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Arab Israeli Conflict Notes

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    1915: McMahnon declaration: independant arab state

    1916: Skypes-Picot: dived middel east between brtiain and France (secret) (Enflish: iraq andJoradan, France=Syria and lebanon, Plaestine= supposed international)

    1917: Balfour declaration: promises to jew by british of the creation of a state.

    The British Mandate for Palestine

    During World War I Great Britain captured part of the Middle East, including Palestine, from

    the Ottoman Empire. In 1917 the British had promised the Zionists a 'Jewish national

    home' in the Balfour Declaration, and on this basis they later were assigned a mandate over

    Palestine from the League of Nations. The mandate of Palestine initially included the area of

    Transjordan, which was split off in 1922 (see map).

    The Over promised Land!mercredi 5 octobre 2011

    13:18

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    http://www.mideastweb.org/mebalfour.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/mandate.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/mandate.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/mandate.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/mandate.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/mebalfour.htm
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    Map of the original British Mandate for Palestine and the parts ceded to Transjordan and

    Syria.

    Jewish immigration and land purchases met with increasing resistance from the Arab

    inhabitants of Palestine, who started several violent insurrections against the Jews and

    against British rule in the 1920s and 1930s. During the Great Revolt of 1936-1939 the

    followers of the radical Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini (a Nazi collaborator who

    later fled the Nurnberg Tribunal) not only killed hundreds of Jews, but an even larger

    number of Palestinian Arabs from competing groups. The Zionists in Palestine (calledthe Yishuv) established self-defense organizations like the Haganah and the (more radical)

    Irgun. The latter carried out reprisal attacks on Arabs from 1936 on. Under Arab pressure

    the British severely limited Jewish immigration to Palestine, after proposals to divide the

    area had been rejected by the Palestinian Arabs in 1937. Jewish refugees from countries

    controlled by Nazi Germany now had no place to flee to, since nearly all other countries

    refused to let them in. In response Jewish organizations organized illegal immigration (Aliya

    Beth), the Zionist leadership in 1942 demanded an independent state in Palestine to gain

    control of immigration (the Biltmore conference), and the Irgun committed assaults on

    British institutions in Palestine.

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    http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/Israel%20in%20Maps/The%20British%20Alteration%20of%20the%20Mandate%20-%201923http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/Israel%20in%20Maps/The%20British%20Alteration%20of%20the%20Mandate%20-%201923http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Arab_Revolt.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Haj_Amin_El_Husseini.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Yishuv.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/Haganah.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/1939.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/peelmaps.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/peelmaps.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Aliya_Bet.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Aliya_Bet.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/biltmore_program.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/biltmore_program.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Aliya_Bet.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Aliya_Bet.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/peelmaps.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/peelmaps.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/1939.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/Haganah.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Yishuv.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Haj_Amin_El_Husseini.htmhttp://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Arab_Revolt.htmhttp://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/Israel%20in%20Maps/The%20British%20Alteration%20of%20the%20Mandate%20-%201923http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/Israel%20in%20Maps/The%20British%20Alteration%20of%20the%20Mandate%20-%201923
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    Despite pressure from the USA, Great Britain refused to let in Jewish immigrants - mostly

    Holocaust survivors - even after World War II, and sent back illegal immigrants who were

    caught or detained them on Cyprus. Increasing protests against this policy, incompatible

    demands and violence by both the Arabs and the Zionists made the situation untenable for

    the British. They returned the mandate to the United Nations (successor to the League of

    Nations), who hoped to solve the conflict with a partition plan for Palestine, which was

    accepted by the Jews but rejected by the Palestinians and the Arab countries. The plan

    proposed a division of the area in seven parts with complicated borders and corridors, and

    Jerusalem and Bethlehem to be internationalized (see map). The relatively large number of

    Jews living in Jerusalem would be cut off from the rest of the Jewish state by a large Arab

    corridor. The Jewish state would have 56% of the territory, with over half comprising of the

    Negev desert, and the Arabs 43%. There would be an economic union between both states.

    It soon became clear that the plan could not work due to the mutual antagonism between

    the two peoples.

    Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 3

    http://www.mideastweb.org/181.htmhttp://www.mideastweb.org/181.htm
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    In favour, (33 countries, 59%):

    30 countries (54%) initially in favour:

    Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Costa

    Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican

    Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New

    Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Sweden, South

    Africa, Ukrainian SSR, United States, Soviet Union, Uruguay, Venezuela.

    An additional 3 (5%) switched to in favour:

    Haiti, Liberia, Philippines.

    Against, (13 countries, 23%):

    Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi

    Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen.

    Abstentions, (10 countries, 18%):

    Argentina, Chile, Republic of China, Colombia, El

    Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 4

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia
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    Salvador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mexico, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia.

    Absent, (1 country, 0%):

    Thailand

    CIVIL WAR IN PALESTINE NOV. 1947-MAY 1948

    1. With US policy unclear and the British trying ______ halfheartedly ______________ tomaintain order violence between Jews and Arabs escalated as both sides attempted tomaximize control prior to the British withdrawal in May 1948.

    2. Civil War dates from the UN General Assembly vote in November 1947 until May 1948when the British mandate _____ ended __________ and the state of ________ Israel__________was proclaimed.

    3. The Arab Higher Committee declared a general strike for December 1947, which wasaccompanied by wide spread violence. The British authorities tried to limit British casualtiesand both sides used ____terror________tactics.

    4. Up until April 1948 it was mainly the Arabs on the offensive attacking Jewishcommunities. However the Arabs were badly led and poorly _____organized________.

    Israel, ended, terror, organized, halfheartedly

    Arab Factional Rivalries

    1. In the north of Palestine the 5000 Arab ____ Liberation__________Army comprisingPalestinians and Syrians was led by Fawzi al Qawuqji.

    2. The exiled Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj al Husaynis supporters were led by Abd al-Qadr alHusayani in the area around Jerusalem.

    3. The Arab League funded the Arab Liberation Army but refused to finance resistanceforces associated with the ________ Mufti__________.

    4. The Arabs had never really recovered from the 1936-39 Arab Revolt and were about toembark on a war they were not prepared for. (Shlomo Ben-Ami Scars of War, Wounds ofPeace 2006).

    Mufti, Liberation

    The Zionists

    1. The Zionists were much better led, with a clear _________command structure________________.

    2. There forces were better trained with many having fought in___WW2______.

    3. The Haganah was transformed into a field army of 15,000 with divisions. In addition theLehi and _____Irgun______to a considerable extent coordinated their activities with theHaganah.

    4. Zionist leaders had drawn up _____ Plan Dallet____________or Plan D which aimed to

    Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 5

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina
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    take over areas designated by the UN as part of the Jewish state.

    5. Initially Zionist forces were on the defensive but from April Ben Gurion ordered theHaganah to go on the________ offensive______________.

    6. Ben Gurion had known since the Arab Revolt that a showdown had to come with Arabs.The irony then is that the Zionists who accepted the UN partition plan were prepared for afight while the Arabs who rejected partition and wanted a fight, were not prepared. (Ben-

    Ami)

    Irgun, WW2, Plan Dallet, offensive, command structure

    The Massacre at Deir Yassin April 1948

    1. On April 9th 1948 the Zionists committed one of the worst atrocities when the Irgun andLehi massacred between 100 and 200 Arabs at___________Deir Yassin ____________.Many were women and children. Some bodies were mutilated and thrown in wells.

    2. The Arabs retaliated and killed 80 Jewish doctors and _____nurses_________at Mt

    Scopus in Jerusalem.

    3. The attack on Deir Yassin occurred after the Haganah reached an agreement with thevillage. Why did the Zionists deliberately publicise the massacre? _______________________________________to scare off Palestinians___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    nurses, Deir Yassin

    The Mass Flight of Palestinian Arabs

    1. By May 1948 300, 000 Arabs had fled their homes for other parts of Palestine orneighbouring Arab states.

    2. Israel has subsequently claimed that______ _they left voluntarily_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    and because (allegedly) the Arabs left voluntarily _____ they had no right to ccome back andclaim their homes __________________________________________________________________________________________________

    3. The Arabs contest this version of events and argue that________ the Zionist sought toexpel the maximum arabs as possible_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Zionist Forces gain upper hand in the Civil War April-May 1948

    1. April-May 1948 saw the fiercest fighting of the Civil War. Both sides acquired heavier_________weaponry____________ such as tanks and artillery.

