Archaeological survey and Excavation at

Lan Fawr Enclosure, Llangynidr, Brecon, SO 1707 1838

Interim Report Oct 2008

Dr Jemma Bezant

Department of Archaeology and Anthropology

University of Wales, Lampeter

Excavations at Lan Fawr, facing north (photo: Alan Baines)

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Contents

Contents ......................................................................................................................... 1

List of Figures ................................................................................................................ 2

Project metadata ............................................................................................................. 3

Summary ........................................................................................................................ 5

Scope .............................................................................................................................. 5

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 5

Lan Fawr: Introduction .................................................................................................. 8

Aims ............................................................................................................................. 10

Geophysical Survey ..................................................................................................... 10

Excavation.................................................................................................................... 12

Trench A .................................................................................................................. 13

Trench B................................................................................................................... 15

Discussion .................................................................................................................... 17

Future research questions ............................................................................................. 19

References .................................................................................................................... 20

Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................... 21

CPAT Regional Historic Environment Record........................................................ 21

Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................... 24

Section drawings, trenches A and ............................................................................ 24

Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................... 26

Ceramic sherds ......................................................................................................... 26

Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................... 27

Excavation site record .............................................................................................. 27

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Location Map pp7 Figure 2. Geophysical Survey pp11 Figure 3. Trench location map and aerial survey mapping pp13 Figure 4. Trench A. The stone rampart (facing north, scale 2m, photo J

Bezant). pp14 Figure 5. Trench A. The stone rampart. Roughly coursed, red sandstone

slabs (Facing north, scale 20 cm, photo J Bezant). pp14 Figure 6. Trench B. Former land surface and ditch (Facing southeast,

scales 2m, photo J Bezant). pp16

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Project metadata

Project Name Geophysical Survey and Excavation at

Lan Fawr upland enclosure, Llangynidr,

Brecon, SO 17071838

Survey Purpose To conduct geophysical survey and small-

scale excavation of a bivallate enclosure.

Spatial Coverage Circa. 2.5 acres centred on S) 1707 1838

Country Wales, UK

Duration August 2008

Weather Wet

Soil condition Well drained

Land use Pasture

Monument type Upland bivallate enclosure

Monument period Late prehistoric?

Survey Director Dr. Jemma Bezant

Client Llangynidr Local History Society

Landowner Mr William Gibbs

Geophysics Survey Type Magnetometer

Geophysics Instrumentation Bartington magnetic gradiometer 601/2

Geophysics Area surveyed 2.5 acres

Geophysics Method of coverage 30 x 30 metre grids walked in zigzag

format. Survey starts in bottom left corner,

direction south.

Geophysics Traverse interval 1m

Geophysics Sample interval 0.125m

Geophysics Spatial accuracy Some variation of grid layout occurred

across each survey area due to

unevenness of ground and operator error,

this is estimated to be + 1m. The

estimated accuracy within grids is

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estimated to be within 10 cm.

Geophysics Sample accuracy Automatic trigger whilst walking, 0.1 nT

sensitivity

Geophysics Data Files Raw data deposited with client. Each grid

as a DAT file is accompanied with

metadata HDR file.

Geophysics Digital treatment Downloaded as xyz format via Grad601

v.3. Each grid imported into

Archeosurveyor and clipped to + 6 nT.

Zero mean traverse applied to reduce

striping. Composites exported as Tiff files.

Geophysics Geolocation Survey grid positions recorded using

Garmin Legend GPS. Post-processed

bitmaps then geolocated to OS Landline

map base via ArcMap v9.2

Excavation Data Paper record comprising context record

sheets and indexes have been deposited

with client (app 4) along with photo record

on CD. Site drawings have been scanned

and recorded as Tiff files in line with AHDS

recommended archiving standards. Finds

to be retained by client. Soil samples, GIS

map data and shapefile layers to be

retained by J Bezant for future research.

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Summary

As part of the annual fieldwork project conducted by the members of

Llangynidr Local History Society, a three week long project of geophysical

survey and excavation was directed by Dr Jemma Bezant of the Archaeology

and Anthropology Department, University of Wales, Lampeter. A geophysical

survey was conducted prior to excavation where two long, narrow trenches

were opened across the inner and outer enclosure banks. The inner bank was

found to be a substantial rampart wall constructed of red sandstone quarried

from a nearby outcrop. The outer bank comprised an earthen bank and outer

ditch and had been constructed to emphasize slightly rising ground that

formed the interior of the enclosure on the edge of the plateau. Dating

remains difficult at this stage but a very abraded, possibly late prehistoric to

medieval, ceramic sherd was recovered from the upper ditch fill.

