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ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the...

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
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Page 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

Page 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from geologic materials.

The raw materials used by our early man would have consisted of stone, bone, clay, fiber, metal, shell, textiles, skins, hair, hide, and wood.

Of these stone and clay have attracted the most archeological interest and has provided the foundation for classification of many prehistoric cultures.

Why?

Mostly because bone, fiber, and hide do not survive well in the archaeological record and metals required smelting which is a technology that came into use in SW Asia only 5000 years ago and in the Americas only 2000 years ago.

 

Page 3: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

So what do we do with this raw material?

One of the main things we want to do with raw materials identified at an archaeological site is to determine is provenance.

What’s the different between provenance and provenience?

Page 4: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Provenience vs Provenance

Provenience is a common archaeological term referring to the exact 3D location at which an artifact was recovered within its matrix. Without knowing Provenience the artifact has little value.

Provenance is the origin of the raw material used to make the artifact that was discovered.

Provenance studies do not address where an artifact was manufactured, but simply where is the source of the raw material used to manufacture the artifact.

Page 5: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

What are some materials commonly found in the archaeological record?

Page 6: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Stone

When many people hear the word stone they often think of rocks and minerals.

Let’s begin with some basic definitions:

Rock

Mineral

Stone

 

Page 7: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Rock

Rocks are specific aggregates of one or more minerals that occurs commonly enough to be given a name (limestone, granite, etc).

The major classifications of rock are:

Page 8: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Igneous: formed from molten magma

Page 9: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Sedimentary: formed from the consolidation of deposited clasitc (or fragmented) particles

Page 10: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Metamorphic: formed by major alteration of preexisting rocks due to high temps and pressure.

Page 11: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having a specific crystalline structure and a unique chemical composition (quartz, mica, etc).

Obsidian for example is a rock, but it is volcanic glass that has not yet crystallized.

Page 12: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Examples of Minerals in the Archaeological RecordObsidian

Major trade object in the early human prehistory of the “New World”

Obsidian forms in lava flows and as blocks in tuff from explosive volcanic eruptions.

Nearly all obsidian originates from volcanic arcs or chains.

Chert

Micro crystalline quartz with few traces of chemical impurities.

Considerable visual variability

Page 13: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

StoneThe word stone actually has many meanings.

Stone tools were the earliest artifacts, associated with one of human’s earliest ancestors Homo Habilis.

Stone Tool Traditions

So what do we mean by traditions?

The tradition was much more than the making of tools. It was culture.

Tool technology changed culture in that food choices were able to be expanded, clothes were able to be made, common necessities such as needles and utensils were able to be sculpted, the ability to treat and heal wounds, etc. 

Page 14: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Oldowan TraditionThis is the oldest tool tradition (associated with Homo Habilis), relying primarily on the percussion method. The percussion method was made by striking a stone or against something to remove flakes, until it was in the desired shape.

The Oldowan tradition was the primary method of stone tool production until they began making tool flakes on both sides, moving us into the Achulean tool tradition.

 

 

Percussion Method

Page 15: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

The shaping of stone depends on the property of the conchoidal fracture, which means that stones break in a predictable way when struck vertically which produce cores or flakes which allow archaeologist to identify the rock as humanly modified.

This is known as Reductive or Subtractive Technology

Page 16: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Acheulean TraditionAchulean tradition was utilized by Homo Erectus, and characterized by a tear drop shaped tool with a pointed tip and cutting edges all around. It became one of the first hand axes (derived from the Oldowan Tradition).

Page 17: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Levalloisian TechniqueLevalloisian tradition tools were produced by removing three or four “flakes” from a stone’s surface by striking the stone against a striking surface, thereby removing flakes of predetermined shapes and sizes.

At about the same time hafting emerged Drawing A shows the preparatory flaking of the stone core; B, the same on the

top surface; C, the final step of detaching a flake; and D, the final step of detaching a flake of a size and shape predetermined by the preceding steps

Page 18: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Invention of HaftingHafting is affixing small stone bifaces and flakes in handles of wood to make spears and knives.

It involved three components: handle, stone insert, and binding materials.

Regional stylistic and technological variants are clearly evident, suggesting emergence of distinct cultural traditions.

Page 19: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Mousterian ToolsThis stone tool tradition used by the Neandertals (and other members of genus Homo of this time).

This tradition is similar to the Levalloisian Tradition in methodology; however, smaller, sharper flakes were created.