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    2. In the weeks before the _____ british___________left the Zionists took Tiberias, Haifaand Jaffa from the Arabs.

    3. Arab military operations were undermined by the __________death of al-Husseyni, lackof coordination, arab disunity___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    British, weaponry

    THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1948-49 OR THE NAQBA (CATASTROPHE)OR THE 1948-49 ARAB ISRAELI WAR

    1. On 14th May 1948 the British Governor Sir Alan Cunningham and British officials leftPalestine. At 4pm David _____ Ben Gurion_______________declared the establishment ofthe state of Israel.

    2. Ben Gurion became its first Prime Minister with Chaim Weizmann as its first_________

    president___________.

    3. Within 24 hours both the USA and USSR recognised Israel. Why did the Soviets do this?______________they saw it as a way to undermine britian and its arabs allies__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    4. On 15th May five Arab countries started to attack Israel. (Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Iraqand _____Lebanon______).

    5. On the face of it, it should have been a______walkover___________. 650,000 Jews

    against five Arab states and Palestinian Arabs.

    6. Why then were the Arab forces so weak?(a) At the start of the war Arab forces numbered 23,000 whereas the Israeli Defence Forceswere 30-40,000.

    (b) The Arabs were half hearted in their intervention. The leaders felt they had to attackIsrael to pacify their own____ people__________.

    (c) Syria and Jordan made little contribution to the ______ fighting___________.

    (d) Transjordan forces were the strongest having been trained by the British but King

    __________Abdullah _____________had been negotiating with the Zionists for some timeand wanted to absorb some Palestinian territory into his kingdom.

    (e) The other Arab leaders distrusted Abdullah and so this______undemined__________their war efforts. (King Abdullah of Transjordan was mistrusted by the other Arab leaders.He dreamed of leading a greater Arab state which would include Transjordan, Syria,Palestine and Lebanon. (He had been the only Arab leader to accept the UN partition plan-Source Al Jazeera website).

    President, Lebanon, Abdullah, walkover, people, fighting, undermined, Ben Gurion

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    Phase 1 of the 1948-49 War-15 May-11 June

    Fighting was fierce, particularly around Jerusalem and quite evenly balanced with the Arabshaving superior firepower with heavy artillery and airpower.

    Phase 2 of the 1948-49 War The Truce of 11 June-8th July

    UN mediator Count Bernadotte, arranged a truce. During this truce Ben Gurion brought in

    more weapons from Czechoslovakia and asserted his authority over the Irgun by bombing aship, the Altalena that was carrying in weapons from France. (One of the key leaders of theIrgun and later PM Menacham Begin was on board.)

    Phase 3 of the 1948-49 War 8th July-18th July

    The Israelis quickly gained the upper hand, breaking the siege of West Jerusalem, takingNazareth and Western Galilee, both areas that allocated to the Arabs under the UN plan.What then happened to many Palestinian Arabs?___________expelled______________________________________________________________________________________________

    What happened to the Arabs at Lydda?______________________death march, mass expultion__________________________________________________Phase 4 of the 1948-49 War The Truce of 18th July-15 October and the Bernadotte Plan

    A second truce was agreed to and Count Bernadotte tried to negotiate a peace settlementbetween the sides. It would have involved the Jews giving up some land they taken fromArabs and allowing Arabs to return home.\What happened to Count Bernadotte and his plan?________________________________________________________________________

    ________________________________________________________________________

    Phase 5 of the 1948-49 War 15th October 1948-January 1949

    Fighting recommenced when Israelis attacked Egyptian forces in the desert. By January1949 it looked like the Israelis were poised to secure all of the Negev, including the Gazastrip. However, why did Ben Gurion call a halt to the fighting?___________________did not happen_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    When hostilities ended in Jan. 1949 who had won? Evidence?

    __________________________Israle (+25 land)______________________________________________A series of ceasefire agreements was arranged by UN mediator Ralph Bunche and thecombatants. (Iraq did not sign a ceasefire like the other Arab states but it did withdraw itsforces.

    Where were demilitarized zones established?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Egypt took over the Gaza strip, one of the few remaining parts of Arab Palestine and

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    Transjordan occupied the West Bank including old Jerusalem (East Jerusalem).

    In 1950 King Abdullah announced his annexation of the West Bank and renamed hiskingdom Jordan. He was assassinated by a Palestinian Arab in 1951 on the steps of one ofthe holiest places for Muslims, the al Asqa Mosque. (His grandson, Hussein was shot but thebullet was deflected by a medal. Because his father was mentally ill, Hussein became Kingat the age of 17. Source-Al Jazeera website.)

    What were the effects of the war for Arabs and Palestinians?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    The agreements between Israel and the Arab states were only temporary. The UN set up thePalestine Conciliation Commission but this failed totally.

    The Arab states refused to contemplate a peace treaty with Israel unless the Israelis allowedthe Palestinians to return to their homes. What was Israels reply?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Why did the Israelis Win?1. The Arab armies suffered from low motivation and a lack of coordination. They werealso often coming from far away. An exception to this was the successful expulsion of theHaganah from East Jerusalem. The Arab leaders did not send sufficient forces. (Ben-Amip.39).

    2. Eventually 100, 000 Jews were enlisted to fight 17% of the population of Jews inPalestine. (Ben-Ami p.39).

    3. The Jews also won because of their higher motivation. They were fighting for their very

    survival. They had everything to lose ___ and everything to win______________________________

    The Arab armies did not have this same motivation. However Arabs were motivated by afear of attack from outsiders and the image of Saladin fighting Richard the Lionheart and thecrusaders was invoked by Arabs. (Ben-Ami p.40)

    4. As we have seen Arab leaders often had their own agendas, such as Egypts King Faroukto grab land and Abdullah of Transjordan.

    5. The Jewish Haganah, well trained and highly motivated fought very well and localcommanders were given autonomy to come up with solutions for dealing with the Arab

    armys attacks.

    6. Ben Gurion was a very good leader in the crisis and his offensive strategy worked well.(Come up with a mnemonic for these reasons)

    Find out the definitions for these words:Nakba= the disaster

    Eretz Israel= land of isreal

    Plan D= ?

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    Haganah= fighting jew force

    Jewish Agency= zionisit orgainsation

    Lehi

    Stern Gang= extremist Zionist fighters

    Irgun= extremist Zionist fighters

    Arab League

    Yishuv= Zionist fightes

    UN Resolution 181= partition plan

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    Compare and contrast the views about israeli advantages during the 1948 conflict expressed in sources

    B and C

    mercredi 16 novembre 2011

    13:19

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    THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISRAELI STATE

    POLITICAL STRUCTURE

    1. The new Israeli state was a republic with a president. The parliament (Knesset) was and stillis elected by a system of __________________representation. This means a plethora of_______________ parties and coalition governments. Ben Gurions coalition government was acoalition of six parties.

    2. From 1948-1974 the Mapai Party was the predominant force with all PMs of that time comingfrom Mapai. David Ben Gurion (__________), Moshe Sharett 1953-55, David Ben Gurion again1955-63), _________ ____________1963-69, Golda Meir ___________.3. Mapai was ___________________and rooted in mainstream Zionism.

    4. In the 1970s a bloc of right wing parties formed into the Likud, led by Menachim Begin.Begin was PM from 1977-83. Likud wanted a more forceful and uncompromising foreignpolicy.

    DIFFERENT JEWISH GROUPS

    1. The Eastern and Central European Jews who formed the ______________of the Jewishpopulation were known as Ashkenazim.

    2. The Jews who came from Arab states and were pushed out because of____________ wereknown as Sephardim. Their ancestors had come from Spain and Portugal but had been pushedinto the Middle East and North Africa. (There were Sephardim elsewhere though such as theUSA, Italy).

