury can affect the body if it is inhaled or if it comes mentt wtfu evidence of kidney damage, should bein contact with the eyes or skin. It may enter the body stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence ofthrough the skin. chronic disorders.*, e?,°f OT*feiposlireT . t, —Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed/. Short-term Exposure: Inhaled mercury vapor may .. . . , - , , _ , ,cause headaches, cough, chest pains, chest tightness, '" humans exposed to mercury, a unnalysis_ should beand difficulty in breathing. It may also cause chemical obtamed to mclude' at a nmumum, specific gravity,pneumanitis. In addition, it may cause soreness of the albumm» «iucosc' rad a nucroscopic on centnfugedmouth, loss of teeth, nausea, and diarrhea. Liquid sediment Determination of mercury level in urine maymercury may irritate the skin. *« helpful in assessing extent of absorption.2. Long-term Exposure: Repeated or prolonged expo- 2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementionedsure to mercury liquid or vapor causes effects which medical examinations should be repeated on an annualdevelop gradually. The first effects to occur are often basis.

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation wiltassist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance

with all requirements of OSHA regulations.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES US. DEPARTMENT OF LABORPublic Health Service Centers for Disease Control Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

September 1978 ?

fiR3005!2

* Summary of toxicology • FlammabiiityAcute exposure to mercury at high levels causes severe 1. Not combustiblerespiratory irnfatton7 digestive disturbances, and * Warning propertiesmarked renal damage; chronic mercurialism, the form 1. Odor Threshold: Mercury is odorless.of intoxication most frequently caused by occupational 2. Eye Irritation Level: Grant states that "whenexposure, is characterized by neurologic and psychic mercury metal droplets are in the epithelium, ratherdisturbances, anorexia, weight loss, and stomatitis. Skin than the corneal stroma or anterior chamber, they areabsorption of inorganic mercury probably adds to the extruded rapidly with little reaction, as was reported intoxic effects of vapor inhalation. Intraperitoneal injec- a patient who was sprayed forcefully with metalliction of metallic mercury in rats has produced sarcomas. mercury and was observed to have many fine silveryExposure of humans to mercury vapor in concentra- globules beneath the epithelium of the cornea ....tions of 1.2 to 8.5 mg/m3 causes cough, chest pain and "Mercury metal in contact with the conjunctiva hasdyspnea, leading to bronchitis and pneumonitis. Metal- been shown in rabbits to be absorbed and ultimately tolie mercury readily vaporizes at room temperature, and be detectable in the urine. While in contact with thethe vapor has no warning properties. At low levels, the conjunctiva, metallic mercury produced no clinicalonset of symptoms resulting from chronic exposure is signs of conjunctivitis, but histologically an inflamma-insidious; fine tremors of the hands, eyelids, lips and tory reaction has been demonstrable. External contacttongue are often the presenting complaint. Coarse jerky .with mercury vapor has repeatedly been observed tomovements and incoordmation may interfere with the induce a characteristic discoloration of the crystallinefine movements considered necessary for writing and lens (mercurialentis)." Mercurialentis also is caused byeating. Psychic disturbances such as insomnia, irritabil- systemic poisoning "from absorption of mercury vapority, and indecision occur; headache, excessive fatigue, through the respiratory tract, the skin, and the gastroin-anorexia. digestive disturbances, and weight loss are testinal tract."common; stomatitis with excessive salivation is some- For the purposes of this guideline, mercury is nottimes severe; muscle weakness has been reported. Pro- treated as an eye irritant.teinuria may occur, but is relatively infrequent. Mer- 3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Mercury hascury has been reported to be capable of causing sensiti- no warning properties, according to the Hygienic Guide.zation dermatitis. Examination of urine for mercurymay be of value. There is no "critic*!" level of mercury MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTin urine above or below which poisoning cannot be PROCEDURESseen. Various observers have suggested from 0.1 to 0.5 —. tmg of Hg/1 of urine as having clinical significance. -*- Cemn* EquationMercury, particularly organic forms, is known to ad- Measurements to detenruneempioyee ceiling exposureversely affect the fetus if the mother is exposed during are best tlten durin8 **"<»** of maximum expected

_ cv airborne concentrations of mercury. Each measurementshould consist of a fifteen (15) minute sample or series of

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES consecutive samples totalling fifteen (15) minutes in theemployee's breathing zone (or-, that would most nearly

• Physical data represent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum ofI. Molecular weight: 200.6 three (3) measurements should be taken on one work2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 357 C (674 F) shift and the highest of all measurements taken is an3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 13.5 estimate of the employee's exposure,4. Vapor density (air ~" 1 at boiling point of mer- • Method

cury); Not applicable Sampling and analyses may be performed by collection5. Melting point: — 39C(-38F) of mercury with a three-section solid phase sampler,6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 0.0012 mm Hg followed by analysis with an atomic absorption spectro-7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): photometer. An analytical method for mercury is fn the

3-002 . NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd Ed., Vol. 6,8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate -« 1): Not applica- [930, available from the Government Printing Office,

ble Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00369-6).• Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: None2. Incompatibilities: Contact with acetylene, acety-

lene products, or ammonia gases may form solid prod- RESPIRATORSucts that are sensitive to shock and which can initiatefires of combustible materials. * Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that3. Hazardous decomposition products: None engineering contrbls be used to reduce environmental4, Special precautions: Mercury can attack copper concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-

and copper alloy materials. ever, there are some exceptions where respirators may

2 Inorganic Mercury ^ _ _ _ , _ September 1978flR3uOb!3

t)

be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used Operation Control*when engineering and work practice controls *rc nottechnically feasible, when such controb are in the Use as a liquid cathode General dilutionprocess of being installed, or when they fail and need to in electrolytic ventilation; proceibe supplemented. Respirators may also be used for production of Chlorine enclosure; local « >operations which require entry into tinks or closed ***** usto soda from ventilation; persorvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of bnne protective equipmtrespirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted meticulousare those that have been approved by the Mine Safety housekeepingand Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce- Use during manufacture General dilutionment and Safety Administration) or by the National and repair of industrial ventilation; processInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health. and medica, apparatus; enclosure; local exhaust• In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira- USQ during manufacture ventilation; personaltory protection program should be instituted which of inorganic and organic protective equipment;includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, compounds for use as meticulouscleaning, and evaluation. pesticides, antiseptics, housekeeping

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT• Employees should be provided with and required to miscellaneoususe impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch , " . . . ,.minimum); and other appropriate protective clothing chemical intermeatates,

_, i ... preservatives, andnecessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact K. 'with liquid mercury. ——————— pig• If employees' clothing may have become contaminat- Use in preparation of General dilutioned with mercury, employees should change into uncon- amalgams for use in ventilation; processtaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. tooth restorations, enclosure; local exhaust• Clothing contaminated with mercury should be chemical processing, ventilation; personalplaced in closed containers for storage until it can be and molding operations; protective equipmentdiscarded or until provision is made for the removal of use during manufacturemercury from the clothing. If the clothing is to be of mildew-proof paintslaundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the mercury, and marine antifoulingthe person performing the operation should be informed agentsof mercury's hazardous properties.• Non-impervious clothing which becomes contain!- Use in manufacture of General dilutionnated with mercury should be removed promptly and organic mercurials; use ventilation; processnot reworn until the mercury is removed from the in manufacture of enclosure; local exhaustclothing. ~ batteries, tamps, and ventilation; personal

power tubes; protect "j equipment;SANITATION manufacture of meticulous

tungsten-molybdenum housekeeping• Workers subject to skin contact with liquid mercury .wire and rods; use inshould wash with soap or mild detergent and water any manufacture ofareas of the body which may have contacted mercury at inorganic salts for usethe end of each work day. as catalysts in• Skin that becomes contaminated with mercury production ofshould be promptly washed or showered with soap or . urethanes. vinyl chloridemild detergent and water to remove any mercury. monomers,• Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas anthraquinonewhere mercury is handled, processed, or stored. derivatives, and other* Employees who handle mercury should wash their miscellaneoushands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and chemicalswater before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLSThe following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure to mercury may occur and controlmethods which may be effective in each case:

September 197S Inorganic Mercury 3

flR3005U

Operation Controls * BreathingUse as a chemical General dilution l(* P«»« <»«»*« »J«ge amounts of mercury, moveintermediate and in the ventilation; process the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing hasmanufacture of toft as a enclosure; local exhaust *°pped' P"*™ " respiration Keep the afTect-ftotation agent in ventilation; persona! ^ 1™ """" "manufacture of bowling protective equipment; ^ aii150 51balls; use as a meticulous __w owng ... . . ,.laboratory reagent or as housekeeping When lar*e \uantl"? of ercury have been swalloweda working fluid in or mercurv has been swallowed repeatedly and theinstruments person is conscious, give the person large quantities of

water immediately. After the water has been swaJ-Use as a conductor General dilution . lowed, try to get the person to vomit by having himduring construction and ventilation; personal touch the back of his .throat with his finger. Do notmaintenance of military protective equipment; make an unconscious person vomit. Get medical atten-and nuclear power meticulous tion immediately.systems, in mercury- housekeeping • Rescuestem boilers, and in air- Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure.rectifiers If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-, ... _, , , _ . ... ,. one else and put into effect the established emergencyLiberation during Genera dfluton f n, „ . ,. rf . yu , _ ... ... _. . . rescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Under-roasttng and smarting ventilation; oca . j *C * -r. . «. j jJ3 * . . * ., _. stand the facility s emergency rescue procedures andoperations exhaust ventilation . ., , .. - _ e J . .. _. ,K • know the locations of rescue equipment before the needUse in manufacture of General dilution arises.txplosives; in ventilation; processpreparation of enclosure; local exhaust SPILL PROCEDURESamalgams for use in ventilation; personal „ . , .artificial Jewelry protective equipment; * ??"« not weann* P«***™ equipment and cloth-

meticulous m 3"ou"* restricted from areas of spills until cleanuphousekeeping hasbcen comPlcted-

• If mercury is spilled, the following steps should beUse in manufacture of General dilution taken:compounds for pulp and ventilation; process I . Ventilate area of spill.paper industry as enclosure; local exhaust 2. Collect spilled material for reclamation using corn-controls far biological ventilation; personal mercially available mercury vapor depressants or spe-growths protective equipment ciafized vacuum cleaners.Liberation during mining General dilutionand subsequent refining ventilation; personalof ore containing protective equipment; .American Conference of Governmental Industrialcinnabar . meticulous Hygienists: "Mercury as Hg," Documentation of the

housekeeping Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom AirPMPRAPMrY FIR<5T Ain PROPPni 1RP«5 (3rd cd" 2nd PrinlinS>' Cincinnati, 1974.fcMfcH<afcNUY fiK5> I AIU KHUt_-tUUHt& . American Industrial Hygiene Association: "MercuryIn the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce- !?d Its 1™rfnic Compounds," Hygienic Guide Series,dures and send for first aid or medical assistance. Detroit. Michigan, 1966. -* £v*E*no* e * mer can National Standard Acceptable Concentra-.-.. ,, - - - - - . .. ———— j- — -- . ..- tions- Mercury: ANSI-Z37.8- 1972, American NationalIf liquid mercury gets into the eyes, wash eyes immedi- - • - _ , _ , _ . r *? -*, , **<**ately with large amounts of water, lifting the lower and St dards Ins<f '!.' Inc" Ne* 3°rk'_ t n A ^upper lids occasionally. If irritation is present after T Browning, E, Tojctcttyofmdustnai Metals (2nd ed.),washing, get medical attention. Contact lenses should Butterworths, London 1969not be worn when working with this chemical. * Danziger, S. J., and Fossick; P. A.: Metallic Mer-• Skin Exnoiure cury ExP°sure m Scientific Glassware Manufactunng.... .. t. i • i u .1. Plants," Journal of Occupational Medicine, 15:1, pp. 15-If liquid mercury g«ts on the skin, promptly wash the J rcontaminated skin using soap or mild detergent and ' . ' „, _ . _ . __ „. _ . . -_-,. ., -; ~- it. t *t i *u ' Deichmann, W. B., andGerarde, H. W.: Toxicology ofwater. If liquid mercury penetrates through the cloth- _ . ' . ' . , . _ VT ,r .^ , , - - • * . . .. r .. • Drugs and Chemicals, Academic Press, New York,ing, remove the clothing promptly and wash the skin •'"jusing soap or mild detergent and water. If irritation ' „ », — «- « ^ T* j tix- jpcnbt. ,f:cr wtshing, gcrmedica! attention. ' Gleason' M' N" Oossehn- R' E" Hod ' H' C" and

4 Inorganic M*rcury S«pttmb« 1978

AR300515

Smith, R. P.: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products * National Institute for Occupational Safety ana(3rd ed,), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1969. Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and• Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C. Welfare: Criteria for a Recommended Standard ....Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974. Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Mercury, HEW Pub-• Hunter, D.: Diseases of Occupations (4th7 ed.), Little, Hcation No. HSM 73-11024, GPO No. 017-033-00022,Brown, Boston, 1969. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,• International Labour Office: Encyclopedia ofOccupa- 1973.tional Health and Safety,_ McGraw-Hill, New York, • Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. II of Industrial'l- Hygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Imerscience,• Kirk, R., and Othmer, D.: Encyclopedia of Chemical New York, 1963.Technology (2nd ed.), Interscience, New York, 1968. . v~.*-i r T ~ j t L._ -r \\r »\*** „ , , ' . - - , „ . . — ... Vostal, J. J., and Clarkson, T. W.: "Mercury as an• Mercury Poisoning, Occupational Health Technical c-,,™,, „,„,.„! u,., -j » /„.,..,„; «r/i«. .- / \t j-. . . - . _ _ _ _ . . , . _ _ „ environmental Hazard, Journal of Occupational Medi-Information Service, California State Department of • ,, £iin ,E£ ,,__.„,.. „ ... 1n,_ * cine, 15:649-656, 1973.Public Health, 1963. ~_. ..._._. ______ ,_ _____„ ,

• Working with Mercury m Industry," U.S. Depart-ment of Health, Education, and Welfare Pamphlet, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973.'

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR INORGANIC MERCURY

Condition Minimum Respiratory Protection*Required Above 0.1 mg/m3

Particulate or VaporConcentration1 mg/m3 or less Any supplied-air respirator.

Any self-contained breathing apparatus.

5 mg/ma or less

28 mg/m3 or less

Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood.Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.

A Type C suppiied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand orpressure or continuous-flow mode.

other positive

.Greater than 28 mg/m3 or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode.unknown concentrations

A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with afull facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continu-ous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated inpressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Fire Rghting

Escape

Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiecedemand or other positive pressure mode.

Any gas mask providing protection against mercury.Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

operated in pressure-

*Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.

S*pttmb«r 1978 Inorganic Mercury 5

AR300516

Occupational Health Guideline for ^Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles W

INTRODUCTION T * Appearance and odor: Colorless solid with a faint_ aromatic odor.

This guideline is intended as a source of information foremployees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists, PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)and other occupational health professionals who mayhave a need for such information. It does not attempt to T*16 current OSHA standard for coal tar pitch volatilespresent all data; rather, it presents pertinent information » 0.2 milligram of coal tar pitch volatiles per cubicand data in summary form. - meter of air (mg/m') averaged over an eight-hour work

shift, NIOSH has recommended that the permissibleSUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION exposure limit for coal tar products be reduced to 0.1

mg/m1 (cyclohexane-extractable fraction) averagedAnthracene over a work shift of up to 10 hours per day, 40 hours per

week, and that coal tar products be regulated as occupa-• Formula: CuHu tional carcinogens. The NIOSH Criteria Document for• Synonyms: None Coal Tar Products and NIOSH Criteria Document for• Appearance and odor: Pale green solid with a faint Coke Oven Emissions should be consulted for morearomatic odor. detailed information.

Phenanthrene HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION"• Formula: C«Hi» • Roataofexpoeare• Synonyms: None Coal tar pitch volatiles can affect the body if they* Appearance and odor: Colorless solid with a faint inhaled or if they come in contact with the eyes oraromatic odor, • Effect! of orerexporatre

Repeated exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles has beenassociated with an increased risk of developing bronchi-tis and cancer of the lungs, skin, bladder, and kidneys.

• Formula: C«Hi. Pregnant women may be especially susceptible to expo-• Synonyms: None sure ^ £_aociated with coal tar pitch volatiles.• Appearance: Bright yellow solid Repeated exposure to these materials may also cause

sunlight to have a more severe effect on a person's skin.In addition, this type of exposure may cause an allergic

• Formula; C«H.N skin rash.• 'Synonyms: None * Reporting signs and symptoms• Appearance and odor: Colorless solid with a faint A physician should be contacted if anyone develops anyaromatic odor S08 or s P101113 ™ suspects that they are caused by

exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles.ftenzofatoymift * Recommended medical sarreUlance

The following medical procedures should be made• Formula: C_wH« available to each employee who is exposed to coal tar• Synonyms: BaP, 3,4-benzopyrene '~ ~ pitch volatiles at potentially hazardous levels:

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation willassist in achTeving"in effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance

with alt requirements of OSHA regulations.