Scope

This report details the methods and results of a geophysical survey and

excavation. An interim interpretation of the results is provided but a full

analysis remains to be met by future research.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks must be made to the landowner William Gibbs whose

generous grant made this project possible. To all of the members of the

Llangynidr history society (especially those of the excavation team), including

Deb Fisher, David Stephenson, Deb Vulliamy, Peter Seaman, Peter Hodges,

Kerry Graves, Douglas Piercy, Jan Bailey, Stuart Busson, Richard Fisher,

Charlene Hutchison, Rosemary Evans, Angus Kings, Ann Jessop, Sue Ware,

Michael Eustace and Wendy Toomey. I am especially indebted to the kind

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hospitality and guidance of Mike and Hilary Scott-Archer and to the kind help

supplied by Alan Haines and Geoff Williams.

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Fig. 1. Location Map.

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Lan Fawr: Introduction

Although this project is aimed primarily at the activities and training relating to

a volunteer community group it is recognized that the project addresses some

of the recommendations made in the recently published Research Framework

for the Archaeology of Wales (http://www.archaeoleg.org.uk) and the Middle

Usk valley in southeast Wales is one of the areas defined by the RFAW as a

target for further archaeological investigation vis a vis the late prehistoric

period. The site (see fig 1 for location) also lies immediately to the south east

of the Pencelli-Talybont character area as defined by CPAT as part of their

Middle Usk Valley, Brecon and Llangorse Register of Landscapes of Historic

Interest in Wales

(http://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/usk/muintr.htm#Themes).

The Llangynidr area some 10 miles southeast of Brecon in southeast Wales

lies south of the river Usk which occupies a wide level valley floor of large,

irregularly enclosed, hedged fields. The slopes are mostly lightly wooded and

are enclosed onto the fringes of Mynydd Llangynidr. Lan Fawr lies just within

the uppermost extent of enclosed land before it gives way to open common.

These enclosed areas are predominantly improved pasture with unimproved

grazing on the upland limestone which is crisscrossed by upland routes and

former quarrying activity. The Roman road is presumed to run east-west along

the route of the current A40. A Roman auxiliary fort is set on a detached knoll

just east of the pass at Bwlch, lying roughly midway between the military

settlements at Brecon Gaer (NPRN 92001) and Abergavenny (NPRN

306295).

Lan Fawr lies at 300m above ordnance datum and overlooks the middle Usk

valley to the north from an elevated but sheltered north-facing ridge, directly

above Llangynidr village and the Myarth Forest. This ridge comprises Old Red

sandstone and, where it outcrops, has provided suitable building stone for the

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extensive common enclosure walls and farmsteads. It is below one of these

heavily quarried outcrops that Lan Fawr enclosure is sited on the steep edge

of a level shoulder along the ridge. The oval enclosure measures 80 metres

east-west by 30 metres north-south and is described in some detail in an

entry in CPAT’s Historic Environment Record (App. 1) which describes it as

an Iron Age defended enclosure. A topographical survey is also reproduced

by Browne and Percival (1989) and the earthwork has also been mapped as

part of an aerial mapping exercise undertaken by Tom Pert of the RCAHMW

(see fig. 3). The earthwork is named on the 1st edition OS 1:10560 map as

Cloddau Duon which is a name known from other earthwork sites in Wales

deriving from cloddi – ‘to dig’.

The inner bank comprises a bank of grass-grown rubble, along the top of

which is a spread of small to medium sized subangular sandstone boulders.

There is no apparent structure or entrance although robbing appears to have

occurred at several points. The outer bank comprises a low but wide ridge

with some evidence for an external ditch. A later field boundary comprising a

low earth bank topped with uncoursed rubble stone radiates out over both the

inner and outer banks and the whole site is enclosed by a commons wall,

being the extremity of enclosed land on this upland stretch.

The site has panoramic views to the east, north and west, over the middle

Usk Valley and the Black Mountains beyond and a number of other significant

Iron Age enclosures would have been visible from this location. Whilst

contemporaneity with any of the sites cannot be established they are

discussed further below.

