Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples Around the Black Sea

8/2/2019 Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples Around the Black Sea

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Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples around the Black Sea (1982-1992)Author(s): J. G. F. HindSource: Archaeological Reports, No. 39 (1992 - 1993), pp. 82-112Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies

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Archaeological eports 9 (1992-93)ARCHAEOLOGYOF THE GREEKSAND BARBARIANPEOPLESAROUND THE BLACK SEA (1982-1992)

Thisreport s a continuationof that of 1984, whichcoveredthethen Soviet Union for the 1970s and Bulgaria,RumaniaandTurkeythrough he 1960s and 1970s (AR30 1983-84, 71-97).The eastern side of the Black Sea (Kolkhis and Iberia) hasrecentlyreceived a reportby D.D. KacharavaAR37 1990-91,79-86), to continue the one already providedby her in 1984(AR30 98-101), and to it the reader s referred or informationon the Kolkhianarchaeologicalsites.The first two-thirds of the 1980s saw a great deal ofarchaeologicalactivity, staging of conferences, publicationofarticles and monographs. An ominous sign of impendingchange was the cessation in 1988 of the annualcompilation,ArkheologischeskiyeOtkrytia AO (ArchaeologicalDiscover-ies) for the year 1986. With it disappeared he only all-Unionreport on the year's archaeological work and publication ofexcavators' preliminaryconclusions.The following yearthe EastEuropeanbloc of nationsitselfbegan to disintegrate. n December 1989 an internallywrackedRumania, n January1990 a relativelypeacefulBulgariagainedpolitical freedoms, but suffered from increasingly weakeconomies. Formerconstituentmembersof the Soviet Union,such as Moldova, were detachedin the midst of warfarewithdissident sub-groups ike the Russians of Transdniester.SinceDecember 1991 confrontationwith a Russiacut off fromlargestretchesof the Black Sea has beset the Ukraine,whose price-inflation and money-devaluation is far worse than that ofRussiaitself. Not only the Black Sea fleet, butalso Sebastopolandindeedthe whole Crimea,are bones of contentionbetweenthese two largestsuccessor states to the old Soviet Union. Onthe east side of the Black Sea the situation is still worse.Georgia is torn internallybetween factions in Tbilisi and bybreakawaymovementsof distinctracialgroups n Abkhaziaonthe coast, andalong the Caucasusmountains n south Ossetia.To make matterseven more fraught, another stretch of thecoast is in turmoil with an army fighting in supportof theformerpresident n andaroundPoti (anc. Phasisregion). OnlyTurkey in its province of Thrace and along its extensiveAnatolian coast has an unchangedlook about the Black Searegions. In these circumstances t seems timely to review theresults of work done in the fields of ancient history andarchaeology n this region in the 1980s, whichwas a periodofgreatactivity andproductivityby scholarswithinthe relativelystable, if stagnant,climate of the East Europeanand Sovietregimes (Fig. 1 shows the areacovered).Conferences and symposia played a continuing part indisseminating information and promoting discussion bothwithin the easternscholarlycommunityandmore widely. Theseries of symposia, Tskhaltubo -III, the last held in 1982 butpublished in 1985, has been continued since that year at thenew VaniMuseum and study centre. The symposium Tskhal-tubo-Vani V, on the themeLocal Ethno-Political Formationsin the Black Sea Area in the 7th-4th centuries BC was pub-lished in Tbilisi in 1988. Vani V (1987) on the theme TheBlack Sea Littoral in the 7th-5th centuries BC - WrittenandArchaeological Sources, Tbilisi, 1990, also appeared in aFrenchversion as Le Pont Euxinvu par les Grecs, eds. O.D.Lordkipanidze nd P. Leveque, 1990. In September1990 VaniVI was held under the title The Black Sea Littoral - EarlyGreekepos and Archaeology, to appear n two versions again