    3. There was often some hostility between the different groups and as the Sephardim had tooften leave their possessions behind, they had to rely on _____________from the Jewish state.

    4. Sephardim often had to work in unskilled, ____collar jobs and there was some resentmenttowards the Ashkenazim.

    persecution, welfare, blue, majority

    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1948-55

    1. There had been very little development of light _____________before 1948.

    2. Oil and _________were set to become contentious issues with Israels Arab neighbours.

    lundi 21 novembre 2011

    08:12

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    3. Israel was heavily reliant on outside help (mostly the USA). After the end of fighting in 1949the American Import Export _________agreed to provide Israel with loans of $90 million.

    4. Private donations, particularly from _______________Jews continued to be important.

    5. In 1951 and 1952 US donations dropped off and Israel had to ask the US Government to_______________its debts.

    6. Fortunately for Israel, in 1952 the West German Government agreed to provide compensationfor the suffering of the Jewish people. A Reparations Treaty gave Israel 3 Billion DM over 14years, mostly in goods. However extreme Zionists attacked the deal because it was with thecountry responsible for the ___________________________.

    7. Agricultural development, transport, housing and __________________needed to bedeveloped.

    8. Agriculture was and still is a key component with citrus fruit and cotton being very important.More ______________________(cooperative farms) were established.

    9. A lack of natural resources and large _________________budgets also drained Israelsresources.

    10. The Histradrut had started out as a type of union for workers but became very powerful inIsrael. It was a large _________________that owned banks, trading agencies and otherbusinesses.

    American, Bank, water, reschedule, employer, defence, kibbutzim, infrastructure,Holocaust, industry

    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1956-67

    1. After the Suez Crisis there was sustained economic growth. The ______________increasedfrom 1.7 million to 2.4 million.

    2. ______increased at an average rate of 6.5%.

    3. Irrigation and development of the Negev Desert in the south of Israel led to new towns andfarms. ________and Beersheba were created and the Israeli Government embarked on acontroversial programme to divert the waters of Lake Galilee and divert them to the desert in thesouth.

    4. However, economic problems continued. High spending on defence (10%) GNP, highunemployment led to emigration, large trade deficits, ______________between the Sephardicand Ashkenazi.

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    5. However, a greater problem was the resentment of Palestinian Arabs who _____________12% of the population.

    GNP, Eilat, tension, comprised, population,

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    DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS: PALESTINIAN DIASPORA AND JEWISH

    IMMIGRATION

    1. By 1949 over 730,000 Palestinian refugees had fled from Israels new borders into the

    remaining areas of Arab Palestine or neighbouring ____Arab states_______ ______________.

    2. 130,000 Arabs remained living in the new state, mainly in the____north___________.

    3. While the argument over whether incidents like _________Deir Yessin

    ___ __________________were a deliberate policy or not, it soon became Israeli policy not to

    allow the Palestinians the right to return. (Cannon 2009)

    4. 470,000 went to refugee camps in the ______Gaza_____Strip (under Egyptian control) or

    the West Bank, Arab Palestine now under Jordanian control.

    5. _______ 280,000_____lived in Lebanon, 75,000 in Syria, 350,000 in Jordan 97 000 in the

    West Bank). Smaller numbers lived in Egypt and Iraq.

    6. The Palestinian refugees remained in ____ camps _________because they were intent on

    returning home to Palestine.

    7. Jordan was the only Arab state to ________ give citizenships

    ____________________________________

    ____________________________________________________.

    Gaza, 280,000, Arab states, north, 97,000, camps, Deir Yessin

    The Absentee Property Law 1950

    1. Why had the Israeli Government order the destruction of 80% of Arab villages by the early

    1950s?_____________________________ to make space for jews

    ____________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    2. What is the Israeli Parliament called?

    ______________________________knesset

    _____________________________________________

    3. What did the Absentee Property Law state of 1950 state?

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________ you cannot come back

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    ________________________________________

    4. 80% of the land was placed in the hands of government custodians. What could the

    custodians do?_______________________ ________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    6. What happened to Arabs who remained in Palestine?

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    7. How did the UN attempt to help the refugees initially?

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    8. In December 1948 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that all refugees

    who wished to return home should be allowed to and if they did not then they should be

    compensated. It was clear the Israeli Government was against this. Why do you think this was?

    _____________________________________ Zionist

    ______________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    9. At Lausanne in France in 1949 Israel did agree to 100,000 Palestinians being repatriated.

    However Israel only made this offer because it was under intense US pressure to do so. Even

    so, the Arab nations at the conference rejected this offer as too little. This was to be the

    distinguishing characteristic of the Arab-Israeli tragedy. The minimal requirements of the

    parties for a settlement always fell disparately short of meeting each others vital conditions.

    (Ben-Ami p. 51) What do you think this means?

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    10. Some have argued (Malcolm Kerr, Avi Shlaim) that peace may have been achieved if the

    Israelis had simply allowed large numbers of Palestinians to return. Ben-Ami argues that this is

    totally unrealistic because it goes against the twofold ethos of Zionism. Zionism was all about

    (a) gathering as many Jews as possible into a viable state with as small an Arab minority as

    possible and (b) land. Peace was certainly desirable but not at the expense of these principles.

    What do you think of his argument? What implications do you think this has for the Middle

    East today?_______________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

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    ___________________________________________________________________________

    11. Ben-Ami points out that there are still the old Israeli historians who defend Israels case and

    argue that Israel was prepared to make peace but were rebuffed by the Arabs. However he

    argues that they miss the point. Peace was not a priority for the Israelis, settling the land and

    absorbing immigrants was. (p51) Willing peace and making it can be two entirely different

    things; the question is always the price one is willing to pay What was the price that Israel

    was not prepared to pay?

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    12. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) was set up in

    December 1949. It aimed to provide shelter irrigation and work schemes for Palestinian

    refugees. As the issue looked like it was going to become a permanent problem education,

    health and job opportunities were paid for out of the UN budget.

    The Law of Return 1950

    1. Israels population grew rapidly as the government encouraged immigration. The ___

    knesset __________passed the law of return which guaranteed the right of any Jew to Israeli

    citizenship. 300,000 came from central and eastern Europe 1948-51-only 2000 from the US.

    2. In its first three years, Israels ________ population _______increased by 100%.

    3. In the early period immigration was equally spread between European and non European

    Jews but many of these immigrants were poor and a burden on the states resources. The law

    was amended in 1952 so that in practice, immigrants who were not an asset to Israel

    economically or militarily were debarred from moving to_______ Israel ________.

    Israel, population, Knesset

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    THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISRAELI STATE

    POLITICAL STRUCTURE

    1. The new Israeli state was a republic with a president. The parliament (Knesset) was and stillis elected by a system of ____proportional ___representation. This means a plethora of_______different________ parties and coalition governments. Ben Gurions coalitiongovernment was a coalition of six parties.

    2. From 1948-1974 the Mapai Party was the predominant force with all PMs of that time comingfrom Mapai. David Ben Gurion (_48- 53 _), Moshe Sharett 1953-55, David Ben Gurion again1955-63), ___levi eskol ______ ____________1963-69, Golda Meir __63-69_________.3. Mapai was _______socialist ____________and rooted in mainstream Zionism.

    4. In the 1970s a bloc of right wing parties formed into the Likud, led by Menachim Begin.Begin was PM from 1977-83. Likud wanted a more forceful and uncompromising foreignpolicy.

    DIFFERENT JEWISH GROUPS

    1. The Eastern and Central European Jews who formed the _____ majority _________of theJewish population were known as Ashkenazim.

    2. The Jews who came from Arab states and were pushed out because of_____ persecution_______ were known as Sephardim. Their ancestors had come from Spain and Portugal but hadbeen pushed into the Middle East and North Africa. (There were Sephardim elsewhere thoughsuch as the USA, Italy).