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Aims

The aims of the project are two-fold:

To ascertain the character of the archaeological deposits on the site

though a geophysical survey and small-scale evaluatory excavation.

Dateable material in any quantity is not expected but the potential for

14c sampling will be explored for future sampling.

To train and engage the members and volunteers of the community in

archaeological techniques and research.

Geophysical Survey

A total of 2.5 acres was surveyed encompassing both the enclosure banks

and south, to the base of steeply rising ground. A base line was established

along the longest axis of the field, roughly WNW - SES and this was marked

at both ends by a permanent peg in order to allow for any subsequent

reconstruction of the survey grid. The base line was laid out to encompass the

maximum extent of the site and at a diagonal to any expected archaeological

alignments to allow survey across, rather than along, any linear features. A

series of 30 metre squares were then established perpendicular to this base

line using hand tapes, and the corners of each grid square were marked with

temporary wooden canes. The position of the baselines and grid squares

were then recorded using a handheld Garmin Legend GPS to allow accurate

input to GIS. Handheld GPSs of this kind typically have a precision level of

between 8-30ft but are routinely used to locate geophysical prospection

surveys of this kind. With any type of field survey there is always a tension

between the level of precision required and the time and resource spent

achieving it. As such, the survey location maps only provide an approximate

guide to the exact location of features with a maximum error tolerance of 8-

30ft over each individual grid. The method of ‘walking’ survey employed by

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this kind of geophysical technique itself is only as accurate as the operator’s

judgment along each 30 metre traverse and can typically generate errors

along each traverse of up to 2 metres in the traverse direction. It is usually

recommended therefore that excavation of any archaeological features is

preceded by a higher resolution geophysical survey carried out using the

excavation grid to allow for the utmost accuracy. In practice this is usually

forgone and a degree of tolerance is accepted.

The survey was carried out using a Bartington magnetic gradiometer 601 in

the dual configuration to allow for rapid and accurate survey. This technique is

Fig. 2. Geophysical survey shown with positions of trenches.

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ideal for the prospection of ‘noisy’ archaeological areas that might contain

built structures with both domestic occupation and industrial activity. It is also

capable of detecting more subtle features such as ditches and former river

channels.

Each 30m grid was surveyed at a traverse interval of 1m with a sampling

interval of 8 readings per metre in a zigzag format in order to give high

resolution results. The data was downloaded in xyz format and processed

using Geoplot v.3. The data was subsequently adjusted to reduce striping and

are reproduced here as greyscale bitmaps of readings clipped to a range of

+6 nT (nanotesla).

The survey shows both the inner and outer banks as a dark curving feature. A

number of point anomalies are also shown as small black and white patches.

This area is known to be heavily littered with rifle shells and this undoubtedly

accounts for much of the ‘noise’. Central to the inner enclosure are two larger

point anomalies measuring up to 3m across and some 17m apart. The nature

of these readings suggests burning and it is tempting to speculate that these

may be hearths as they are situate on a level area within the enclosure,

(though later burning through agricultural clearance cannot of course be ruled

out). Even at such a high resolution it would be fortunate to detect smaller

post holes but the likelihood of roundhouse structures within this enclosure

remains high.

Excavation

The farm is subject to a Tir Gofal agreement (E/10/0343 , CPAT HE1) and the

site sits within an area of species-rich grassland which is essentially

unimproved pasture. In order to preserve this habitat, topsoil was retained for

replacement and the trenches were backfilled at the end of the project.

Two trenches were opened c 2 x 8 metres. One was positioned over the inner

rampart (A) and another (B) over the outer bank and ditch (FIG). This was in

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order to investigate the nature and construction method of the two enclosing

banks and to investigate any corresponding ditches.

Trench A

Trench A (App. 2) was excavated to a maximum depth of 70 cm. Topsoil

(001) up to a maximum 25 cm deep was indistinguishable from the ploughsoil

(002) beneath which varied from loose to soft comprising a well-sorted

medium to fine sand. Few find were recovered from these contexts. A brass

rifle shell is apparently typical of this region that continues to see military

training and many such finds have been reported from metal detectorists in

Fig 3. Trench location map (overlain onto the earthwork which has been mapped through aerial survey by Tom Pert of RCAHMW)

A

B

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Fig. 4 Trench A. The stone rampart (facing north, scale 2m, photo J Bezant).

this field. A small amount of flint flake and debitage pieces are probably

residual and are likely to have been imported with field lime from elsewhere

Fig. 5. Trench A. The stone rampart. Roughly coursed, red sandstone slabs (Facing north, scale 20 cm, photo J Bezant).