in Tbilisi and Besanqon n 1993. The latest in the series, VaniVII, was to take place in September 1993 (though amidalarmingreportsof civil war in Sukhumiin Abkhazia,and inand aroundPoti) on the theme The Black Sea as a ContactZone - Relations between the Mediterraneanand Black Seaarea in the 2nd-lst millenia bc. In fact it was cancelleda fewdays before it was due to start,as the war in westernGeorgiaadvanced from Poti towardsKutaisi.The second internationalseries of symposia is held atSozopol, Bulgaria (anc. Apollonia in Thrace) under the titleThracia Pontica (= TP). TP II held in 1982, appeared n 1985,sub-titledLe LittoralThraceet son role dans le Monde ancien(Iambol). TP III (1985) was published n 1986 in Sofia, underthe title Les Thraces et les Colonies grecques VII-V sieclesavant n.e., and TP IV (1988) had the theme Les Agglomer-ations cotieres de la Thrace avant la colonisation grecque'(Sofia, 1991). TP V was held in October 1991, on the theme,Les Ports dans la vie de la Thrace ancienne, printed sum-maries 1991); on the usual patternit would be published in1994. Inside Russia a series of seminars has been held atRostov-on-Don. These started as meetings of pedagogicalinstitutes and have developed into a wide-rangingforum ofarchaeologicalwork held every two years (1986, 1988, 1990,1992) on the theme InternationalRelations within the BlackSea Basin in Ancient and Mediaeval Times (IRBS I-VI).Another is to be held in May 1994, for which papers havealreadybeen collected. In 1988theCrimean egionheld a largeconferenceat Simferopol, of which thereare brief summariesof the papers (Problems of Ancient Culture, 1988 (= PACSimf.).Throughout he 1980s various Western-language ournals,BCH (1986 suppl., 1989.1), Klio (1986, 1987, 1988, 1990,1991), DHA (1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1993),RA(1985,1986, 1987),Das AntikeWelt 1980) andDas Altertum 1984)have all given coverageto outstanding inds madein the BlackSea area or to conferences, such as those at Vani.A report nGermanon archaeologicalwork carriedout in theUSSR in the1970s was producedby D.B. Shelov in H. Heinen,ErtrdgederForschung 146, Darmstadt, 1980, 341-402. More recently,accounts of finds at Hermonassa, Pantikapaion,and in theTamanPeninsula,have been providedby M. Treister Archae-ological News 1986, 1988). Within the last few weeks a fullreporton archaeologicaldiscoveries within the former USSRhas appearedunderthe joint authorshipof M.J. TreisterandJ.G. VinogradovAJA97 (1993), 521-63. This work, and myown, should prove complementary n view of their differentrangeandemphases.Conferencesheld in the West have proliferated.Papersre-lating to the Thracianregion (W side of the Black Sea) weredelivered at the Sydney Congress (1985), which appeared nprint as Greek Colonists and Native Populations, ed. J.P.Descoedres, Canberra/Oxford1990. The Xenia series ofmonographs,under the general editorship of W. Schuller atKonstanz,has producedworks in Germanon Kolkhis (1985),the Bulgariancoast (1985) and Histria 1990, and promisesmorecollections of papersandbooks on Kolkhis(1993-94). In1990 a one-day conference was held in Londonon the themeColchis and the GreekWorld,of which the papersare still tobe published. Britaincontinued o be thevenue of conferences


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ARCHAEOLOGYAROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92