US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABORPublic Health Servee Canters (or Disease Control Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationNational Institute tor Occupational Safety and Health

September 1179

AR30Q517 .

L. Initial Medical Examination,- dying from lung cancer was 10-fold; all coke oven—A complete history and physical examination: The workers had a 7-H-foId increase in risk of dying from

purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might kidney cancer. Although the causative agent or agentsplace the exposed employee at increased risk, and to of the cancer in coke oven workers is unidentified, it isestablish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exami- suspected that several PNA's in the CTPV generatednation of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, bladder, and during the coking process are involved. Certain indus-kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be exam- trial populations exposed to coal tar products have ained for evidence of chronic disorders, for premalignant demonstrated risk of skin cancer. Substances containingand malignant lesions, and evidence of hyperpigmenta- _ PNA's which may produce skin cancer also producetion or photosensitivity. ' contact dermatitis; examples are coal tar, pitch, and—Urinalysis: Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated cutting oils. Although allergic dermatitis is readily

with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. A urinaly- induced by PNA's in guinea pigs, it is only rarelysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific reported in humans from occupational contact withgravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic on centri- PNA's; these have resulted largely from the therapeuticfuged sediment, as well as a test for red blood cells. use of coal tar preparations. Components of pitch and-Urinary cytology: Coal tar pitch volatiles are asso- ^ to produce toneon photosensitization; skin

ciated with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. eruptions are usually limited to areas exposed to the sunEmployees havuig 5 or more years of exposure or who or 0, ught Most of the phototoxic agents willare 45 years of age or older should have a urinary induce hypermelanosis of the skin; if chronic pfaotoder-cytology examination. matitis is severe and prolonged, leukoderma may occur.-Sputum cytology: Coal tar pitch voladles are asso- Some oib t g m_^3 _vt 5 ^ ^

ciated with an excess oflung cancer. Employees having chjm of foUicuUr sebtceous ^ wnich com.10 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age m(ml ^ ^ fofm of ^ u ^ ^or older should have a sputum cytology examination expMUI to emissions at coke ovens and gas retorts-14 x IT chest roentgeaogram: Coal tar pitch ^ ^ ^ „ ^ S ce of

volatiles are associated with an excess of lung cancer. chronic bronchitis, c ^ itch volatilcs ^Surve ce of the lungs vindicated. associated with benzene, an agent suspected of causing-I C and FEV(1 sec): Coal tar pitch voIaMesare leukfimia ^ ^ £

reported to cause an excess of bronchitis. Periodic rsurveillance is mdica . CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES—A complete blood count: Due to the possibility of

benzene exposure associated with coal tar pitch vola- • Physical date—Anthracenetiles, a complete blood count is considered necessary to 1. Molecular weight: 178.2search for leukemia and aplastic anemia. 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 340 C (644 F)—Skin disease: Coal tar pitch volatiles are defatting 3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.24

agents and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling polut of anthra-Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more cene):6.15susceptible to the effects of these agents. 5. Melting point: 217 C (423 F)2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hgmedical examinations should be repeated on an annual 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):basis, and semi-annually for employees 45 years of age Insolubleor older or with 10 or more years' exposure to coal tar 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica-pitch volatiles. ble• Summary of toxicology * Phyiical data—PhenanthreneCoal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV) are products of the 1. Molecular weight: 178.2destructive distillation of bituminous coal and contain 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 340 C (644 F)polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA's). These 3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.18hydrocarbons sublime readily, thereby increasing the 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of phen-amounts of carcinogenic compounds in working areas. anthrene):6.15 ,Epidemiologic evidence suggests that workers intimate- 5. Melting point: 100.5 C (2I3i7)ly exposed to the products of combustion or distillation 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hgof bituminous coal are at increased risk of cancer at 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):many sites. These include cancer of the respiratory Insolubletract, kidney, bladder, and skin. In a study of coke oven 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica-workers, the level of exposure to CTPV and the length bleof time exposed were related to the development of * Physical data—Pyrenecancer. Coke oven workers with the highest risk of 1. Molecular weight: 202.3cancer were those employed exclusively at topside jobs 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): Greater than 360 Cfor 5 or more years, for whom the increased risk of (greater than 680 F)

2 Coal Tar Pitch Volatile* ' _, _ ~ ~ r- - n September I97i.SR3U05 i 8

3. Specific gravity (water » 1): 1.28 either near the limbus or, in extreme cases, across the4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of pyrene): whole cornea. Occasionally, epithelioma of the lid

6.9 margin has been attributed to contact with coal tar."5. Melting point: 150.4 C (303 F)6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hg MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): PROCEDURES ^____*

Insoluble , H8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica- • General ^ ^

ble Measurements to determine employee exposure are best• Physical data—Carbazole taken so that the average eight-hour exposure is based

1. Molecular weight: 167.2 on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 355 C (671 F) samples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 303. Specific gravity (water « 1): Greater than I minutes) may also be used to determine the average4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of carba- exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the

zole): 5.8 employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly5. Melting point: 246 C (475 F) represent that inhaled by the employee).6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1mm Hg • Method7. Solubility in water, g/IOO g water at 20 C (68 F): Coal tar products may be sampled by collection on a

Insoluble S*ass fiber filter with subsequent ultrasonic extraction8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica- and weighing. An analytical method for coal tar pitch

ble volatiles is in the NIOSH Manual of A nalytical Methods,* Physical data—B«azo<«)pyrene 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, 1977, available from the Government

1, Molecular weight: 252.3 Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No.Z Boiling point (760 mm Hg): Greater than 360 C 017-033-00267-3).

(greater than 680 F)3. Specific gravity (water « 1): Greater than 1 RESPIRATORS4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of __ _, . . . , . .

benzofateyreneV 87 * Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that5. Melting pointi 179 C (354 F) engineering controls be used to reduce environmental6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hg concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): «ver' *** m "?* ""P*"" where r«Pirators may

lojojubie be used to control exposure. Respirators may be u8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate . I): Not applica- when engineering and work practice controls are

., technically feasible, when such controls are in

. nu_*t.i*- process of being installed, or when they fail and need to» Keaetmty r , ". _ , , ,1. Conditions contributing to instability: None haz- * supplemented Respirators may also be used for

, . operations which require entry, into tanks or closed2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers V€5seh> «"? m «««««* situations. If the use of

may cause fires and explosions, respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted, TT _ , , . _ - j VT are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety3. Hazardous decomposition products: None , __ .. . , ... v* , ,7- V- *4. Specialprecautions-None ** Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-

• FI*HimmbilItY ment and Safety Administration) or by the National1. Flash point: Anthracene: 121 C (250 F) (closed Ins titute for Occupational Safety and Health\ rt.u r\ * . -i ui * In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-cuph Others: Data not available __ _. r «. u «_ • • j \.-t.£ Autoignition temperature: Anthracene: 540 C '°7 I"*"*- P'fSram should be msatuted wh,ch

(100* R; Other* Data nS available ™cluda "f" tramm8, mamtenance, mspecnon,3. Flammable limitt in air, % by volume: Anthra- clesnm8' " ev«1'lat'°n-

cene: Lower: 06; Others: Data not available PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT4. Extmguishant: Foam, dry chemical, and carbon

dioxide * Employees should be provided with and required to• Warning properties use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inchGrant states that "coal tar and its various crude frac- minimum), tnd other appropriate protective clothingtions appear principally to cause reddening and squa- necessary to prevent skin contact with condensed coalmous ecxemi of the lid margins, with only small ero- tar pitch volatiles, where skin contact may occur.sioos of the come*! epithelium and superficial changes • If employees' clothing may have become contaxninat-in the stroma, which disappear in a month following ed with coal tar pitch volatiles, employees shouldexposure. Chrome exposure of workmen to tar fumes change into uncontaminated clothing before leavingand dust has been reported to cause conjunctivitis and work premises.discoloration of the cornea in the palpebral fissure, • Clothing contaminated with coal tar pitch volaf•