    3. There was often some hostility between the different groups and as the Sephardim had tooften leave their possessions behind, they had to rely on ______ welfare _______from theJewish state.

    4. Sephardim often had to work in unskilled, __ blue __collar jobs and there was someresentment towards the Ashkenazim.

    persecution, welfare, blue, majority

    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1948-55

    1. There had been very little development of light _____ industry ________before 1948.

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    2. Oil and __ water_______were set to become contentious issues with Israels Arabneighbours.

    3. Israel was heavily reliant on outside help (mostly the USA). After the end of fighting in 1949the American Import Export ___ bank______agreed to provide Israel with loans of $90 million.

    4. Private donations, particularly from _____ americain __________Jews continued to beimportant.

    5. In 1951 and 1952 US donations dropped off and Israel had to ask the US Government to_____ reschedule __________its debts.

    6. Fortunately for Israel, in 1952 the West German Government agreed to provide compensationfor the suffering of the Jewish people. A Reparations Treaty gave Israel 3 Billion DM over 14years, mostly in goods. However extreme Zionists attacked the deal because it was with thecountry responsible for the ___ holocaust ________________________.

    7. Agricultural development, transport, housing and _____ infrastructure _____________neededto be developed.

    8. Agriculture was and still is a key component with citrus fruit and cotton being very important.More _____ kibbutzim _________________(cooperative farms) were established.

    9. A lack of natural resources and large ______ defence___________budgets also drainedIsraels resources.

    10. The Histradrut had started out as a type of union for workers but became very powerful inIsrael. It was a large ______ employer___________that owned banks, trading agencies andother businesses.

    American, Bank, water, reschedule, employer, defence, kibbutzim, infrastructure,

    Holocaust, industry

    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1956-67

    1. After the Suez Crisis there was sustained economic growth. The ______gnp________increased from 1.7 million to 2.4 million.

    2. ____POPULATION __increased at an average rate of 6.5%.

    3. Irrigation and development of the Negev Desert in the south of Israel led to new towns andfarms. ____Eilat ____and Beersheba were created and the Israeli Government embarked on acontroversial programme to divert the waters of Lake Galilee and divert them to the desert in thesouth.

    4. However, economic problems continued. High spending on defence (10%) GNP, high

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    unemployment led to emigration, large trade deficits, ____ tension __________between theSephardic and Ashkenazi.

    5. However, a greater problem was the resentment of Palestinian Arabs who _____comprised________12% of the population.

    GNP, Eilat, tension, comprised, population,

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    Please answer the questions based on the Suez Crisis from the book 20th Century World History-canon-

    electronic version.

    1. What changes in leadership was there in the Middle East region from 1950-55? (p. 110 paper page)

    Radicalization of Arab nationalism and ideologies. Criticism of the old ruling class by the people.Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated and replaced by his grand son Hussein.

    Lebanon's PM assassinated

    Syria: military coups

    Algeria: revolt against the French

    Egypt: no monarchy, nasser

    2. Why was King farouk of Egypt overthrown?

    Incompetent, lazy, dissolute playboy life, colaboration with the Uk but more important: faillure in 1948

    against Israel

    3. Who headed the government in 1952 and then who took over in 1954?

    1945: Nasser 1952: Naguib

    4. Why was Nasser popular in Egypt?

    charismatic young fervent nationalist leader, fought in 1948 and good reforms

    5. Who were the Fedayeen and what di they do?

    6. How did Israel respond?

    raided a village in jordan, killed 69 villager while the fedayyen killed 2 israelies

    7. Why did relations between Egypt and Israel, Britain and France deteriorate in 1955? (p.110)

    isolating nasser, nasser suporting revolt in algeria,

    8. What was the Non-Aligned Movement?

    countries not in the two blocks

    9. Why were "alarm bells ringing" in Washington and London?

    10. What did Nasser do with China that angered the USA?

    accepted weapon and money (?)

    11. What did Nasser do on 26 July 1956?

    nationalized the suez canal

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    Britain and France forced to withdraw by UN pressure. Eden retired from politics in 1957, Mollet resigned in the same yearBritain and France reputation internationally damaged

    Middle East influence severely reduced.

    Eisenhower concerned about declining Western influence in the Middle East, as the USSR had improved relations with Egypt and Syria

    o Israel had taken over the Sinai easily, demonstrated its military might, enhancing its sense of security

    o Withdrew from Sinai in 1957, but destroyed Fedayeen bases.

    o UN peace keeping troops in Gaza strip and at Sharm el-Sheikh to prevent incursions into Israel

    o Straits of Tiran declared an international waterway. Nasser agreed with Eisenhower in secret that he would cease to

    interfere in Israeli shipping.

    Israel came out in much better shape

    Nasser emerged the hero of the Arab world, having stood up to the West.

    Nasser had closer ties with USSR they provided money to build Aswan dam.

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    1 billion dollars in aid, between 1958 1964. These good relations did not last long, when President Johnson came into office he was

    more sympathetic to Israel as he resented Nassers backing of the rebels during the Congo Civil War.

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    ARABISM AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE PALESTINELIBERATION ORGANISATION (PLO)

    1. Historian Peter Mansfield argued that the immediate years after Suez Crisis saw Arabexpectations of the imminent triumph of the cause of unity at their highest but that suchaspirations were inevitably doomed to failure. Why were they doomed to failure?p. 34 booklet.They were to differnt and there common points were not enough to unite them__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    2. How did Nasser interpret Arabism?

    ________________ Social Arabism, Egypt at the head of other countries: leader of middel eastbut not real political union, non belonging to the differnt bloks________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    3. Arabism developed significantly as a reaction to Ottoman influence. The key to Arabconsciousness was the search for self determination and independence although there were (andare fundamental disagreements about how this was to be achieved and interpreted.

    4. The defeat of the Ottomans had raised hopes but the occupation by British and French forceshad upset many Arabs and Arabism took a more radical direction among intellectuals in the

    1930s. Michel Aflaq, a Syrian, was the founder of Baathism, which attempted to combinesecular Pan-Arab nationalism with socialism. (Cannon et.al. 117.)

    5. Later this Arab nationalism became more closely aligned to Islam to give their nationalism astrong historical dimension.

    6. What helped to keep the Arab cause unified was their hostility to the Jews. but ironicallyArab divisions have helped to ensure the survival of Israel. Explain this point.___________ No real war, conflicting territorial aims; mistrust led to limited troopsengaged_________________ all dsagreed how to deal with israel and palestinian problems______________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    7. In the 1950s a radical, Arab Nationalist movement developed which was not Marxist butfostered social progress and Arab unity. Nassers attempts at Arab socialism included thenationalization of basic industries, social welfare programmes and attempts to improve the livesof peasants. He presented his programme as a third way, between communism capitalism.(p.119 Cannon).

    8. As early as 1956 the Syrian Baath Party was calling for union with Egypt. The CIA wasinvolved in plotting to overthrow the Syrian Govt. but did not succeed. The US threatened Syria

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    and attempted to enlist other nations such as Turkey to attack Syria. This only strengthenedSyrian-Egyptian ties as Nasser sent troops to Syria as an act of Arab brotherhood. Nassersreputation had never been so great. (p. 260 Charles Smith Palestine and the Arab IsraeliConflict.)

    9. At first Nasser was somewhat reluctant to join with Syria and preferred really to just controlSyrias foreign policy. However to some extent he was a victim of his own success. To rejectunification with Syria would mean rejecting Arab unity, the very cause at the heart of Arab

    nationalism. (p. 261 Charles Smith Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict.)

    10. The United Arab Republic (UAR) was established on February 1st 1958.

    11. Who was alarmed at this? (p. 34 booklet)____________ Israel and the Western powers as well as conservative arab powers such as Iraqor jordans____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    12. In July 1958 what happened that shook the Middle East? Why was the US concerned?(p.34 booklet.)