FIG.1

with a Black Sea interest n 1991: at King's College, London,on The Greeks in the Black Sea; a section of the ClassicalAssociation Conferenceheld at Warwick was devoted to thesame area, the papers from both remaining unpublished.Twonew journals will, however, begin from this year to makeaccessible recent workby formerSoviet scholars andby othersfrom the east EuropeanStates. Das Schwarze Meer is to beeditedjointly from Berlin and Bucharest,andFromScythia toSiberia - A Journal of Ancient Civilizationswill be publishedby Brill of Leiden. Both have reached the stage of assemblyof the contents of the first two numbers.Before launching into a coastal, site-by-site, survey,following the patternof the last report,some works of generalrelevance to the Black Sea area should be mentioned. Thereprintof Aubrey Diller's The Traditionof the Minor GreekGeographers,Hakkert1986, makesmuch moreeasily availablethe crucial texts of Ps-Scymnus' versified geography of theBlack Sea coasts, andits derivative,the AnonymousPeriplousPonti Euxini. N. Ehrhardt eviews the evidence for the relig-ious links between Miletus and her colonies, and for the cultsworshipped n them (Milet und seine Kolonien-VergleichendeUntersuchungder Kultischen und Politischen Einrichtungen,Frankfurt1983, ed.2, 1989). J. Bouzek surveys the Greekpottery imported nto the region (BCH 113 (1989) 1. 249-59)and extends the coverage, though unevenly,to othercategoriesof material(Studiesof GreekPottery in the Black Sea Region,Prague1989). Numismatic iterature n the areais covered byPoenaru-Bordea InternationalNumismaticCongress, London

1986, 68-89), and the Black Sea collection of coins in theBritishMuseumhasrecentlybeen publishedby M. Price(SNGIX The BritishMuseumPart 1: The Black Sea, London 1993).Inscriptions from the region have been made accessible tospecialists attending the Congresses of Greek and RomanepigraphyatConstanta 1977) Athens (1982) andSofia (1987).Summariesof recentepigraphic inds within the formerUSSRwere provided by J.G. Vinogradov(ArkheologicheskyVestnik31 (1978), 301-16; Bull. Epigraphique1990).Two worksin Russian,whichare of generalinterest or theBlack Sea as a whole, concern its fluctuating evel at variousperiods (P.V.Fyodorov,Kolyebania UrovnyaMoryei i Okean-ov z 15,000 Lyet, Moscow 1982; I.V. Bruyeko and V.A.Karpov,VDI 1992, 2. 87-97). The latterarticle,based mainlyin the NW partof the Black Sea, arguesfor a dropin sea-levelin PR and EC times, which was reversedin the 1st Ct BC to1 t Ct AD. Combininggeology, hydrogeologyandgeomorphol-ogy, they arguethattheirdatagive a reliableeustatic curve andshould aid the location of lost coastal settlements. Agbunovlikewise recommendsa complex studyof the ancient texts andgeomorphology in the search for lost sites (DrevneishiyeGosudarstvana TerritoriiSSSR,Moscow 1981, 239-46). Alsogeneralin application s thebook by J.B. Brashinsky MyetodyIssledovania AntichnoiTorgovli,Leningrad1984) with its all-round approach to the study of the origins, capacity andcontents of wine and oil bulk-carrying mphoras.Computationis used in restoring three basic forms of such amphoras,pithoidal,conical andglobular,by Monakhovand Slonov (VDI

83


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84 J.G.F. HINDiREEK COLONIES ON'HE BULGARIAN COAST

TURKEY IN EUROPEThe coast and harbourof Salmydessos, of evilreputation among the Greeks as the haunt ofwreckers, have recently been discussed by J.Stronk (TP III, 203-15; IV 101-8). NorthwardfromSalmydessosthecities of theThracian oasthave received a good, if brief treatment n Eng-lish from B. Isaac (The Greek Settlements inThrace until the Macedonian Conquest, Brill1986, 239-78). N. Ehrhardt nalysestherelationsbetween Greekcities and the Thracian ribesanddynasts (Eos 76 (1988) 293-304).

FIG. 2

1992, 2. 97-110). Finally, one should mention the Russianlanguage gazetteer of ancient sites around the Black Sea,recently compiled by two Georgianscholars, D.D. Kacharavaand G.T. Kvirkvelia,which includes earlier literatureon eachcity, and more modem work down to 1987 (Goroda i Posel-enia Prichernomorya Antichnoi Epokhi, Tbilisi 1991 (=GPPAE).We now follow the patternof the last report, goingclockwise around he Black Sea.