1*71 Coal Tar Pitch Volatitea 3

flR3005i9

should be placed in dosed containers for storage until it Operation Control*can be discarded or until provision is made for the f.removal of coal tar pitch volatiles from the clothing. If Use for P"*1**" Process enclosure;the clo thing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to "«"* T H 1 ^ exhaust.1. i * •- i. i t .1. ^ ^ underground conduits venti ation; generaremove the coal tar pitch volatdes, die person perform- and J USQ M fl dilutjon *ing the operation should be informed of coal tar pitch coating Qn concrete penanti protectiv;volatiles's hazardous properties. waterproofing and equipment• Employees should be provided with and required to corrosion-resistantuse splash-proof safety goggles where condensed coal material; use in roadtar pitch volatiles may contact the eyes. paving and sealing

Use in manufacture and Process enclosure;repair of refractory local exhaust

• Workers subject to skin contact with coal tar pitch **<* use in P"**w«on ventilation; generalvolatiles should wash with soap or mild detergent and of **?** "?in dilution ventilation;water any areas of the body which may have contacted ™nufacture of carbon personal protect™

i * •* u i *n * .«. .4 / **™~~ ceramic items equipmentcoal tar pitch volatiles at the end of each work day.• Employees who handle coal tar pitch volatiles should EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURESwash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild deter-gent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-facilities. _.—-— — --- dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.• Areas in which exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles * Eye Exposuremay occur should be identified by signs or other If condensed coal tar pitch volatiles get into the eyes,appropriate means, and access to these areas should be wash W immediately with large amounts of water,limited to authorized persons, liftinS **lower and UPP" Uds occasionally. If irritation

is present after washing, get medical attention. ContactCOMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS **?**. sl?ould not ** wom when workin8 "** ±exchemicals.The following Ust includes some common operations in * Sldn Exposurewhich exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles may occur If condensed coal tar pitch volatiles get on the skin,and control methods which may be effective in each wash *** contaminated skin using soap or mild deter-case. - —— _ _ -,_.. — - gent and water. Be sure to wash the hands before eating

or smoking and to wash thoroughly at the close ofOperation Control* work.

• BreathingLiberation from Process enclosure; # a c ^ breathes in large amounts of coal tar pitchextraction and local exhaust volatiles, move the exposed person to fresh air at once,packaging from coal tar ventilation; general If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.fraction of coking dilution ventilation; Keep $_c affected person warm and at rest Get medical

personal protective attention as soon as possible.equipment . Re§cae

Use as a binding agent Process enclosure; Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure.in manufacture of coal local exhaust If ** «P°sed person has been overcome, notify some-briquettes used for fud; ventilation; general one else and P* "to effect the established emergencyuse as a dielectric in the dilution ventilation; rescue P«>cedira- Do not become a casualty. Under-manufactu-'e of battery personal protective stand facility's emergency rescue procedures andelectrodes, electric-arc equipment '".o* **• locations of rescue equipment before the needfurnace electrodes, and arises-

SPILL AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURESUse in manufacture of Process enclosure; '• Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-roofing felts and papers local exhaust mg should be restricted from areas of releases untiland roofing ventilation; general cleanup has been completed.

dilution ventilation; * H coal tar pitch volatiles are released in hazardouspersonal protective concentrations, the following steps should be taken:equipment 1. Ventilate area of spill.

4 Coal Tar Pttcft VotatHm September 197S. &R3Q0520

2. Collect released material in the most convenient and ' International Labour Office: Encyclopedia ofOccupa-«fe manner for reclamation or for disposal in sealed tional Health and Safety, McGraw-Hill, New York,containers in a secured sanitary landfill. 1971.• Waste disposal method: „ Uoyd( j. w.: «Long.Tenn Mortality Study of Steel-Coal tar pitch volatdcs may be disposed of in sealed workm< v> Respimory c , m PUnt Worfc.containersmasecuredsamtarylandfdl. t Journal of Occupational Medicine, 13:53-68, 19REFERENCES * Ma2umdar> s-» et **•'• "An Epidemiological

Exposure to Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles among• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Oven Workers," Journal of the Air Pollution ControlHygienists: "Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles," Documentation Association, 25:382-389, 1975.of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Work- . National Institute for Occupational Safety androom Air (3rd ed., 2nd printing), Cincinnati,, 1974. Health( os Department of Health, Education, and• Bingham.E.:''Env onmen < rcinogens," «:AzveS Weifarc: Criteria for a Recommended standard ....of Environmental Health 19:779-85 DES 1969 Occupational Exposure to Coal Tar Products. HEW• Bingham E.: IMhQkb m Cancer Inductions potion No. (NIOSH) 78-107. U.S. GovernmentArchives of Environmental Health, 22:692-95, June 1971. _. . __ ; _- .„„• 'Coke Oven Emissions," Federal Register, 40:32268- PnntmS Office, Washington, D.C, 1977.32282, July 31,1975. * National Institute for Occupational Safety and• Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pol- Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, andlutants, Division of Medical Sciences, National Re- Welfare: Criteria for a Recommended Stands-1 ....search Council: Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter, Occupational Exposure to Coke Oven Emissic HEWNational Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., Publication No. HSM 73-11016, GPO No, -"-033-1972. 00015, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,• Fannick, N., et al.: "Exposure to Coal Tar Pitch D.C., 1973,Volatiles at Coke Ovens," American Industrial Hygiene . Redmond_ c> iLf et . "Long-Term Mortality StudyAssociation_ .33:461 8,197 of Steelworkers. VI. Mortality from Malignant Neo-• Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C . _ . -, . _^_ ... . „ T , f~-t. «. - _c tj T«- - in** plasms Among Coke Oven Workers," Journal of Occu-Thomas, Springfield, nhnois, 1974. *_ ...... ,-«,««.««• Kittle, D. and Stukei, J. J.: "Particle Size Distri- P**°nalMedicine, 14:621-629,1972.btmon and Chemical Composition of Coal-Tar Fumes," * * R- A- "Toxicology of PPOM," Journal ofAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 37:199- _ Occupational Medicine, 17:784-788,1975.204,1976. * Tye, R., and Stemmer, K. L.: "Experimental• Hygienic Information Guide No. 89 - Coal Tar Pitch cinogenesis of the Lung. II. Influence of Phenols iVolatiles, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department Production of Carcinoma," Journal of the Nationalof Environmental Resources, Bureau of Occupational Cancer Institute, 39:175-179,1967.Health. 1972.

September It7t Coal Tar Pitch Volati!« 5

AR3QG52T

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES

Condition Minimum R**plratory Protection*_____ Required Above 0.2 mg/m*

Particulate and VaporConcentration2 mg/m3 or less A chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s) and with a

fume or high-efficiency filter.Any supplied-air respirator.Any self-contained breathing apparatus.

10 mg/m3 or less A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vaporcartridge(s) and with a fume or high-efficiency filter.A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canisterand with a full facepiece and a fume or high-efficiency filter.Any suppiied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet or hood.Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.

200 mg/ms or less

400 mg/m* or less

A Type C suppiied-air respirator operatedpressure or continuous-flow mode.A powered air-purifying respirator with anefficiency particulate filter.

in pressure-demand or other positive

organic vapor cartridge and a high-

A Type C suppiied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, helmet or hoodoperated in continuous-flow mode.

Greater.than 400 mg/m4 or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode.unknown concentrations _ __ _ _.. ._ _ -—

A combination respirator which includes a Type C gupptied-air respirator with afull facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continu-ous-flow mode and an auxiliary setf-contained breathing apparatus operated inpressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Fire Fighting

Escape

Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operateddemand or other positive pressure mode.

in pressure-

Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors and partculates,including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class.Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

'Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.

AR300522

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETGENIUM PUBLISHING CORPORATION g,, Revision C

1145 CATALYN ST., SCHENECTADY, NY 12303 USA (518) 377-8854 "~""~ """" Issued:

From GeniuirTi MSDS Collection, to be used as x reference,

MSDS i 354METHYL ALCOHOL

Revised: September, 1985

SECTION.1. MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION nMATERIAL NAME: METHYL ALCOtfOLOTHER DESIGNATIONS; Methanol, Wood Alcohol, Carbinol, Wood Naphtha. Methyl Hydroxide. Monohydroxy Methane,

CH OH, CAS *67-S6-lMANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER: Available from several suppliers,

X.I. DuPont DeNemours S Co. U02----774-2290Chemicals & Pigments Depc. C300J 441-9442'1007 Market St." Wiiraingeon, DE 19898 _._ .