    ______________ The Iraqui govt and monarchi was overthrown and replaced with a nationalistand socialist gvt, the US was concerned cause Arab countries were going leftwards__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    13. However, the Syrian-Egyptian merger only lasted 3 years until 1961. There were a numberof reasons for this.

    a) Nasser had refused to share power with the Syrian Baath Party. Instead Egyptians were

    allotted key positions in the government.

    b) In 1961 when Nasser tried to nationalize the economy, Syrians were opposed as the economyhad essentially remained capitalistic.

    c) Most Syrians backed their countrys withdrawal from the UAR. (p.261 Smith)

    d) Some Muslim traditionalists also opposed Nasser.

    e) The Syrians also criticized Nasser for being too soft on Israel and failing to help thePalestinians.

    14. Despite a coup in Syria that brought the Baath Party back to power in 1963, negotiations tobring about a new UAR came to nothing as neither country wanted to subordinate sovereignty toanother. (p.267 Smith).

    15. More conservative Arab states such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan remained suspicious ofNasser. Nasser backed a revolutionary faction fighting monarchists supported by Saudi Arabiain Yemen. The civil war tied down 40,000 Egyptian troops (half of Nassers army) until 1967.Nasser was hoping to cement his stature in the Arab world but instead Yemen is sometimesknown as Nassers ___Vietnam______________. (p.35 booklet)

    16. Disputes over water had grown due to Israels decision to divert water from its Lake Tiberias

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    to irrigate the Negev desert. This would reduce Jordan River water available to Jordan south ofLake Tiberias.

    17. In 1964 at a conference in Cairo the Arab nations agreed to projects in Syria to divert waterfrom tributaries into Lake Tiberias. These actions led to attacks from Israel on Syrianconstruction sites in 1965 and 1966.

    18. Nasser did not want a war with Israel in 1964 and worked with Jordan and Saudi Arabia to

    get the Arab states to reach a decision against war.

    19. Another key result of the Cairo Conference of 1964 was the creation of the Palestine__________liberation___________ ______organization __________________in 1964 (PLO).It was to represent Palestinians and strive toward the liberation of Palestine. It was alsodecided to have a Palestine Liberation Army (PLA). However what did Arab states believe wasthe real role of the PLO and its first president Ahmad Al Shuquairy? (p.37 booklet)__________ To strive towards liberation but more to pacifyplaestinians______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    FATAH

    1. When was Fatah created?_______ 1958 _________________________ (p.36 booklet)

    2. Before Fatah, how had Palestinians expressed their opposition to the loss of their land?_________________and Terrorist raids_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    3. Do you think this had been successful? Explain.___________________________not so much

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    but it did have imapcts_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    4. What did Fatah stand for and who founded it?_________________________________________________________________________________________

    5. What was the difference between Fatah and George Habashs Arab National Movement?Arab National Movement= Arab unity before palestinianj libertationFatah= palestinan liberation!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    6. Why was Nasser hostile to Fatah?__

    7. Syria was the main backer of Fatah. It launched 39 raids from Jordan into Israel-mainly onthe new Israeli water project.(without Jordanian approval).

    8. In 1966 an even more radical faction of the Baath Party took control in Syria under SalahJadid.

    9. The Syrians were very much involved in stirring up tensions. They derided the JordansKing Husayn. The Syrians hoped to radicalize Arab society and bring Nasser into their sphere.Husayn was armed primarily by the USA (as was Israel) and he had barred the PLO and Fatahfrom recruiting in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan. Smith, p.273.

    How do you think Syrian propaganda would have portrayed King Husayn of Jordan?________________________________________________________________________________________________________ As a friend of jews, Americain puppet, old school monarch________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    10. Nasser announced he would seek to liberate Palestine in a revolutionary manner and not in

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    a traditional way. He hoped such rhetoric would endear him to radicals yet was still vagueenough so as to avoid a major confrontation with Israel. (He had said in 1965 that he had noplans to liberate Palestine. Smith p.273.Can you explain this contradiction?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    11. In November 1966 he signed a mutual defence treaty with Syria and diplomatic relationswere restored between the two countries.

    12. In November 1966 the Israelis carried out a major retaliatory strike against the town ofSamua on the West Bank. Jordanian troops were ambushed and suffered high casualties.

    13. King Husayn of Jordan was caught between the Israelis and the Syrians. Unable to stopFatah raids from Jordan, unable to counter Israeli attacks and unable to maintain credibilityamongst his Palestinian subjects.

    14. As 1966 ended, what conclusions can you make about Arab unity?

    _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________not really, separated___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    15. Fatahs attacks were one of the key causes of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. A war was whatSyria and Arafat wanted to provoke.

    (However there is an old saying be careful what you wish for because it might actually cometrue!)

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    24 hours Israeli jets destroyed the-

    forces of four of their Arab

    assured themselves-

    ghbours

    one of the most decisive military strikes in any-

    victory in the war

    Israeli miltary strategy planned years before by Yitzhak Rabin. At-

    Begining of the war forces balanced-

    (Israeli Defence Forces) numbered just over 250 000combat soldi-number of tanks being evenly balanced. In-

    Arab states had numerical superiority-

    pilots lacked the training and skill of the Israelis.-

    IDF ground forces advance to Sinai and defeat the Egyptian army.-

    Egypt had over 1 5 000 casualties, lost 800 tanks and over 300 airc

    accepted a cease-fire.

    -

    Jordan had been attacked, with the IDF advancing to the-

    coninflict a

    Jordan River and into the West Bank and Jerusalem. King Husseins

    well-trained army proved no match for the Israelis and, three days

    after the opening air campaign, the city of Jerusalem and all of the

    West Bank lay in Israeli hands. The seizure of Jerusalem, the capital

    of the ancient kingdom of Israel, was an emotional moment for many

    but represented a humiliation for the Arab cause. By this time, the

    outside world and in iarticular the Soviets and Americans were

    rapidly trying to bring about a ceasefire and prevent further damage.

    On 9 June, Israel struck Syrias Golan Heights and within 24 hours

    took the territory, by which time a UN-sponsored cease-fire came

    into effect. It had been a stunning victory for Israel and another

    major turning point in the Middle East conflict.1967 6 DAY WAR

    LONG TERM CAUSES

    1. There were many long term causes. Many of these were left over from the 1948-49 War and

    the __Suez ________War of 1956.

    2. The Arab states felt a sense of ______ Humiliation ____________at their earlier failures.

    3. The continuing plight of Palestinian refugees and the Israelis opposition to_____

    concessions______.

    4. Superpower intervention with the USA providing weapons to Israel and the USSR to Egypt,

    __ Syria ______and Iraq.

    5. Neither superpower wanted their ally to go to war. The USSR supplied more equipment to

    the Arabs but it was mostly of a defensive nature. ____ American __________weapons were of

    a higher quality than the Soviets.

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    Suez, American, concessions, Syria, humiliation

    SHORT TERM CAUSES

    1. As we have seen, the militancy of the Baathist regime in Syria was causing tensions in the

    region. (BAATH=B)

    2. Fatahs attacks on Israel escalated tension. The Israeli attack on Samu in the West Bank also

    contributed to tension. (Some Israelis argued that this attack ordered by Israeli PM Eshkol wascarried out to rehabilitate Eshkols reputation as a defender of Israel. He had had a major

    falling out with Ben Gurion who had left the Mapai Party because many in it like Eshkol and

    Golda Meir felt that the military had too much influence on government.) In any case this

    attack had major implications. It made the Jordanians think Israel was set to seize the West

    Bank and so pushed Jordan towards the idea of joining an Arab alliance. (Smith

    pp.274-276) (ATTACKS=A)

    3. The role of outside powers was also important. After JFKs assassination in 1963 Lyndon

    Johnson continued to strongly support Israel. His affection for Israelis was partly based on his

    religious upbringing and knowledge of the Old Testament, as well as his view that the Israelis

    were a frontier people-a modern day version of the Texans fighting the Mexicans. (Smith

    p.278). (LBJ=L)

    4. Johnson provided aid to Jordan and the Saudis but also gave tanks to Israel. This was the

    first time the US had provided truly offensive weapons to Israel. (Smith p.278). (OFFENSIVE=O)

    5. The USSR saw growing US support for Israel as an opportunity for them to influence Arab

    nations. They were also competing with the Chinese to be seen as the defender of developing

    nations. Israeli complaints about Syrian support for cross border terrorist attacks were blocked

    in the Security Council. Soviet supplies to Egypt, Iraq and Syria exceeded those of the US to

    Israel and probably bolstered Nassers confidence of a war with Israel. However, quality is

    more important than quantity and here, the Israelis had the advantage. (Smith p.279). In

    particular the Israelis had the edge in attack fighter aircraft and long range bombers. (USSR=U)

    6. There were increasing border clashes between the Syrians and the Israelis, partly over

    Israels water diversion scheme. In the Golan Heights the Israelis and Syrians exchanged

    artillery and tank fire. The Syrian president, Nureddin al Attassi declared Syrias support for a

    war of liberation. (Smith p. 279). (SYRIA=S)

    7. Syrian-Israeli air and artillery battles over the demilitarised zone below the Golan Heights

    left 6 Syrian planes destroyed in April 1967. (Combine this point on Syria with the one above.)