BULGARIAOn the coast of Bulgaria (Fig. 2) the LR site atAhtopol (Agathopolis) by themouthof theriverVelek has been studied since 1984. V. Velkovsuggests that there may have been an indepen-dentpolis on the peninsulaas earlyas the 5th CtBC. Two fragmentaryGreek inscriptions haveLl been found, as well as coins of the Thracian(t dynasts Kotys I, Sauthes IV and Kersebleptes.(TP V, 1991, resumes 46). Off-shoreat Arapiaan early Byz wreck was found, containingpot-tery,glass vessels andtwo coins of the early 6thU Ct AD (Naydenova, bid. 26). FurtherN alongthecoast was a small C site near the mouthof the

..J small river Ropotamo and an EBA site in theCQ shallow waters of the bay (TP IV, 451-67). AtUrdoviza (near Kiten) is another EBA site,underwater;perhaps the peninsula was a Thra-cian fort, as its name might suggest (Poroyanov,TP V, resumes 3-4). I. Karayotov publishes averse inscription from Kiten, mentioning oneSatyros,son of Heragorasandthe city Perinthos(Actes du VIICongres Epigraphique,Bucharest1979, 388-9). Stone anchors of the 2nd-lstmillenia have been found off-shore at manypoints of the Bulgariancoastline - Ropotamo,the headlandsof Maslen Nos and Kaliakra aswell as at anchorage-pointsbeside the harbours30 of Sozopol andNesebar. They havegiven rise tothe view that native Thracianchieftains spon-sored sailing along the coast both long beforeandaftertheGreek settlement Poroyanov,TPIII(1986) 158-65). At Kolokita Nos, theburialwiththe double ring of amphoras AR1983-84 73) is

now published(Tsaneva,TP II, 352-9). The hill-top fort at Malkoto Kale, one of a chain ofThracianstrongholds n the copper-bearinghills(Medni Rid) was partlyexcavated in the 1970s,and proved to be in commercial contact withApollonia in the 6th-5th Cts BC (Thracia III(1974) 107-13;P.Delev, Xenia 16 (1985) 17-18).Thraciansettlements, preceding the foundationof Apollonia,areknownat AttiaPeninsula,St. KirikIsland,MedenRid/Mal-koto Kale, Lobodovo Kale and at Maslen Nos.Apollonia in Thrace(in theterritory f theAstai).The old partof Sozopol is now mainlyon the peninsulawhich is joined tothe mainlandby a sandyisthmus some 120m wide (Fig. 3). Anaval base occupies the island of St Kirik, which is linked tothe peninsulaby a mole protectingthe N side of the harbour.


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ARCHAEOLOGY AROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92

i e St Ivan'

5 ZlLe "St PetarEmancre en pierrei,, ,z:::s en plombowJas en pierreu"0 F3.brl6rse lamesoon vvseauax des amporeso Ceramiqul de l'6po-tque fu Bronzeo B S80Lsous-mlariles

region des aneser pierre

FIG. 3

Strabo says that most of the city lay on the island, though itprobably also occupied much of the peninsula, while severalnecropoleis lay in the Parkand at Kalfata.The harbourshavebeen studiedby Poroyanov(TPHI,196-207) where a schematicmap of Sozopol and the three islands of St Kirik,St Ivan andSt Peter is given, on which the numerous finds of stoneanchors, and stone and lead anchor-stocks, are plotted. Fordiscussion of stoneanchor-typesof LBA andEIA and of stoneand lead-stocks from wooden anchorsof the Greekperiod seeG. Kapitan(TP III, 381-95) and M. Lazarov(VaniVII 1990,in press). The earliestwg style andother E GreekpotteryfromApollonia is discussed by M. Reho (TPIII, 216-20) and the bfand rf imports into the cities of the ThracianBlack Sea coastlikewise (TP II, 215-6). The type on the earliest Apolloniatesilver is a very appropriatewooden anchorwith stone or leadstock, and, as supplementary ymbol, a lobster(astakos) (Fig.4). It is suggestedthatthis is a punon the name of the territoryof the nearby tribe, Astai-Astike (Hind, TP HI,89-104). Thistribeis thoughtto have had as one of its forts the neighbouringbria at Attia (L. Ognenova TP III, 240). The coin-holdings ofthe British Museumhave most recentlybeen publishedby M.Price (SNGIX B.M. London, 1993, plate VI-VII).Distributionof the silver coins of Apollonia inland has been plotted byStephanova(Numismatika14.4 (1980), 3-9) and K. Dmitrov

