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VOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE Man civilisations, settlements

and

Broad characteristics

: -RC 015 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IE C T U R E 1E C T U R E 1

. . .R S H R U T I H K A P U R. .R S H R U T I H K A P U R

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STRUCTURE OFPRESENTATION

HOW IT STARTED SETTLEMENTS EVOLUTION HISTORICAL PERIODS

THE TRIO MESOPOTAMIA,EGYPT,INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUR

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WE HAVE HAD A HISTORY OF HAVE S AND HAVE

NOT S

IN HISTORY WE MAY REFER TO EVOLUTION OF

EVERYTHING STARTING FROM THE UNIVERSE TO THE

.OLD CITY IN A PRESENT DAY METROPOLITAN CIVILISATION HAS ORIGINATED FROM civitas

MEAN ING ETTLEMENTS .IN LATINFROM TIMES IMMEMORIAL WE HAVE BEEN TRAPPED

IN THE CENTRE OF A TRIANGLE COMPRISING

OF , .OLITICS ECONOMICS AND RELIGION

POLITICS ECONOMICS

RELIGION

MAN

HOW IT STARTED

NATURA

L

RES

OUR

CES

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HOW IT STARTED

POLITICS ECONOMICS

RELIGION

MANNATU

RAL

RESO

URCE

S

THE VARIOUS ERAS GENERALLY REFER TO THE MATERIAL USED( / )Generally the kind of material used Money Barter System

. ,THE HUMAN EVOLUTION WAS DONE BY 8000 BC BY THEN THE-FUNDAMENTAL UNIT AMILY .HAD EMERGED

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SETTLEMENTS

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STONE AGE

The term "Stone Age" was used by archaeologiststo designate this vast pre-metallurgic periodwhose stone tools survived far more widelythan tools made from other (softer) materials.

The subdivision into the Palaeolithic, Mesolithicand Neolithic periods. These three periods arefurther subdivided. In reality, the succession ofphases varies enormously from one region (and

culture) to another, indeed, humanitycontinued to expand into new areas evenduring the metal ages.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic

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PALEOLITHIC PERIOD 9000 BC Earliest stage of human culture for which we have

evidence. WOOD FIRE .Hunting and collecting vegetablesECONOMY Food gathering , , WINDBREAKS BEEHIVE CAVE STRUCTURES , .No agriculture no domestication of animals ( )Skin clothes No Textile

( )Stone utensils No metals ,Bone Wood and Stone tools made by chipping (CORE)TOOLS from simple rock

v FLAKE TOOLS Flake knocked off from the corev //BLADE TOOLS core prepared by striking off long

.edged bladesv - , , ,Principal implements axes scrapes points long

.blades with roughly parallel edges ,No knowledge of social organisation religion and

intellectual life except late cave painting and(burials indicate belief in magic Life after

)death - , /Our knowledge based upon Implements animal

.human bones

WINDBREAK HUT

LADE TOOLSORE TOOLS

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HELTER AND HABITATHELTER AND HABITAT,Around 2 million years ago Homo

habilisis believed to have-constructed the first man made

,structure in East Africaconsisting of simple

arrangements of stones to hold.branches of trees in position A

similar stone circular

arrangement believed to bearound 500 thousand years old,was discovered at Terra Amata

, .near Nice France Several humanhabitats dating back to the

Stone Age have been discoveredaround the globe

,A structure with a roof supported with timber discovered in Dolni Vestonice, TheCzech Republic, , .dates to around 23 000 BC The walls were made of packed clay blocks

& .stones

.Many huts made of mammoth bones were found in Eastern Europe and Siberia The.people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters Examples have been found along

, , ,the Dniepr river valley of Ukraine including near Chernihiv in Moravia Czech Republic and in.southern Poland

, ,An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to 10000 BC in the Magdalenian was, .discovered at Plateau Parain France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolni_Vestonicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolni_Vestonicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paulnabrone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolni_Vestonice

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MESOLITHIC PERIOD(8000-5000BC)

Disappearance of ice sheets and Paleolithic Period.

ECONOMY-partly modified in some parts with influence ofnew climatic condition.

Big Animals on which Paleolithic man dependeddisappeared.

Ice retreat opened new regions for new settlements. Stone implements of much smaller sizes preferred

Also Geometric shapes used (Mieroliths)

Movement of People in this age.