SECTION 2. INGREDIENTS AND HAZARDS HAZARD DATA

METHYL ALCOHOL ca 100 8 hr TWA: 200 ppm, or260 mg/ro3* (Skin)STEL: 250 ppm, or310 mg/ra3' HUMAN — — —— ——'Eye: 5 ppm, primaryirritation doseCH -OH

>•«Current OSHA Standard; ACGIH (1985-86) TLV adds (skin) notation. Inhalation: TCLo: 86,000

NIOSH has recommended a TWA standard of 200" ppra"with a fifteen minute ™S/m ~ y°X1C iirr*tantceiling of 800 ppm. This ceiling is well above the TLV STEL of 250 ppm. effects (systenuc)

SECTION 3. PHYSICAL DATABoiling Point. 1 atm .......... 148.5UF (64.7UC) Viscosity 8 20°C_ cps ....... 0...59Vapor density (Air«l) ,.....,,.-1.11 . Specific gravity, 200/4°C .,. 0.791.Vapor pressure S 21°C, rnmHg ••- 100 MeTEHg point ".....".....,.. .v -144°F (-97.8°C)

* SO°C, raraHg ... 400 Volatiles, % ................ ca 100Water Solubility .............. Totally Miscible Evaporation rate (BuAc=l) ..-, 5.9

Molecular weight ............ 32.04.APPEARANCE 6 ODOR: Clear, colorless, highly polar liquid with a characteristic alcohol odor. The odor

recognition threshold C10Q* of test panel) is 53.3 ppm

SECTION 4. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Lower UpperFliih Point ind Method

60.8UF fl2uC) Closed Cup

Auiotf ninon Temp. Rammability Limits in Air

by Volume 36.5

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or alcohol .type foam. Do not use a solid stream ofwater since the stream will scatter and spread the fire. .Use water spray to cool fire-exposed tanks/containers. Fires Involving Methyl Alcohol are Class IB; use a blanketing effect to smother fire.Methyl Alcohol is a moderate explosion hazard and a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, sparks, flameor oxidiiers. Its vapors are heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to an ignition sourceind flashback. Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing whenfighting fires involving MethylTATcohdi.

SECTION 5, REACTIVITY DATAMethyl Alcohol is stable in closed containers at room temperature under normal storage" and handlingconditions. It does not undergo hazardous polymerization. This material may react violently with chromicanhydride; iodide plus ethyl alcohol, and mercuric oxide; lead perchlorate; perchloric acid plus ethylalcohol; dimethyl formamide plus phosphorous; potassium hydroxide plus chlorloform; sodium hydroxide pluschloroform. It eay also react with metallic aluminum at high temperatures.Methyl Alcohol is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.(eg., nitrates, perchlorate or sulfuric acid),active metals, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, isocyanates, beryllium dihydride, chloroform, and potassiumtert-butoxide. It a*y attack some forms of plastics and rubber. Thermal decomposition or burning willproduce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and possible toxic formaldehyde and unburned methanol.

GEMUM PUBLISHING

3R300523

MSDS # ^'' . Issued _____„ METHYL \LCOIIOI. f!U-v. C1

SECTION 6. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION • TLV :o(1 ppm fskln, or :finMethanol is a poisonous, narcotic chemical that may exert its effects through inhalation, skin absorption,or Lngestion. Elimination of Methanol from the boxly is slow, and the toxic effects can be compounded byrepeated excessive exposures over several days. Toxic "effect* are eXerted" upon the CNS, especially the opticnerve and possibly the. retinae. Symptoms of overexposure include dizziness, visual impairment, nausea,respiratory failure, muscular incoordination and narcosis. Visual disturbances may clear temporarily then re-occur and progress to blindness. Prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may cause dermatitis, erythema,and scaling. Vapors of Methanol are mildly irritating to the eyes, while direct contact with the liquid maycause irritation, pain and transient conical opacity. Ingestiou of Methanol can cause blindness and death. Th(fatal Jose is 100-250..ml, although death from ingestion of less than 33 nf has been reported.HRST AID: EYE CONTACT: Immediately flush eyes, including under eyelids, with plenty of running water for atleast 15 minutes. Get medical attention if" irritation persists. SKTN 'j:gNTACT: Flush exposed area with waterwhile removing contaminated clothing. Wash with soap and water. Get medical attention if irritation persists.INHALATION: -Rgmove__yic_t_im__tp fresh air\ Restore and/or" support breathing as needed. Get medical help (InplancParamedic, community). INGESTION: Give victim 3/4 glasses 'of water or milk and induce vomiting by stickingfinger to back of throat. Contact a Poison ControT Center or physician. Transport victim to'a medicalfacility immediately. I'o not induce vomiting or give anything to drink if victim is unconscious or havingconvulsions. .Get medical attention (Inplant, paramedic, community).

SECTION 7. SPILL, LEAK AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURESNotify safety personnel of large spills or leaks. Remove all sources of heat and ignition. Provide maximumexplosion-proof ventilation. Evacuate all personnel from the area except for those involved in clean-up.Remove leaking container tc safe place if feasible. Clean-up personnel should wear protective clothing,gloves, boots, and a self-contained breathing apparatus. Absorb small quantities on paper towel, vermiculite,or other absorbent and place in closed container for disposal. Dike large spills and collect for reclamationor disposal. Water spray1 may be used to knock dow.n vapor and to dilute and flush spill away from sensitiveareas. Do not flush to sewer. Keep out of watersheds and waterways.DISPOSAL: Place in suitable container for disposal by a licensed contractor or burn in an approved incinera-tor. Waste solvent may be reclaimed via filtration and distillation procedures. Methyl Alcohol has beendesignated as a hazardous waste by the EPA (RCRA CFR 261.33). The EPA Hazardous Waste No. is U1S4. AquaticToxiclty_.Ra_t_i.n.lLL_T_Lm9!6'-: Over . ' ' ' ' - - ~ — " " ' - - - - < • - - -SECTION 8. SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATIONProvide general and local exhaust ventilation (explosion-proof) to meet TLV requirements. For emergency ornon-routine exposures where the TLV may be exceeded, wear an appropriate NIOSH-approved respirator. Allelectrical service in use or storage areas should have an explosion-proof design.Prevent skin and eye contact .by.wearing rubber gloves and splash goggles or safety glasses. Use protectiveaprons, boot.s and face shield as necessary when splashing may occur.Eyewash stations and safety showers should be available in areas of use and handling. Provide suitabletraining to those working with Methanol. Monitor the workplace and keep accurate records.

Contact lenses pose a special hazard;,soft lenses may absorb and all lenses concentrate irritants.

SECTION 9: SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS AND COMMENTSStore in tightly closed containers in a dry, well-ventilated area away from strong oxidising agents, heat,sparks and open flame. Protect container from physical damage. When transferring or pouring .Methyl Alcohol,ground and bond containers..and equipment to prevent static sparks. Use non-sparking tools.Do not smoke in areas of use or storage. Use with adequate ventilation. Do not breathe vapors. Avoid contactwith eyes and skin. This material is poisonous when introduced into the body metabolism. DO NOT INGEST i'. '.Provide preplacement medical exams and periodic medical surveillance for industrially exposed workers withemphasis on neurological and visual functions, liver, and kidney systems.DOT CLASSIFICATION: Flammable liquid, UN1230 . _ GOT LABEL: Flammable liquid.

DATA SOURCECS) CODE (See Glossary) 1, 2, 4-12, 16, 19, 20,"23"-26, 31, 34, 37-39, 43, 47, 63, "9. R.

IiMtftmeiHi 11 in ilw wioMirv oi informKian herein far pucc*>ucr't purpow. ire nKCSMfily pwrehtMf •rrsptrtMhilnv Thcrcfort. IliMufh rciwnMilt irr Mi Men tUtn mtM prtfMfMionol tuch mfnrrnifuHiCcmum Nbhinmi Cnrpcxuiin CIICIKJI no virrinun maJiti no tcprr-iniiiHwt ind HHIITV\ n< r(\p>miiOiiuv is in nw iccuricv n< iginhliiy.'l <,M<h infi<rmwin« (EH ipp>KMi'm 10purcriuir i mmaatpurr""1iv Hif biHivcuucrwct n( ill uic

APPROVALS C t t <u< <• t

INDUST. HYGIENE/SAFETY

MEDICAL REVIEW:

JOA5/85!M GENIUM PUBLISHING Copyright © September I. 1985

flR30052U

Material Safety Data Sheets Collection:Genlum Publishing Corporation

1145 Catalyn StreetSchenectady, NY 12303-1836 USA

Sheet No. 1Anhydrous Ammonia

(518)377-8854' Issued: 8785 Revision: D, 4/90

Section JU Material IdentificationAnhydrous Ammontt Description: Manufactured primarily by using atmospheric nitrogen and a hydrogen source athigh temperatures (752 "F/400 'C to 11.732 'F/6500 *C) and pressures (100 to 900 atm) in the presence of an ironctulyst fa modified Htbcr reduction process). Used as a refrigerant, a fertilizer, t cleaning ana bleaching agent, ahousehold cleaner, * condensation catalyst, a neutralizing agent in the petroleum industry, and a yeast nutrient; inoiiriding of steel, developing diizo films, manufacturing nitric «cid, synthetic fibers, ancf explosives; and in latexpreservatives, dyeing, ureiformaldehyde, nitrocellulose, nitroparaffins, melamine, ethylenediamine, fuel cells, sulfitecooking liquors, and rocScet fuel.Other Designations: CAS No. 7564-41-7; NH,; ammonia (ACGIH); ammonia anhydrous.Manufacturer: Contact your supplier or distributor. Consult the latest Chemicalwcek Buyers' Guide™ for a suppliers

Section 2. Ingredients and Occupational Exposure LimitsAnhydrous ammonia, ca 100%OSHA PEL NIOSH REL, 1987 Toxiclty Data-15-min STEL; 35 ppm, 27 mg/mj 50 ppm Human, eye: 700 ppmACGIH TLVs, 1989-90 5-min ceiling: 35 mg/mj Human, inhalation: 20 ppm inhaled affects the sense organs, special sensesTLV-TWA: 25 ppm, 17 mg/m5 (conjunctiva irritation, ulcerated nasal septum), and the lungs, thorax, andTLV-STEL: 35 ppm, 24 mg/m5 respiration (change in trachei or bronchi)

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* See NIOSH, KTECS (BO0875000), for idditionii irritative, imitative, and toxicity dau.Sections. Physical DataBoiling Point: -28,03 TV-3335 'C Molecular Weight: 17.03 g/molMelting Point: -107.9 TV-77.7 "C Specific Gravity (H,O = I at 39 *F/4 "Q: 0.77 at 32 T/0 'C (liquid), 0.7 at -27 'F/-33 *C CVapor Pressure: 10 itm st 7S.3 'F/25.7 'C Water Solubility: 47% at 32 'F/0 'C, 34% at 68 'F/20 *CVapor Density (Alr 1): 0.6 "—— !Appearance and Odar: Colorless liquid or gas with a strong, pungent, and irritating odor. Their low and high odor thresholds are 0.0266 mg/m'and 39.6000 mg/m\ respectively.Section 4. Fire and Explosion DataFlash Point: Gas it room temperature Autolgnltlon Temperature: 1204 T/651 *C (iron catalyzed)* LEL: 16%v/v UEL:25%v/vExtinguishing Media: An explosive mixture may form in air if this gas continues to flow while the flame is extinguished. Thus the best proce-dure is first to stop the flow of gas. It may be necessary to use carbon dioxide or dry chemical to extinguish the flame surrounding the valve thatcontrols (he gas supply. Use wtter to cool fire-exposed containers and to protect personnel shutting off gas. The water reduces gas concentrationdue to its solubility in water. For fires involving fiquified anhydrous ammonia, use dry chemical or COrUnusual Fire or Explosion Hazards: This material is a moderate fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat and/or flame. The presence ofoil ind other combustible materials increases the fire hazard.Special Fire-fighting Procedures: Since fire may produce toxic fumes, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full facepiece

Do not release to sewers or waterways.* 850 'Q1562 "F (uuciulyzed).

Section S. Reactivity DataStability/Polymerization: Anhydrous ammonia is stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions.Its decomposition to flammable hydrogen and nitrogen gas begins above 840 T/450 *C. Hazardous polymerization cannot occur.Chemical Incompatibilities: This material is in alkaline gas that gives off heat when it reacts with acids. Contact with interhalogens, boronhilidcs, 1,2-dichloroethme (with liquid NH,), ethylene oxide (polymerization reaction), chloroformamidnium nitrate, oxygen + platinum,magnesium perchtormte, nitrogen trichloride, and strong oxidants can cause potentially violent or explosive reactions. Contact with heavy metalsand their compounds, chlorine azide, bromine, iodine, iodine + potassium, tellurium halides, peniaborane (9), silver oxide, silver chloride, silvermiraie, silver azide, and hypochtorites yield explosive products. Contact with chlorine or chlorine bleach can cause the evolution of hazardouschloraminc gis. Ammonia forms sensitive explosive mixtures with air + hydrocarbons, germanium derivatives, stibine, l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobcn-zene, ethanol •* silver nitrate, and 2-, or 4-chloronitrobenzene (above 160 'C/30 bar). This material is also incompatible with tcetaldehyde,»crolein, boron, chlorosilane, hexichloromelaminc, sulfur, hydrazine + alkali metals, potassium ferricyanide, potassium mercuric cyanide,nitrogen dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, ind tctramethylimmonium amide.Hazardous Products of Decomposition: Thermal oxidative decomposition of anhydrous ammonia can produce toxic fumes of ammoniaand nitrogen oxides (NOS).

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Mo. 1 Anhydrous Ammonia 4/90Section 6. Health Hazard DataCarcinogenicity: Neither the NTP, 1 ARC, nor OSHA lists anhydrous ammonia as a carcinogen.Summary of Risks: Ammonia gas can be suffocating and extremely irritating to the eyes, throat, and respiratory tract. Depending on exposurelevel and time, -effects range from mild irritation to severe corrosion of body tissue due to ammonia's alk£ini»."Exposur« to increasing concen-trations may be hazardous since persons acclimated to its odors may suffer overexposure and adverse health effects. Intense exposure can be fatal.Fatalities may occur from exposure to ammonia concentrations of 2500 to 4500 ppm for 30 min. 700 ppm causes eye irritation. High gasconcentrations can bum and blister skin and cause severe eye irritation with permanent cornea! damage. Contact with liquid anhydrous ammoniacan also severely burn the eyes and skin. Extensive burns can be fatal. ,Medical Conditions Aggravated by Long-Term Exposure: Permanent eye damage, scan, and pulmonary impairment.Target Organs: Respiratory system eyes.Primary Entry Routes: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contactAcute Effects: Inhalation can cause dyspnea; bronchospasm; mucosal bums of the nose, phamyx, and larynx (throat irritation at 408 ppm indlaryngospasm at 1700 ppm); chest pain; pulmonary edema; saliva secretion; pink, frothy sputum; and urine retention. Ingestion causes nausea,vomiting, and swelling of the lips, mouth, and larynx. Skin contact with concentrated ammonia produces liquefaction necrosis (tissue death) anddeep penetrating bums. Eye exposure results in lacrimation, conjunctivitis, iritis, corncal irritation, and temporary or permanent blindness.Chronic Effects: Chronic bronchiectasis with small airway obliteration may occur. Interstitial fibrosis hasbeen observed after chronic exposure.FIRST AID _ _ -"•Eyes: Flush immediately, including under the eyelids, gently but thoroughly with flooding amounts of running water for at least 15 min. Time isthe most important consideration! The first 10 seconds tire critical to preventing blindness.Skin: Quickly remove contaminated clothing. After rinsing affected skin with flooding amounts of water, wash it with soap and water.Inhalation: Remove exposed person to fresh air and support breathing as needed.Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious or cpnvulsing person. If ingested, neither induce vomiting nor attempt to neutralize.Have the conscious person drink about 4 oz of water or milk to dilute. Caution! Excessive amounts may cause vomiting.After first aid, get appropriate In-plant, paramedic, or community medical supportPhysician's Note: Serum ammonia levels are not clinically useful in managing exposures; instead, evaluate clinically for pulmonary edema andrespiratory distress, with treatment as appropriate. Consider esophagoscqpy ifthe patient has oral or pharyngeal bums. Do not induce gastriclavage. Steroid treatment is controversial and of questionable benefit If ingestion is significant, observe for development of esophageal stricture,For eye exposures, irrigate until conjunctiva! sac pH is <S-5.