lists 13 hoards of Apolloniatesilver found in the interiorofThrace (TP IV, 207). Stephanovahas also studiedthe bronzecoins, whichhave as theirtype a statueof Apollo, datingto themid-4th to mid-2nd Cts BC (TP HI, 272-82) and points toprototypeson coins of AntiochusII for variantsfrom the 3rdCt BC.Bronze arrow-headmoney continues to be studied (P.Balabanov,Numismatika 1986) 2. 3-14, and K. Dmitrov,TPIV, 205-8). The latestview is thatthey were issuedby Apollo-nia, Istria and Olbia before true coinage, as they are foundconcentrated n the hinterlandof these three cities (SC NUM(1984) 17-24; Klio 73 (1991) 1, 20-7, sv Istria). The earlypottery found on the harbourbottom is suggested to be fromthe earliestnecropolisnow underwaterPanayotova,TP V, 29,resum6)whereremainsof anAeneolithic-EBAsettlementwerefound in 1990-91 (TP V, 34, resum6).A series of fine late 5th-early 4th Ct BCrf bell kratersfrom the necropolis have beengiven excellent illustration(M. Tsaneva,Kratery iz Apolloni,Sofia 1982). Still unpublished s the chancefind of a triangularlead weight bearingthe civic badge, the anchor,as also are thefinds from the 1992 excavations on S. Ivan island near themonastery,andthose from the H necropolison the edge of thenew town (excavatorC. Panayatova).A very brief accountofApollonia in Germanwas given by Ivanov (Das Altertum30.2(1984), 123-5).A Thracian ortress near the village of Rouen at the headof the Bay of Burgas s discussedby Karayotovand Kiachkina(TP III, 245-50). The site at Burgos Bani is treated n TPIII,232, and the Thracian settlement at Debelton (Deultum)excavatedbetween 1981 and 1985 is identifiedas a shrine andfocal point of tradebetweenApollonia and the Thracians romthe 6th to the 4th Cts BC(Balabanov,TP III, 221-37). Furtherevidence for tradeoverland hroughSE Thracehas been foundat emporion Pisteros on the right bank of the Hebros. Aninscription was found in 1990, mentioning Apolloniates,Thracians and Maroneans (Domaradski, TP V, resum6). Itseems fairly clear that the place-nameson the silver bowls inthe Rogozen Treasure see below), unlike the find-spot of thetreasure tself in NW Thrace(Triballia), were all of towns inits SE comer in the hinterlandof the Propontis (A. Fol,