Invention of grinding Stone in Late Mesolithic

Domestication of animals before pottery 6000 BC in Iran, Iraq, Mesopotamia

5000 BC in Europe

Period lasted for several thousand years until Neolithic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpg

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NEOLITHIC PERIOD (5000-2000BC)

Marked by 3 significant inventions-Universal adoption of techniques for

Producing food

Grinding stone

Making pottery

Result- MAN STOPPED TO BE A NOMAD Assured food supply made man SEDENTARY

and led to population growth -

SETTLEMENTS in new areas.

Changed conditions made possible Accumulation of possessions.

Election and satisfaction of new needs.

Leisure for invention and speculation

Growth of large settlements ,communitiesand cities.

STONEHENGEnternational trade and eventually establishment of political,nits larger than traditional city Increase in dependencyn local self sufficiency

, - ,ns single chambered were graves with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly larg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ggantija_Temples_(1).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ggantija_Temples_(1).jpg

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The Neolithic, New Stone Age, was characterizedby the adoption of agriculture, the so-calledNeolithic Revolution, the development ofpottery, polished stone tools and morecomplex.

The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000BC in the fertile crescent. Agriculture and theculture it led to spread to the Mediterranean,the Indus valley, China and Southeast Asia

Due to the increased need to harvest and processplants, ground stone and polished stoneartifacts became much more widespread,

including tools for grinding, cutting, andchopping. The first large-scale constructionswere built, including settlement towers andwalls.

These show that there was sufficient resourcesand co-operation to enable large groups to

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic

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STONE HENGE

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CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD

Begin using Copper but stone stillprincipal implement

Village transform into towns

Cultivation to oxen and plough farming

Development of Art of CopperMetallurgy

4500 -3500BC in Ancient Near East

Around 2500 BC in Europe

R O N Z E A G ER O N Z E A G E /C o p p e r B ro n ze a s g e n e ra l

&m a te ria l fo r to o lsW e a p o n s

Iro n n o t kn o w n

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg

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IRON AGE

Iron replacing Bronze as principal element forimplements and weapons

Rare eg. Of early ornaments made of ferrous originknown

Beginning of this age coincides with Christian Era and

Birth of Mohammed

T h e Iro n A g e in e a ch a rea e n d s w ith th e b e g in n in g o f th e

, . .h isto rica l p e rio d i e th e lo ca l p ro d u ctio n o f a m p le w ritte n

. , ,so u rce s T h u s fo r in sta n ce th e B ritish Iro n A g e e n d s w ithth e R o m a n C o n q u e s t

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Pottery of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages

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EVOLUTION OFARCHITECTURE

Endeavour of man to protect from rough weather/changingseasons ~ Mother of Architecture.

VITRUVIUS - Imitate nests of birds & lairs (den) of beasts ,commencing with arbour of twigs covered with mud thenhuts formed of branches of trees covered with turf.

OTHER HISTORIANS Three types of primitive dwellings

Caves/rocks occupied for hunting , fishing

Hut for the agriculturist and

Tent for those leading a nomadic life.

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EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENTS

WATER

TOPOGRAPHY

AGRICULTURE /FOOD

ORIENTATION

SURPLUS

GRAINS CATTLE

MONEY

MANPOWER

S o m e o f th e e sse n tia ls fo r u p co m in g o f a civilisa tio n:a re

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EVOLUTION

THE VARIOUS ERAS GENERALLY REFER TO THEMATERIAL USED (Generally the kind of materialused Money /Barter System)

THE HUMAN EVOLUTION WAS DONE BY 8000 BC.

BY THEN, THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT-FAMILYHADEMERGED.

PALEOLITHIC AGE

NEOLITHIC AGE

BRONZE AGE IRON AGE PLASTIC AGE

000 BC 000 BC 150BC000BC 000AD

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HISTORICAL PERIODS Ancient history

Mesopotamia (3500 BC - 559 BC) Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC - 1300 BC) Old Kingdom (Egypt, 3000 BC - 2000 BC) Middle Kingdom (Egypt, 2000 BC - 1300 BC) Shang Dynasty (China 1800 BC - 1200 BC)

Vedic Period (India 1500 BC - 500 BC) New Kingdom (Egypt, 1550 BC - 1070 BC) Zhou Dynasty (China 1200 BC - 500 BC) Ancient Greece (Greece and Near East, c.