Section 7. Spill, Leak, and Disposal ProceduresSpill/Leak: Design and practice an anhydrous ammonia spill control and counternteasure plan (SCCP). Notify safety personnel, evacuate allunnecessary personnel, remove all heat and ignition sources, and ventilate area to disperse gas. Cleanup personnel should protect against vaporinhalation and skin contact Before fixi. 3 a leak, use a water spray to reduce the concentration of gaseous ammonia around a leaking vessel. If acylinder is the source of a leak, remove it to a safe place in open air. Then, either repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty. If ammonia isliquified, isolate the hazard area and allow it to vaporize. Rapid neutralization of large amounts of ammonia is not advised since the heat generatedmay increase exposure of personnel. Do not release the water used during cleanup into sewers, drains, or surface water. Follow applicable OSHAregulations (29 CFR 1910.120).Disposal: Contact your supplier or a licensed contractor for detailed recommendations. Follow applicable Federal, state, and local regulations.EPA DesignationsRCR A Hazardous Waste (40 CFR 261.33): Not listedListed as a CERCLA Hazardous Substance* (40 CFR 302.4), Reportable Quantity (RQ): 100 Ib (45.4 kg) [* per Clean Water Act, Sec. 31 l(b)(4)]Listed as a SARA Extremely Hazardous Substance (40 CFR 355), Reportable Quantity: 100 Ib; Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ): 500 IbListed as a SARA Toxic Chemical (40 CFR 372.65)OSHA DesignationsListed as an Air Contaminant (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-l)______________________________________________________Section 8. Special Protection DataGoggles: Wear protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles, per OSHA eye- and face-protection regulations (29 CFR 1910.133).Respirator: Foflow OSHA respirator regulations (29 CFR 1910.134) and, if necessary, wear a NIOSH-approved respirator. For emergency ornonroutine operations (cleaning spills, reactor vessels, or storage tanks), wear an SCBA.Warning: Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.Other: Wear impervious gloves, boots, aprons, and gauntlets to prevent any skin contactVentilation: Provide general and local explosion-proof ventilation systems to maintain airborne concentrations below the OSHA PEL, ACGIHTLVs, and NIOSH REL (Sec. 2). Local exhaust ventilation is preferred since it prevents contaminant dispersion into the work area by controllingit at its source,0011 .. .. .... . . . . . .Safety Stations; Make available in the work area emergency eyewash stations, safety/quick-drench showers, and washing facilities.Contaminated Equipment: Never wear contact lenses in the work area: soft lenses may absorb, and all lenses concentrate, irritants. Remove thismaterial from your shoes and equipment Launder contaminated clothing before wearing.Comments: Never eat, drink, or smoke to work areas. Practice good personal hygiene after using thii material, especially before eating, drinking,smoking, using the toilet, or applying cosmetics. __ . __ "___ ____ ____ ____ ____Section 9. Special Precautions and CommentsStorage Requirements: Store cylinders or tanks in a cool, well-ventilated, fire-resistant location away from oxidizing agents, combustiblematerials, incompatible materials (especially chlorine, bromine, iodine, and acids), heat and ignition sources, and exit points. Special outside

___. .___ _ _ _ aseous vapor. Provide workers with training on safe handling. Do not use ammonia near heat and ignition sources. All engineeringsystems should be of maximum explosion-proof design and electrically grounded and bonded. Cylinders in use should be in enclosed cabinetsequipped with an individual air ventilation source to control accidental leaks. Do not use copper, brass, bronze, or galvanized steel in contact withammonia. Welded, not threaded,joints are preferred in ammonia service. Do not use brazed joints. Iron and iteel construction is preferred. Pipingshould be of rigid steel. Follow OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.11).

Transportation Data (49 CFR 172.101, .102)DOT Shipping Name: Ammonia, anhydrous IMO Shipping Name: Ammonia, anhydrous, liquified, orDOT Hazard Class: Nonflammable gas ' ammonia solutions, density (specific gravity) less than 0.880ID NOJ UN 1005 " _ . . _........ _.. _:_.:_ .. j at 15 "C, in water, containing more than 50% ammoniaDOT Label: Nonflammable gas IMO Hazard Class: 2.3DOT Packaging Requirements: 173.304,173314 IMO Label: Poison gasDOT Packaging Exceptions: 173.306 IMDG Packaging Group: -

ID No.: UN 1005MSDS Collection References: 1, 2-9,12,17, 19,20,24, 26,27,31,38, 73, 84.85, 87, 88.103,109,123,124,126,127.129,133,134,136Prepared by: MJ Allison, BS; Industrial Hygiene Review: DJ Wilson, CIH; Medical Review: MJ Hardies, MD________

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Material Safety Data Sheetfrom Genium's Reference Collection

Genium Publishing Corporation1145 Catalyn Street

Schenectady, NY 12303-1836 USA(518)377-8855 __________ GENIUM PUBLISHING CORP.

No. 360

(Revision B)Issued: March 1981Revised: November 1988

SECTION 1. MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION 27Material Name: FORMALINDescription (Origin/Uses): Used as a disinfectant; as a germicide and fungicide for plants andvegetables; to destroy flies and other insects; to manufacture phenolic resins (formerly used in homeconstruction but banned in 1982), artificial silks, cellulose esters, dyes, organic chemicals, glass mirrors. Formalin Formaldehydeand explosives; in improving fastness of dyes in fabrics; tanning and preserving hides; arid mordantingand waterproofing fabrics; also used in rubber latex applications and in embalming fluids. -Other Designations: Formal; Formaldehyde Solution; MorbicideManufacturer: Contact your supplier or distributor. Consult the latest edition of the ChemicalweekBuyers' Guide (Centum ref. 73) for a list of suppliers. -

SECTION 2. INGREDIENTS AND HAZARDS . %. EXPOSURE LIMITSFormaldehyde,' HCHO, CAS No. 0050-00-0

Methanol, CAS No. 006*7-56-1 - " '*See Comments in section 3. "-"•Methyl alcohol may be absorbed through intact skin, which contributes tooverall exposure.Comments: See NIOSH, RTECS (LP89250QO), for toxicity data on both freeformaldehyde gas and formaldehyae-in-watcr solution (formalin); see RTECS(PC1400000) tor toxictty data for the methinol stabilizer component offormiltn.

37 to 55

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OSHA PELs8-Hr TWA: 1 ppm15-MinSTEL: 2 ppm8-Hr TWA Action Level: 0.5 ppmACGIH TLVs, 1988-89

TLV-TWA: 1 ppm, 1.5 mg/mjTLV-STEL: 2 ppm, 3 mg/m1

OSHA PELs (Skin*)8-Hr TWA: 200 ppm, 260 mg/mj15-MinSTEL: 250ppm,3IOmg/mJACGIH TLVs (Skin*), 1988-89

TLV-TWA: 200 ppm, 260 mg/m1TLV-STEL: 250pm, 310 mg/m'

SECTION 3. PHYSICAL DATABoiling Point: 205'F (96"C) pH: 2.8 to 4.0 (Basic)Melting Point: <32'F (O'C) % Volatile by Volume: 37 to 55Specific Gravity 0 0 s 1): 1,0 to 1.15Appearance and Odon A clear, water white liquid; with pungent, characteristic, formaldehyde odor (detection level: ca 1 ppm).Comments: Commercial formalin solutions contain varying amounts of formaldehyde gas, meihanol, and water. Contact your supplierTor the specifications of the purchased product; the physical properties listed are representative values for the common 37%-by-weightformaldchydc-gas-in-watcr solution containing racthanol as a stabilizer.SECTION 4. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATAFlash Point: 122'F (50'Q* Auioignition Temperature: 795'F (424*C), Formaldehyde Gas LEL: 7%'* UEL: 73%**

•Determined for a formalin solution containing 37% formaldehyde and 15% methanol.Extinguishing Media: Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or "alcohol" foam to extinguish formalin fires. Use a water spray tocool fire-.cxposed containers, to flush spills awiy from sources of ignition, and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures. If free formalde-hyde gas us burning, direct fire-fighting operations toward stopping the How of this gas; use a water spray to protect personnel attempting todo so. Unusual Fire or Explosion Hazards: Formalin liquid itself presents a moderate fire and explosion hazard. The formaldehyde gasthai can be evolved from work operations is flammable. If the formalin solution is stabilized with methanol, take into account the increasedpossibility of flanunability associated with the methanol vapor. Special Fire-fighting Procedures: Wear a self-contained breathingapparatus (SCBA) with a full facepiece operated in the pressure-demand or positive-pressure mode."Mixtures of air and free formaldehyde gas are highly flammable; the wide range of explosibility is from 7 to 73%. Formalin is a combus-tible liquid. The flash point of a 37% formaldehyde ind 0% meihano! solution (a "37% raethanol-free solution") is 185"F (85"C). The flashpoint of formalin solutions decreases as the amount of methano! increases.___ _______________________________SECTION 5. REACTIVITY DATA ___________Formalin is sable during routine use and handling. It cannot undergo hazardous polymerization. Formalin solutions can undergo a nonhaz-ardous self-polymerixauon to form partformaldehye, which precipitates out of solution as an undissolved solid af. the bottom of the containerChemical Incompatibilities: Formaldehyde gas reacts dangerously with nitrogen dioxide, perchloric acid and aniline, and perfonnic acid.Atmospheric oxygen can oxidize formaldehyde to form corrosive formic a'cfd, especially when the formalin solution is heated. Strongoxidizing agents and active organic miterials such as phenol may promote unintended accidental polymerization reactions. Conditions toAvoid: Avoid direct contact with incompatible chemicals or exposure to sources of ignition. Afways establisji compatibility betweenformalin solutions and another material by testing small quantities of materialslo replicate the expected conditions of bulk operations.Hazardous Products of Decomposition: Toxic gases such as carbon mono~xide can be produced during formalin or formaldehyde fires.Warning: Formaldehyde can react with hydrogen chloride under certain atmospheric conditions to form bis (chloromethyl) ether, which iswidely recognized as a confirmed human carcinogen. Prevent accidental contact between formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride.____-