    8. Jordans King Hussein was under growing pressure from Arab nationalists both inside and

    outside of Jordan. There were large scale Palestinian demonstrations in Jordan. (JORDAN=J)

    9. Although Nasser gave public speeches attacking Israel it seems he did not want a war. On 13

    May a secret message was given from the USSR to Nasser warning of huge Israeli troop

    movements on the Syrian border. The report was false but Nasser took it as real. Egypt hadsigned a defence deal with Syria in Nov. 1966. (There is some debate about whether this was a

    genuine mistake by Moscow or a plan to get Nasser to back his own ally.) (REPORT=R)

    10. According to Ben-Ami, Nasser trapped himself with his own rhetoric. Many Arabs saw him

    as the new Saladin, the Arab hero who had battled the Crusaders (p.102). Indeed the struggle

    was presented as a fight against invaders. Even though he may not have wanted war, Nassers

    rhetoric was leading him to it. (SALADIN=S)

    11. On 14th May Nasser sent two tank divisions into the Sinai Desert. On the 17th May Egypt

    demanded a total withdrawal of all UN peacekeepers from the Sinai. U Thant, UN Secretary

    General complied immediately and Egyptian forces started taking up positions on Israels

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    border. (UNITED NATIONS =UN)

    12. On the 20th May Israel ordered a full mobilisation of forces. On the 22nd May Egypt closed

    the Straits of Tiran to all sea traffic going to and from Israel. (STRAITS=S)

    13. On 30 May Jordan signed a defence pact with Egypt, placing Jordanian forces under

    Egyptian control. (However Jordan had just broken off relations with Syria so the Arab world

    was hardly united!) (Combine this point with Jordan above.)

    14. Levi Eshkol was under immense pressure by the military in Israel to go to war. The Cabinet

    voted not to go to war on 28th May, partly because President Johnson was trying to do a dealwhereby he could get the Straits of Tiran opened again. However, Eshkol succumbed to

    pressure and he brought in right wing politicians to his government. He appointed Moshe

    Dayan (hero of the 1956 War) as Minister of Defence and Menachem Begin as Minister without

    portfolio. (ESHKOL=E)

    15. The Israeli Government learned on 2nd June that Nasser had agreed to send his Vice

    President to Washington to try and come up with a diplomatic solution to the crisis. The Israelis

    did not care for this. As the Foreign Minister Ebban said, it was a face saving compromise-and

    the face to be saved was Nassers not Israels. For us the importance of denying Nasser

    political and psychological victory had become no less important than the ...issue of navigation

    (of the Straits of Tiran). Smith p. 283. (EGYPTS FACE SAVING MISSION=E)

    16. The Israeli head of Mossad flew to the US and met with Pentagon and CIA. Officials. Hewas assured of US support so the Israeli cabinet approved Dayans attack plan for the 5 th June.

    The Chief of Staff in charge of the operation was Yitzhak Rabin.

    (MOSSAD MEETING =M)

    So, mnemonic for the short term causes of the 6 day War=

    U BOSS JERUSALEM

    JORDAN under pressure

    USSR

    SYRIA-border clashes/planes

    LBJ involvement

    UN withdraws

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    MOSSAD meeting

    BAATH in Syria

    ESHKOL under pressure

    EGYPTIAN Face Saving Mission

    SALADIN-Nasser is the new Saladin

    STRAITS of Tiran closed

    OFFENSIVE weapons from US

    ATTACKS from Fatah

    REPORT from Russians false

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    CONSEQUENCES OF THE SIX DAY WAR

    1. Israel lost 769 soldiers killed. Arab states did not release _____ figures_______but estimates

    range from 10,000 Egyptian deaths up to 20,000.

    2. Israel had made its borders much more secure. It had taken the Sinai from Egypt, the Golan

    Heights from Syria and the West Bank and Jerusalem from Jordan. It was now three times the

    size of its pre 6 Day War___ size________.

    3. Israel now had 1.1 million Palestinian Arab refugees under its control. 600,000 in the West

    Bank, 70, 000 in Jerusalem and 350,000 in___ Gaza___________.

    4. 350,000-400,000 refugees were _____ expelled _______or fled.

    5. Nasser announced that he would resign but popular demonstrations called for him to stay inpower. He did, but his prestige was certainly____ damaged ___________. He died in 1970 and

    was never the force he had been.

    6. 600 homes were demolished to ensure Jews could have security and pray at the Western

    ____Wall ______ _in__ ________Jerusalem__________________.

    Wall in Jerusalem, Gaza, damaged, figures, size, expelled

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    ISRAELS STANCE FOLLOWING THE SIX DAY WAR

    1. Despite promising the US that Israel would not hold onto territorial gains, the Israelis were

    not about to give up their new acquisitions. Israeli politicians were __ united ____________in

    their belief that East Jerusalem be incorporated into Israel.

    2. Other territories though would be more controversial. Eshkol and Ebban (For. Min.) wereprepared to _negotiate _____________directly with the Arabs for an Israeli withdrawal from

    occupied territories if they recognised Israel.

    3. Politicians on the right such as ___Begin _ ___________wanted to permanently hold onto

    the territories and build settlements. Between 1967 and 1973 16 settlements were built on the

    West Bank and 4 in the Sinai. The Israelis also constructed the Bar Lev Line, which was a system

    of fortifications on the east bank of the Suez Canal.

    4. As time went on even the left such as _____ Golda Meir ____ ________and the Labour

    Party agreed to retaining Gaza, Sharm El Sheikh and the Golan Heights (and of course

    Jerusalem.)

    Begin, united, negotiate, Golda Meir

    THE ARABS STANCE FOLLOWING THE SIX DAY WAR

    1. The war was a disaster for the Arab world. Not surprisingly they were ____ divided

    ________on how to respond.

    2. Jordan and Egypt favoured negotiations through the UN in order to achieve Israeli

    withdrawal from the occupied territories and in reply make a de facto ______

    recogintion__________of Israel.

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    3. The Arab states met at _______khartoum_____________in 1967 and resolved on the Three

    Nos. No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel. However

    they did refer to political efforts at the international and diplomatic level to secure Israels

    withdrawal.

    4. In 1967-68 they were somewhat willing to negotiate on the basis of

    UN_______resolution___________ 242 but after Israeli opposition Nasser turned to force.

    5. Egypts standing in the Arab world had declined somewhat and in the Khartoum Conference

    of 1967, King Feisal of Saudi Arabia persuaded Nasser to withdraw troops from Yemen. Faisal

    also used his growing influence to promote ______Muslim_________unity rather than just

    Arab unity.

    Khartoum, divided, Resolution, recognition, Muslim

    THE UNITED NATIONS STANCE FOLLOWING THE SIX DAY WAR-

    RESOLUTION 242.

    1. In November 1967 the UN passed resolution 242 in response to the war. Both the USSR and

    the USA were pushing for their allies to enter into negotiations

    2. The resolution called for the termination of all claims or states of belligerency and

    acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every

    state in the area.