3300 BC- 31 BC, (However had settlementsas far back as 9000BC)

Jomon period (Japan 800 BC-400 BC) Ancient Rome (509 BC - 476) Yayoi Period (Japan 400 BC - 300) Kofun Period (Japan 300- 600) Migration Period (Europe 200 - 700)

Middle Ages (Europe, 4th century - 15thcentur )

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CIVILISATION

A civilization is a society or culture group normally definedas a complex society characterized by the practice ofagriculture and settlement in towns and cities. Comparedwith other cultures, members of a civilization arecommonly organized into a diverse division of labor and

an intricate social hierarchy. "Civilization" is often used as a synonym for the broader

term "culture" in both popular and academic circles.Every human being participates in a culture, defined as"the arts, customs, habits... beliefs, values, behavior and

material habits that constitute a people's way of life Every society, civilization or not, has a specific set of ideas

and customs, and a certain set of items and arts, thatmake it unique. Civilizations have even more intricatecultures, including literature, professional art,

architecture, organized religion, and complex customsassociated with the elite.

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ARCHITECTURE &CIVILISATION

Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and theRoman Colosseum are cultural symbols, andare an important link in public consciousness,even when scholars have discovered much

about a past civilization through other means.Cities, regions and cultures continue to identifythemselves with (and are known by) theirarchitectural monuments.

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THE TRIO

The three large alluvial systems of the Tigris-Euphrates, the Nile and the Indus supportedthree great ancient civilizations which formed apart of a unified economic system

T h e ra d le o f civiliza tio n is a n y o fth e p o ssib le lo ca tio n s fo r th e e m e rg e n ce o f

.civ iliza tio n It is u su a lly a p p lie d to th e A n cie n tN e a r E a ste rn C h a lco lith ic ( ,Ubaid period

),N a q a d a cu ltu re e sp e cia lly in th e e rtilerescent ( ),Levant and Mesopotamia b u t

a lso e x te n d e d to site s in A n a to lia a n d th e,Pe rsia n P la te a u b e sid e s o th e r A sia n cu ltu re s

,situ a te d a lo n g la rg e riv e r v a lle y s n o ta b ly th e

n d u s R iv e r in In d ia nu b con tin e n t a n d h e Ye llo w.ive r in C h in a

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MESOPOTAMIA

Of the three great civilizations, that of Mesopotamia (first theSumerian and later the Babylonian and Assyrian) is both theearliest in origin and in many ways the best understood,accessible through archaeology and through writtendocuments.The Mesopotamian culture though separated fromus by more than 4,000 years, the inheritance of ancient Sumercan still be recognized in today's traditions.

Since many of the practices and beliefs of Sumer were passed onto the Babylonians and Assyrians and hence throughcontact and deliberate borrowing to the Hittites, thePhoenicians and finally the Greeks, some have reachedtoday's culture.

Specific traits that we can trace back to Sumer include, in the field ofmathematics, positional numeration where the valueof a number is determined by its position in asequence of numbers (as in the decimal system),and the sexagesimal system by which we divide theclock and the circle, and in the world of religion, theconcept of the creative power of the divine word andthe story of the Universal Flood.

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MESOPOTAMIAN -EGYPTIAN

In Sumer there were 15-20 large cities, each surroundedby smaller towns, villages and hamlets.

Urban conglomerations of populations, monumentalarchitecture and writing were all in existence by 3500

BC In Egypt we do not know of any cities of the early period,

but the later pattern was one of a few major cities andboth medium-sized and small settlements in between,arranged in this case in a linear pattern (imposed by

the nature of settlement along the single valley of theNile, in contrast to the pattern arising in the dual riversystem of Mesopotamia or the multi-river system ofthe Indus area)

Mesopotamian cities, with their winding lanes and their

appearance of having grown up as circumstancesrequired, without benefit of a preconceived town plan

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INDUS VALLEY & HARRAPAN

Writing is not knownbefore the matureHarappan phase

(dated 2500 BC)

, ,In th e In d u s a re a b y co n tra st to S u m e rth e re w e re tw o e n o rm o u s m e tro p o lises a n d

,a h o st o f sm a lle r se ttle m e n ts w ith n o-m e d iu m size d to w n s in b e tw e e n

,T h e citie s lo o k rig id a lm o st m ilita ry lo o kin g

la y o u t o n th e ir g rid iro n p la n

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SIMILARITIES

There were contacts betweenMesopotamia and the other two areasbut these had no more than

peripheral influence, affecting someaspect of the style of the developingcivilizations.

What similarities exist are all on theconceptual level: the practice ofirrigation agriculture, the existence ofcities, of monumental art and

architecture of writing the use of