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No, 360 FORMALIN 8/88SECTION 6. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATIONCarcinogenisity: Formaldehyde is classified by the ACGIH as a group A2 (suspected human) carcinogeci; by the [ARC as a group 2S(probable human) carcinogen; and by the NTP as a group b (reasonably anticipated) carcinogen. Summary of Risks: Formaldehyde gas isirritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract (URT); coughing, difficulty in breathing, pulmonary edema, pneumonilis, andeven death can result from inhalation of high concentrations. Skin contact with strong formalin solutions or with formaldehyde gas havecaused primary skin irritation. Ingestion of formalin solutions causes corrosive gastritis with a high likelihood of perforation. Severe stomachpain, nausea, vomiting, coma, and even death can result. Approximately 2 ounces constitute a mean lethal dose of 37% formalin. Formalinsolutions splashed into the eyes have caused severe injury and corneal damage. Sensitive individuals may develop symptoms from anexposure that is as low as 0.05 ppm. Exposure at 10 to 20 ppm causes profuse tearing, a severe burning sensation; and cough; it can betolerated for only a few minutes. Medical Conditions Aggravated by Long-Term Exposure: None reported. Target Organs: Skin, eyes,URT. Primary Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, jhe formalin solution may Contain methanol that can be absorbed through the skin. AcuteEffects: Irritation of the eyes, skin, and URT. Chronic Effects: Cancer may be caused by chronic exposure ID formuldehvde gas. Furrruilinsolutions and resins that contain formaldehyde cause sensitization dermatitis. Sensiuzaiion to formaldehyde has been reported followingchronic low-level exposures resulting in asthmatic symptoms after minimal exposure. FIRST AID: Eyes. Immediately flush eyes, includingunder the eyelids, gently but .thoroughly with plenty of running water for at least 15 minutes. Skin. Rinse the area with water and then wash itwith soap and water, inhalation. Remove the exposed person to fresh air; restore and/or support his or her breathing as needed. Havequalified medical personnel administer oxygen as required. Ingestloh (applicable only to accidental ingestion of formalin solutions, notapplicable to formaldehyde gas): Never give anything by mouth to someone who is unconscious or convulsing. Begin immediate dilutionwith 4 to 8 ounces of water or milk. Get medical help (hi plant paramedic, community) for all exposures. Seek prompt medical assistancefor further treatment, observation, and support after first aid. Note to physician:. Severe inhalation exposures (ca 50 ppm) may cause pulmo-nary edema..Treatment for accidental ingestion includes a gastric Javage with water or saline until clear, followed by activated charcoal withsaline or sorbital catharsis. .Treat-exposed person for anion-gap acidosis; monitor blood methanol levels concurrently, The rapidly metabo-lized formic acid requires attention: treat for acidosis and use dialysis to remove the formic acid.SECTION 7. SPILL, LEAK, AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURESSpill/Leak: Notify safety personnel, eliminate all sources of ignition, provide adequate ventilation, and evacuate all nonessential personnel.Cleanup personnel need protection against skin contact with the liquid and inhalation of its vapor (see sect 8). Contain large spills andcollect waste. Neutralize the spilled formalin with aqueous ammonia or mix it with sodium sulfite. Wash the residues with dilute ammonia toeliminate vapor. Preventrunoff from entering streams, surface.waters, waterways, watersheds, and sewers. Preplan for emergency response.Waste Disposal: Consider reclamation, recycling, or destruction rather than disposal in a landfill. Waste formalin can be burned in an *approved incinerator. Approved landfills may accept properly neutralized formalin solutions. Follow Federal, stale, and local regulations.OSHA DesignationsListed as a specifically regulated substance (29 CFR 1910.1028),EPA Designations (40 CFR 302.4)RCRA Hazardous Waste, No. U122 - . - —- -----CERCLA Hazardous Substance, Reportable Quantity: 1000 Ibs (454 kg), per the Clean Water Act (CWA), Section 311 (b) (4), and theResource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRAX Section 3001.SECTION S. SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATIONGoggles: Always wear protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles. Where splashing of formalin solutions is possible, wear a full faceshield. Follow OSHA eye- and face-protection regulations (29 CFR 1910.133). Respirator: Wear a NIOSH-approved respirator per Gcniumreference 88 for the maximum-use concentrations.and/or_the exposure limits cited in section 2. Follow OSHA respirator regulations (29 CFfl1910.134). For.emergency or nonroutine operations (spills or cleaning reactor vessels and storage tanks), wear an SCBA. Warning: Air-purifying respirators will noi protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Other: Wear impervio1"; nitrile, butyl rubber, or Vitongloves, boots, aprons, and gauntlets, etc., to prevent excessive or prolonged skin contact. Ventilation: Install and operate general and localexhaust-ventilation systems powerful enough to maintain airborne levels of formaldehyde below the OSHA PEL standard cited in section 2.Design all ventilation systems to be explosion proof in order to minimize sources of ignition. These recommendations apply to work areaswhere either formaldehyde gas or formalin solutions are used- Safety Stations: Make emergency eyewash stations, safety/quick-drenchshowers, and washing facilities available in work areas. Contaminated Equipment: Contact lenses pose a special hazard; soft lenses mayabsorb'irritanEs, and all lenses concentrate them. Do not wear contact lenses in any work area. Remove contaminated clothing and launder itbefore wearing it again; clean this material from shoes and equipment. Other: Design all engineering systems in a manner that minimizessources of ignition such as open flame, uninsulated healers, etc. Electrically ground and bond all containers and equipment used in shipping,receiving, manufacturing, and sampling operations that involve formaldehyde or formalin to prevent static sparks that could start a fire orexplosion. Comments: Practice good personal hygiene; always wash thoroughly after using this material. Avoid transferring it from yourhands to your mouth while eating, drinking, or smoking. Do not eat, drink, or smoke in any work area. Avoid any direct contact withformalin solutions or formaldehyde. . .SECTION 9. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS AND COMMENTSStorage/Segregation: Store formalin solutions in insulated, closed containers in a coot, dry, well-ventilated area separate from oxidizingagents and alkaline materials. The minimum storage temperature required to prevent polymerization reactions and subsequent degradation ofthe formalin product ranges from 83'F (2S'C, or 37% formalin containing 0.05% methanol), to 29'F (-2'C, or 37% formalin containing 15%raeihanol). Special Handling/Storage: Control the inventory of formalin solutions. Protect formalin containers from physical damage.Before using this material in bulk operations, test a small quantity p_f it to ascertain its quality. Engineering Controls: Follow establishedsafety procedures during transfers of formalin. Comments: Train personnel who work with formaldehyde in its safe use and in properemergency response. Remove from further exposure any worker who exhibits signs of skin-sensitization reactions.Transportation Data (49 CFR I72.101-2)*DOT Shipping Name: Formaldehyde Solutions DOT Label: NoneDOT Class: ORM-A or Combustible Liquid ID NOs. UN1198 or UN2209

•Formalin solutions vary in their flasrTpoints and the capacity of their shipping containers; the DOT regulations vary accordingly.References: 1, 2, 26, 3.8, 84, 86-94, 100, 112.113. 1'14. 116. 117. 120. 122. _______________________ _

Judgments as lo the suit ability of information heron for purchaser's purposes arenecessarily purchaser's responsibility. Therefore, although reasonable care hasbeen Lalcen in the preparation of such information, Genium Publishing Corp.extends no warranties, makes no representations and assumes no responsibilityas to the accuiacy or suitability of such information for application topurchaser's intended purposes or for consequences of ils' use. _ 12

Prepared by PJ Igoe, BS

Industrial Hygiene Review: DJ Wilson, CIHMedical Review: MJ Hardies, MD; W Silverman, MD

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