In addition the variety of tools increased to include hand axes, flakes, scrapers, borers, notched flakes (for shaving wood), and more.

Page 20: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Other Definitions Pertaining to Stone

Lithic analysis is the study of stone artifacts and technology, is based not only on the identification of attributes and types, but on the actual reconstruction of the reductive technology used to make them.

Petrology, or the study of rocks, has been very successful in gaining an understanding about the rocks from which stone tools are made.

Page 21: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Other Materials Found in the Archaeological Record

 

Clay

Metals

 

Bone

 

Wood

 

Page 22: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

ClayThe primary raw material for archeological ceramics is clay-rich sediments. The term ceramics has been translated to mean “earthenware” or “burned stuff”. Ceramics includes products that have been fired including pottery, brick, tile, glass, plaster, and cement.

Therefore, we will primarily use the term pottery which is the general term for artifacts made mostly of clay.

There are two types of clay deposits: primary and secondary.

Primary deposits are formed by weathering of bedrock.

Secondary deposits are formed by river or lake deposition.

Clay containers and their fragments have the advantage of surviving which makes them important to the archaeology record.

Their shape, form, and style have been the basis for numerous archaeological analyses.

Page 23: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

MetalsMetals were familiar to ancient peoples in the form of rocks in their environment.

Only eight metals were acquired and manufactured prior to the 18th century. Those were arsenic, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, tin, and silver.

Only gold and copper where available in their native state and were most important to early societies.

Copper was the earliest metal tool to be manufactured around 6000bc. By 3000bc metal workers learned how to alloy the metals.

The word ore means a lump of metal. It is applied to an aggregate of minerals from which one or more metals can be extracted.

Another important metal…

Page 25: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Other Metals…don’t bother copying this down this is just for your information

Complex Copper Minerals

The smelting of copper goes back six millennia

Sulfide copper proves harder to smelt than regular copper.

Tin

Very important to metal-using societies but often not awarded the credit for it.

Essential component of bronze and pewter

England housed the largest old world producer of tin, Cornwall England.

Lead, Silver, Gold.

Derived from smelting of lead minerals appear in the late seventh millennium.

Most lead can be sourced fairly easily.

Major trace impurities in gold make it difficult however, to source the gold.

Page 26: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Bone and WoodBone material was probably in use as early as the beginning of human history.

Specialized tools such as spear points, harpoons, fishing spears, needles and more have been found in the archeological record. Like bone, wood was used for human artifacts from the earliest of times.

Only rarely do these artifacts survive however.

The oldest surviving wooden artifact is a 400,000 year old long wooden throwing spear from Germany.

The manufacture of wood tools involves well understood mechanical processes such as cutting, whittling, scrapping, carving, and polishing.

Wood was probably the most important raw material available to our ancestors as it was in abundant supply and easy to manipulate.

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Sourcing Methods Similarly to how we used DNA to trace origins, Geologist use trace elements, isotopes, diagnostic minerals or assemblages, micro fossil, geophysical properties, and other measures to determine the source or origin of geologic materials.

Problem with some key sourcing methods are: they are destructive.

Trace element analysis: small samples, chemical, and non destructive

Instrumental neutron activation analysis: physical method of determining trace-element concentrations with high precision and sensitivity. Very thorough.

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: An X-ray beam emits a secondary X-ray fluorescence spectrum characteristic of the elements in the sample.

Isotope Analysis: determination of isotope abundances or ratios is made with a mass spectrometer. Ions of specific masses are collected and counted electronically.

Page 28: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Sourcing Geologic Deposits

To establish and define a potential geologic source (or provenance) through trace-element concentrations it is necessary to do three things:

1. Establish the geologic uniqueness and boundaries of the deposit.

2. Collect and analyze ten or more samples that are widely dispersed statistically throughout the deposit to establish the complete range of variation.

3. Researchers also need to determine whether modern, large scale mining or quarrying techniques have obliterated deposit exploited in ancient times.

 

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Sourcing Summary

Finding the source of material from which an artifact was manufactured or the materials were derived from is extremely important. This allows us to explore patterns of exchange and trade routes, in addition to providing information on the size and location of resources that were available to groups and relate these resources to social stratification patterns and the organization of crafts and industries.

Page 30: ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Raw materials make up a large part of what is recovered in the archaeological record. Most inorganic remains are derived from.

Notes• Don’t forget that our last Brown Bag is this Friday

• Make-Up Exams will be offered the week we return from Thanksgiving (this is the ONLY time)… contact me if you need to make up an exam


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