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as part of an improvement regime. The soil here is fertile. This overlay a stony

spread (003) at the northern end of the trench. This comprised the tumble

from a dry-stone constructed stone rampart which remained up to 1m high

and 5m thick in places. This red sandstone material acts as excellent building

material and fractures naturally into useful flat slabs.

These were recovered up to 80 cm in length where they had been laid

lengthwise in rough courses to effectively form a faced wall which was filled

by smaller rubble pieces. Substantial quarrying on an outcrop immediately

south of, and above, the enclosure has clearly been the source for the post-

medieval extensive commons walling and undoubtedly provided the material

for this rampart. The rampart, subsequent tumble and the ploughsoil contexts

are stratified above a compacted surface that is likely to represent the

contemporary land surface. This was not excavated.

Trench B

Trench B (App. 2) was excavated to a maximum depth of 1.4 metres where

the base of the ditch was reached. Topsoil (001, see app. 4 for context record

sheets) and ploughsoil (002) had the same characteristics as trench A but the

ploughsoil was much deeper here up to a maximum depth of 70 cm. Again,

several pieces of field lime, burnt stone material and flint flake were

recovered. The boundary with the top of the ditch fill (007) was indistinct and

this boundary produced a small ceramic sherd (App. 3) of uncertain date. The

ditch (006) was cut into the former land surface (005) and had sloping sides

with a ‘U’ profile and a roughly level but uneven base. A ditch with a similar

profile was excavated at Arddleen in Powys where a double-ditched enclosure

contained evidence for roundhouses dating to the later Iron Age (Grant 2004).

The length of the trench was not sufficient to allow the entire ditch profile to be

recovered but it was 90 cm deep and estimated to have been c.8m wide. Any

boundaries between stratified ditch deposits were difficult to discern but

rubble stone (008) at the base may be the primary deposits. This stony

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material sat in a wetter, silty matrix that has been sampled for possible

environmental analysis at a later date and the potential for survival of organic

material has been noted. An earthen bank had been thrown up towards the

interior of the enclosure but this has been substantially spread and eroded,

surviving to a height of c. 50cm and a width of up to 4 m.

The relationship between the two enclosing structures remains unknown but

the differing construction techniques make it not unreasonable to suggest that

they represent different phases of use, with the outer earthen bank and ditch

preceding the construction of the stone rampart.

Fig. 6 Trench B. Former land surface and ditch (Facing southeast, scales 2m, photo J Bezant).

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Discussion

Lan Fawr is of a type described by the RCAHMW (1997ii:19) as a multivallate

enclosure with wide-spaced ramparts. Directly to the north of Lan Fawr lies

the prominent valley floor ridge known as the Myarth (SO 17302070) rising

some 297 above OD. A partly bivallate enclosure on the eastern edge of the

scarp is shown on the 1st edition 1” OS map but any remains of this are

difficult to locate now and the site has been heavily re-forested (ibid. 83). This

would have been one of the largest such sites in the county measuring 354 by

210m and its proximity to Lan Fawr, and its command of the valley routeways

exploited into the Roman period portrays its significance . Also prominently

visible to the east is a heavily defended bivallate spur known as Crug Hywel

(SO 22552065) which lends its name to the town of Crickhowell below (ibid.

119-123). The site measures 162 by 59m and was enclosed by a stone wall

but is also partly defended by a rock-cut ditch and steep stony scarp.

The hilforts and other enclosures of this region generally comprise a varied

but poorly dated group and include enclosures that, although defended, would

have had a domestic rather than a purely military function. These smaller

enclosures may have been built by single families or larger groups of

extended kin. Domestic, undefended valley floor settlements exploiting fertile

valley soils can be inferred though they remain to be discovered. This type of

‘homestead’ may have had its origins around the late Bronze Age and

continued into the Roman Period. Though they remain poorly dated as yet,

this area of southeast Wales was home to the Silurian tribe and contemporary

accounts relate a sizeable population (Burnham 1995:77). The ramparts of Y

Gaer at Aberllynfi near Hay on Wye, were slighted during the campaign of

Julius Frointinus around AD 75 and the three Roman forts in Breconshire all

relate to this campaign. Although there is little evidence for civilian settlement

during the late Iron Age through into the early centuries AD, expanded arable

cultivation and tree clearance in the immediate post-Roman period is attested

by pollen cores taken from Llangorse Lake (RCAHMW 1986: 1).