    3. The Israelis were happy with this because it addressed the Arab refusal to recognise Israel.

    Of course the Arab states found this resolution unacceptable.

    4. Palestinians were also angry that the resolution only said that there should be a just

    settlement of the refugee problem. Why do you think this was? Wouldnt that be a good

    thing?_____________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

    THE WAR OF ATTRITION 1968-70

    1. In October 1968 Egyptian artillery shelled Israeli positions in the Sinai and Egyptian soldiers

    carried out raids ion Israeli positions. The period March 1969 to August 1970 are regarded as

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    the War of Attrition but these attacks in 1968 were the precursor to this. What does attrition

    mean?

    _______ a struggle in which you harm your opponent in a lot of small ways, so that

    they become gradually weaker__________________________________________________________________________

    2. During this War of Attrition the Egyptians bombarded Israeli positions. They hoped to create

    conditions conducive to an attack across the Canal and establish a limited bridgehead in theSinai which they could then use as a bargaining chip in diplomatic negotiations.

    3. Both sides were using the newest technology from their Superpower sponsors. The Soviets

    put pressure on Nasser to recognise Resolution 242 and in return he was given so much Soviet

    aid that by Oct. 1968 he had more equipment than at the start of the Six Day War!

    4. Israeli retaliation wiped out Egypts protective air defence missile systems. Israeli jets flew

    over the pyramids in an effort to embarrass Nasser and cause his overthrow.

    5. However, this backfired as Nasser went to Moscow and received not only more weapons but

    Soviet combat personnel and technicians. By March 1970 a new SAM (Surface to Air Missile )system was established and Russian pilots were flying missions.

    6. The Israeli air force were again restricted to the Canal Zone and lost many planes that

    summer.

    7. In August 1970 both sides agreed to a ceasefire.

    THE SUPERPOWERS STANCE FOLLOWING THE SIX DAY WAR

    1. After the end of the Six Day War Johnson announced his Five Principles for an Arab Israelipeace settlement. What were they?

    1._________________________________________________________________________

    2._________________________________________________________________________

    3._________________________________________________________________________

    4._________________________________________________________________________

    5._________________________________________________________________________

    2. Both Superpowers were concerned at the escalation of tension and worked together on

    what would become UN Resolution 242. The Rogers Plan was an attempt to cool the tensions

    of the War of Attrition.

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    3. Rogers was the US Secretary of State in Nixons first term. He proposed a plan whereby

    Israel would largely withdraw from the territory it gained in 1967 and there would be joint

    Jordanian-Israeli control of Jerusalem. Rogers also believed in enlisting the support of the

    Soviets.

    4. However, internal rivalries within the Nixon Administration caused problems with this.

    Obviously the Israelis were incensed and angry at the proposals. Nixon assured the Israeli PM

    Golda Meir that the proposals would not be enacted. He was supported in this by HenryKissinger, his National Security Adviser. Nixon liked to use backchannel communications to

    bypass the Dept. of State.

    5. Kissinger wanted to exclude the USSR from the negotiations. He encouraged Israeli hostility

    to it because he believed a Middle East peace could only be achieved when the Arabs broke off

    contact with the USSR.

    6. Both the USA and USSR continued to arm their client states. In 1968 the US had sold Israel

    50 Phantom fighters and as we have seen the USSR gave aid to Egypt but also Syria. 10,000

    Soviet advisers were in Egypt by 1973. The heavy Soviet presence in Egypt was of great concern

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    to the USA.

    IMPACT OF THE SIX DAY WAR ON THE PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE

    MOVEMENT

    1. Many Palestinians felt they could no longer rely on the Arab states. In 1967 Shukairys

    leadership of the PLO was ______________and he was forced to stand down in 1967.

    2. Fatah was now even more influential among Palestinians. The new charter of the PalestineNational Council stated that Armed struggle is the only way to liberate Palestine and that the

    PLO aimed to destroy the ______________and imperialist presence.

    3. Yasser Arafat attempted to emulate the guerrilla campaigns of the Algerians and the

    _________________to show Palestinian resistance. In 1967 Fatah launched attacks on Israel

    from the West Bank.

    4. The Israelis responded with an attack on the village of Karameh in Jordan in March 1968.

    300 Fatah fighters were killed. However, the Israelis had also taken many casualties in the

    fighting and Arafats reputation as a leader was made in the____________ for Karameh. (It

    means honour in Arabic). To many it seemed that Arafat could do what Nasser had not done!

    5. In 1969 Arafat became head of the PLO and remained so until his death in 2004. There wereother Palestinian rival groups such as George Habashs Popular Front for the Liberation of

    Palestine (PFLP) and another ________________group from the PFLP called the Popular

    Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP). This factionalism undoubtedly

    weakened the Palestinian cause. Fatah tried to remain on good terms with all Arab states.

    Zionist, breakaway, Vietnamese, Battle, discredited

    PALESTINIAN ATTACKS

    1. The PFLP, angered at a Swiss courts sentencing of 12 Palestinian terrorist suspects blew up

    a_________________ flight bound for Tel Aviv in 1970. All 38 passengers and 9 crew memberswere killed.

    2. In September 1970 the PFLP hijacked three planes and landed them in Jordan. 400

    passengers from the planes (TWA, Swissair and BOAC) were taken hostage. They then blew up

    the planes but freed the________________.

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    3. At lod Airport in Israel, ________________gunmen working for Palestinian terrorists opened

    fire in the terminal and killed 27 people.

    4. At the 1972 Munich Olympics a group of Palestinian terrorists known as _________

    September killed 11 Israeli athletes and officials.

    Japanese, Swissair, Black, hostages

    PLO-JORDANIAN TENSIONS

    1. Because so many refugees were now living in camps in Jordan they were almost like a state

    within a state. Fatah acted like a government, collecting taxes from the refugees, running the

    camps and ______________young men to fight.

    2. The PLO and Jordans King Hussein had diametrically opposed views. The PLO wanted to

    destroy Israel and create a Palestinian state. Hussein saw this as impossible and undesirable.

    Hussein wanted to get the West Bank back for Jordan although he would have considered

    granting it ____ _______within Jordan.

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    3. The more radical Palestinian groups such as PFLP and PDFLP wanted to overthrow Hussein.

    The exploding of the hijacked planes in 1970 took place 20 minutes from

    Husseins_____________. This brought tensions between the PLO and Jordan to a head.

    4. During September of 1970 (sometimes known as Black September) pitched fighting took

    place between Palestinian and Jordanian forces. Refugee camps were shelled where many of

    the organisations had their _______________________. 3000 were killed and 11,000 were

    wounded.

    Palestinian armed fighters kept a watch on the surroundings of the Ajloun castle where they had taken up position, onDecember 22, 1970,

    5. To support the Palestinians_________ had attacked Jordan with tanks but were repulsed by

    the Jordanians.

    6. Intense negotiations brokered by Nasser led to a ceasefire between Jordan and the PLO. The

    strain probably finished off Nasser and he died on Sept. 28 1970. (He had suffered from

    _______________for a long time.)

    7. Fighting broke out between the Palestinians and Jordan in 1971 and so Jordan expelled the

    PLO. They went to Lebanon and caused some destabilisation there as raids were carried out on

    Israel. The Israelis made retaliatory strikes e.g. Israeli forces landed near Beirut in 1973 and

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    killed 3 Fatah members.

    Syria, recruiting, diabetes, headquarters, palace, self-rule

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    October War 1973 Course and Consequences

    1. The attack on Israel came on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. Israel totally __________

    underestimated ________the military capabilities of the Arab states.

    2. After huge Arab gains that rattled the Israelis, the Israelis battled back and regained their lost

    territory and a bit more. Israel appeared to be on the brink of inflicting a huge defeat on the Arabs

    when a _______ cease fire ___________was negotiated with pressure from the USA and USSR.