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During the late Bronze Age through the early Iron Age there is evidence for a

climatic downturn to wetter, cooler conditions and this ameliorated from the

5th century BC until the post Roman period. A shorter grass-growing season

would have meant pressure on grazing regimes, a lowering of the tree line

and the reduced viability of crops. Pasture quality would have also lowered

due to podsolisation and peat formation in the uplands (ibid.6). Most of the

Breconshire Iron Age sites are located in the Usk-Llynfi Basin within easy

reach of reasonable quality land and water. Sites on hillslopes generally seem

to be sited at the transition between valley slopes and the open upland and

this certainly seems true at Lan Fawr, indicating a mixed economic strategy,

perhaps with transhumant practice, grazing cattle on the open uplands.

The nearest comparable site to Lan Fawr is at Penfawyddog some 1.5 miles

due east along the ridge at SO 19571845. A small univallate enclosure it is

located on the edge of a north-facing slope and with rising ground to the south

like Lan Fawr. The site measures 84 by 67 m and is enclosed by a stone and

earth bank (ibid. 82). Just under 1.5 miles south of this lies a larger bivallate

enclosure at Coed Pen-twyn SO 19351622 (ibid. 78). This enclosure

comprises mainly a stone-built rampart and measures 140 by 103m on the

edge of a steeply defended scarp.

A small, subrectangular univallate enclosure SO 11172095 stands on the

north-facing slope some miles south of Talbont on Usk, nearly 4 miles

northwest of Lan Fawr along the same ridge. Pantywenallt measures 53 by

41m (ibid. 84). Quarter of a mile north of this stands a larger oval bivallate

enclosure on the summit of a prominent hill at Tump Wood SO 11272149

measuring 120 by 69m and enclosed by earthen, stone-faced banks (ibid. 85).

Cross Oak fort lies just north of Talybont overlooking the Usk at SO 11052355

and is univallate lying on a small knoll measuring 105 by 95m. Coed y Gaer

(SO 17622402) lies due north of Lan Fawr on the opposite side of the valley

and is sited on the end of an elevated spur overlooking Cwmdu (ibid.88). It is

a small univallate site but on a well-defended highly visible knoll. West of this

is Allt yr Esgair (SO 12312420) which is a small univallate enclosure sited on

the edge of a steep southwest facing slope (ibid.90). On the summit of this

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ridge a very large multivallate fort guards the ridge between the Usk and the

Llynfi measuring 566 by 114m at SO 1270 2430. Lan Fawr also has distant

views of the large, complex Dinas Fawr to the north at SO 1789 3008 (96).

Future research questions

The late Iron Age period in south Wales was undoubtedly a productive

landscape populated by numerous groups or small communities. The precise

nature of the relationships between these different communities and their

resources remains opaque but following the recommendations made by the

RFAW, the following research questions can be addressed for future

investigations at Lan Fawr:

How were these farming communities organised? Although well-

defended and highly visible, it is likely that the Lan Fawr represented

the focus of an agricultural community situated at the transition

between the upland-lowland.

Is this site typical of the material-poor south-east Wales community?

Special attention must be made to the recovery of dateable material.

What can the morphologies of such sites within their landscape

settings tell us about their context? The highly visible nature of Lan

Fawr lends itself well to line of sight studies for example, and the

analysis and comparison with other sites within GIS is potentially

important.

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References

Browne, D M & Percival, D, 1988, Lan Fawr, Llangynidr, Archaeology in

Wales Vol 28, 45.

Burnham, H. 1995 A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales; Clwyd and Powys.

London: HMSO for Cadw.

Grant, I. 2004 The Excavation of a double-ditched enclosure at Arddleen,

Powys, 2002-03. The Montgomeryshire Collections Vol 92:1-32.

RCAHMW , 1997 , An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Brecknock

(Brycheiniog); The Prehistoric and Roman Monuments, Part II.

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Appendix 1

CPAT Regional Historic Environment Record

PRN 17470 - Lan Fawr Enclosure

NGR :- SO17071838 (SO11NE)

Unitary authority :- Powys

Community :- Llangynidr

Prefered site type :- Iron Age - Defended enclosure (Structure - Near

destroyed )

Spur-sited earthwork comprising annular inner bank and partly concentric

outer bank and ditch. Sequence of later bounderies overlying earthwork. Inner

bank comprises low bank 0.5m high. Enclosure measures 78m e-w x 30m.