    3. On 6th October 1973 the Egyptians broke through the Bar Lev Line. Only 600 Israeli reservists were

    guarding. What does this show about the Israelis? (P.51 Oxford).

    That they were over confident and not expecting an attack

    4. SAM missiles held off the Israeli Air Force and in the Golan Heights, ____ Syrians_________ forces

    overwhelmed the Israelis.

    5. The Israelis dealt with the threat from Syria first as fierce fighting ensued. On the 9th October the __

    Russians _________flew in massive amounts of supplies to the Syrians and Egyptians.

    6. ______Israel _________requested supplies from the USA but they did not arrive until 14 th October.

    7. By 11th October, Israel had recaptured the Golan Heights and was advancing towards the Syrian

    capital of_______ Damascus __________.

    8. General Ariel _____Sharon _____________attacked the Egyptian army and crossed the Suez Canal to

    cut the Egyptian Army in half.

    9. On the 17th

    October ___ OPEC __________ (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries), raisedthe price of oil by 70% and announced a cut in supplies to countries that supported Israel.

    10. After Nixon announced $2.2 billion aid package to Israel, OPEC cut of oil exports to the USA and

    Netherlands. Why the Netherlands?

    11. On 19th October Brezhnev invited Kissinger to _____ Moscow____________where they agreed

    jointly to call for a ceasefire and negotiations for a peace settlement.

    12. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 338 calling for an immediate_____ cease

    fire______________, the implementation of Resolution 242 and discussions for a comprehensive peace

    settlement.

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    13. The Israeli army ignored this and continued to cut off the Egyptian 3rd Army.

    14. On 24th October Sadat asked the USSR and USA to intervene to enforce a ceasefire. Brezhnev

    declared the USSR would go it alone and send in forces if the USA did not agree. It was not clear if this

    meant military force or peacekeepers and Nixon ordered the US armed forces onto their ________

    highest ________state of alert.

    15. The Soviets seemed surprised by this and backed down considerably. Israeli and Egyptian officers

    then began ceasefire talks in the Sinai.

    USSR, Israel, Syrian, highest, Damascus, Sharon, OPEC, ceasefire, underestimated, Moscow, ceasefire

    CONSEQUENCES OF THE OCTOBER 1973 WAR

    CONSEQUENCES FOR ISRAEL

    1. Despite Israeli armed forces ending up in a very strong position, threatening Damascus and on the

    west bank of the Suez, Israeli confidence had been severely shaken by the early setbacks.

    2. Conversely, despite Arab setbacks in the later part of the war, they had shattered the Israeli

    reputation for invincibility.

    3. Israeli losses of men and equipment were much greater than in previous years. Approx. 2700 Israelis

    were killed. Israel became even more dependent on the USA financially and militarily. In 1971 US aid to

    Israel equalled $71 million; by 1974 it was nearly $2.6 billion.

    4. The war undermined political support for the Labor Party. The PM, Golda Meir and Defence Minister

    Moshe Dayan, resigned in 1974.

    5. In the next Israeli election, Labors vote shrank from approximately 40% to 25%.

    6. In contrast, Menachem Begins right wing Likud party increased their share to 33%. Begin became

    PM in 1977.

    CONSEQUENCES FOR EGYPT

    1. Estimates of Arab losses vary-Peter Mansfield suggests 15,000 soldiers for Egypt and 7000 for Syria.

    2. Sadats prestige in the Arab world was enhanced greatly and he was emboldened to push his plan for

    closer links with the USA. He wanted to use these links with the US to gain a peace deal with Egypt.

    3. Sadat expelled Soviet advisers and liberalised the economy somewhat.

    4. Sadat worked closely with Kissinger.

    THE ARAB OIL WEAPON

    1. A key reason why the US wanted to reach a peace settlement after the 1973 War was the effect of

    the Arab oil weapon. The ban on exports to the West lasted from October 1973 until spring 1974.

    The trebling in oil prices severely harmed all Western economies.

    2. In 1945 Middle East oil accounted for 7% of the world supply. By 1973 it accounted for 38%.

    SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY

    1. Kissinger preferred discussions with individual countries. A multi-party conference in Geneva in

    December 1973 had failed.

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    2. Kissinger embarked upon shuttle diplomacy whereby he visited Egyptian and Israeli leaders over

    time in an effort to reach a deal. He brokered a deal which allowed a prisoner exchange and then 2

    more deals called Sinai 1 and Sinai 2.

    3. Sinai 1(Jan 1974) saw Israel withdraw from the east bank of the Suez and limited Egyptian

    deployments east of the canal.

    4. Sinai 2 (Sept. 1975) involved a further Israeli withdrawal beyond the Mitla and Geddi Passes.

    Kissinger and President Ford (Nixon resigned in 1974) had to exert huge pressure on the Israelis to agree

    to Sinai 2. These agreements made it possible for Egypt to rebuild towns in the Canal Zone, reopen theSuez Canal and retrieve the Sinai oilfields.

    5. Another agreement was brokered between Israel and Syria in which Israel pulled back from part of

    the Golan. A DMZ was established. Relations between Egypt and Syria worsened. He accused Sadat of

    selling out fellow Arabs for a peace deal and closer ties with the US.

    THE PLO

    1. At a meeting of Arab leaders in 1974 the PLO was declared to be the sole legitimate representative

    of the Palestinian people.

    2. In November 1974 Arafat was invited to address the UN General Assembly. In the speech hecondemned Zionism and spoke of a future Palestine where Jews and Arabs could live in peace.

    He said Today I have come bearing (please complete the quote p. 56. Oxford)

    The General Assembly passed resolution 3236 declaring that Palestinians had the right to national

    independence and sovereignty and the right to return to their homes and property from which they have

    been displaced.

    Might be because of OPEC lobbying and pressure

    3. The PLO was given observer status within the UN and a resolution was passed that declared Zionism

    to be a form of racism and racial discrimination. Why were there more pro-Palestine resolutions in

    the General Assembly?

    4. However, do these resolutions really help the Palestinian people?

    No because the Israelis do not care

    5. The PLO was becoming a major force in Lebanon. By 1975 Palestinians comprised 20% of Lebanons

    population. Continued attacks by the PLO into Israel led to Israeli retaliations. The PLO wanted to

    prevent an Egyptian Israeli peace deal. Why? To keep war afgaisnt Israel by the arab power as an option

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    October War 1973 Course and Consequences

    1. The attack on Israel came on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. Israel totally __________

    underestimated ________the military capabilities of the Arab states.

    2. After huge Arab gains that rattled the Israelis, the Israelis battled back and regained their lost

    territory and a bit more. Israel appeared to be on the brink of inflicting a huge defeat on the Arabs

    when a _______ cease fire ___________was negotiated with pressure from the USA and USSR.

    3. On 6th October 1973 the Egyptians broke through the Bar Lev Line. Only 600 Israeli reservists were

    guarding. What does this show about the Israelis? (P.51 Oxford).

    That they were over confident and not expecting an attack

    4. SAM missiles held off the Israeli Air Force and in the Golan Heights, ____ Syrians_________ forces

    overwhelmed the Israelis.

    5. The Israelis dealt with the threat from Syria first as fierce fighting ensued. On the 9th October the __

    Russians _________flew in massive amounts of supplies to the Syrians and Egyptians.

    6. ______Israel _________requested supplies from the USA but they did not arrive until 14 th October.

    7. By 11th October, Israel had recaptured the Golan Heights and was advancing towards the Syrian

    capital of_______ Damascus __________.

    8. General Ariel _____Sharon _____________attacked the Egyptian army and crossed the Suez Canal to

    cut the Egyptian Army in half.

    9. On the 17th

    October ___ OPEC __________ (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries), raisedthe price of oil by 70% and announced a cut in supplies to countries that supported Israel.

    10. After Nixon announced $2.2 billion aid package to Israel, OPEC cut of oil exports to the USA and

    Netherlands. Why the Netherlands? Because thats where most European fuel was processed

    11. On 19th October Brezhnev invited Kissinger to _____ Moscow____________where they agreed

    jointl


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