Possible remains of outer defensive system. Plan has general similarity to

later prehistoric multivallate enclosures (BROWNE, D.M. & PERCIVAL, D.,

1988, 45).

(HF 65;fig.134a/b) On a spur bordering pastures to the ? of LAN FAWR at a

height of 350 m above O.D. is an enclosure comprising an annular inner bank

and probably a partly concentric outer bank and ditch. Overlying or

immediately adjacent is a sequence of later boundaries, the latest of which

are modern wire fences. A stone, partly ruined commons enclosure wall, lies

to the S.W., standing up to 1.8 m high and constructed in a mixed build of

coursed sandstone slabs and roughly coursed sub-angular boulders, with a

'soldiered' crown. Where there are gaps these have been closed by iron

hurdles and post and wire fencing. There is an even earlier field system

comprising ruined, structureless walls constructed of small sub-angular

sandstone boulders, the best part of which runs along the crest of the inner

bank. At the W. end of this wall there is an entrance through the gap created

between it and a further wall running N.-S. There are two further gaps on the

E. which may also have been entrances, and a more modern opening has

been created by farm traffic on the S.E. The wall is extensively robbed,

creating hollows, and elsewhere, the wall is merely a low bank of grassed

rubble. A small undated horseshoe-shaped quarry is cut into the upper part of

22

the N. scarp slope of this spur. In the field to the E. of the site, close to and

roughly parallel with the field wall shown on the plan, are two scarps which

may be artificial and probably mark the limits of ploughing. The inner bank of

the older earthwork consists of a broad, low, bank, of grass-grown rubble, up

to about 0.5 m high, in places covered with bracken. The bank, indistinct from

vehicular erosion, is punctuated by occasional small hollows caused by stone

robbing. Mutilation is particularly pronounced on the W. The bank terminates

on the N.E. and N.W., coinciding with a sharp steepening in the natural slope

of the spur. The only possible entrance site is at the S.E. corner, where there

appears to be a re-entrant in the bank's outer line. Downslope of the N.W.

terminal is an accumulation of grass and bracken-covered rubble talus. There

is a low, grass-covered rubble mound protruding from the bank near the S.W.

corner, though its origin is unclear. Alongside the inner toe of the bank, on the

S.W., is a very shallow hollow, passibly the last remaining indication of a

quarry ditch. There is no sign of an outer ditch associated with the bank. A low

linear swelling of the ground up to 0.45 m high, and an associated hollow to

the S.W. between 8 m and 15 m in front of the latter bank are probably the

remains of an outer defensive system. No interior features are visible. The

dating and cultural affinities of the site are uncertain, but there is a general

similarity in plan between later prehistoric, multivallate enclosures with

concentric, wide-spaced ramparts. D.M.Browne and D.J.Percival, Arch.in

Wales 28 (1988), p.45.

Sources:-

Browne, D M & Percival, D survey , 1988 , , PLAN

RCAHMW , 1995 , An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Brecknock

(Brycheiniog); The Prehistoric and Roman Monuments, Part i - draft text ,

RCAHMW , 1997 , An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Brecknock

(Brycheiniog); The Prehistoric and Roman Monuments, Part i ,

Waller, C M , 2000 , Tir Gofal Management Plan: Heritage Management

Information (HE1). Dan-y-wern Farm - E/10/0343 , CPAT HE1 .

Events: Visit RCAHMW / 1988(01/09/1988) -

record created 15/11/1999 Alex Gibson - copyright CPAT , last updated 29/08/2002

23

The above data are supplied by CPAT in partnership with its Local Authorities and the

partners of END, © CPAT SMR partnership, 2007 (and in part © Crown, 2007 - as indicated)

CM - 05/06/2007 ( 15:02:53 ) - HTML file produced from CPAT's Regional HER

Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust, Curatorial Section, 7a Church Street, Welshpool,

Powys SY21 7DL.

tel (01938) 553670 , fax (01938) 552179, email trust@cpat.org.uk , website

www.cpat.org.uk

24

Appendix 2

Section drawings, trenches A and

25

26

Appendix 3

Ceramic sherds

27

Appendix 4

Excavation site record