FIG. 4

85


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86 J.G.F. HIND

FIG.5

Iskusstvo1986, 2-4; 44-59; Arkheologia28.3 (1987) 1-3;Hind,Rogozen Treasure (ed. B.F. Cook, 1989). Roads across SEThrace have been traced by the Apollonia-Strandzha xpedi-tion, following overland and riverine routes between the NAegean and Propontison the one hand and the Black Sea onthe other(Stoikova, TPI, 223-4). The capitalof the late4th CtOdrysian kings, Seuthopolis, is published by Ognenova (L.Ognenova-Marinovich,Seuthopolis-Byt KulturaI, 1984). Asecond city of the Thracianprinces, Kabyle near Iambol. hasbeen excavated (V. Velkov,IIIrd Int. Thrak.Congress ViennaII, Vienna 1984, 213-7). Northof the Bay of BurgasAnkhia-los, a polikhnionof Apollonia, was a valuable salt-panregion,and Apolloniate coins found their way into the Thracianhinterland.A new hoardwas foundat Sredha-Mahala in 1984(Karayotov,TP III, 250). Coins of Mesembriaof H date foundtheir way to Kabyle, probablyvia Aitos and Karobat, wheretypes of the early 3rd Ct BC are common (K. Dmitrov,TP V,resume 9-11). The Thraciansanctuaryat Monastir Tepe, bythe mineral baths of Burgas, has yielded 'West Slope' wareand over 200 amphora stamps of Thasos, Rhodes, Kos andKnidos (Kyashkina,TP V, resume2). A numberof settlementsat the head of the Bay of Burgas importedGreek materialinthe 6th-5th Cts BC - Izgrev near Burgas, as well as SladkiKladentsi, a Thraciansanctuaryat Khiloto, and a fort (tyrsis)on the N shore of Lake Mandra (Karayotov,TP V, resume20).Mesembria (Nesebar). Since 1983Nesebarhas been a 'Centreof WorldCulture'(UNESCO)on accountof its numerousByzChurches.The ancientandmediaevalperiodsof Nesebarhaverecentlybeen popularisedwith good illustrationsby V. Velkov,L. Ognenova and M. Chimbuleva (Mesambria-Mesemvria-Nesebur, Sofia 1986). A brief account of Mesembria withreferences to recentarchaeologicalmaterialandinscriptions sgiven by Velkov (Xenia 16, 29-37). The evolution of theThracianname Melsambria o the Greek Mesembria s studied

by Vlahov (TP III, 1986, 176-7). A point in disputeis the dateof the bria (Thracianfort). Ognenova sets it immediatelybefore the Greek colony (Wiadomosce Archaeologiczne 44(1979) 1. 37-8). Alexandrescu and Morints argue that it isearlier by some two to three Cts (Pontica 15 (1982) 47-56).Ognenova suggests that there were harboursboth N and S ofthe peninsula(TP V, resume28). Revised estimatesof the sizeof the anc. city suggest that to the present peninsulashould beadded areas to N and S now under water, giving an area ofsome 40 hectares. The 'helmeted-head type' on the silvercoinage on the earliest coins of Mesembria is made morefamiliar in the Westby the publicationof the B.M. Catalogue(Price,SNGIXpl.X 265-76). The hero Melsas is thought o berepresented here. Mesembrian gold staters are studied byRogalski (INMV18 (1982) 92-9) and the bronzeof H datebyDmitrov (TP V, resume 9-11). A hoard of 282 coins ofMacedonia Prima, Thasos, Thracian mitations and Atheniantetradrachms,found in Nesebar town, is discussed by I.Karayotov(TP II, 151-5). Inscriptions n honourof Egyptiandeities and illustrating the cult of Demeter and Kore arepublished by Velkov (Hommages a MJ. VermaserenIII,Leiden, 1978, 1293-5;FestschriftChr.Danov, Sofia 1984).Aninscription of the 4th Ct BC honours one Matris, son ofBorykhos,grandsonof Aiskhines,who is said to haveprotectedthe territoryof Mesembria rom attack. In another nscription,a Mesembrian,Polyxenos, is honouredby thecity of Dionyso-polis (Velkov, X Int. Congress Greek and Latin Epigraphy,117). Perhaps he most interestingrecentfind is the sculpturalrelief of the 2nd Ct BC,on which arerepresented he six strat-egoi attending o ritualin the presenceof a hekataion(Fig. 5)(Velkov,Arkheologia26 (1984) 22-3; Xenia 16, 47; Alexandr-escu-Vianu, St. Class.24 (1986) 99-107). Relations with theThracianruler,Sadala, and with the Astai, continue to exciteinterest, as do the coins mentioned in the Sadala inscription(Velkov,Mesambria-Mesemvria-Nesebur..12-14;J. Yourouko-va, Epigraphica42 (1980) 13-24). The importanceof Mesem-


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ARCHAEOLOGY AROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92bria at the time of the transition from LR to Byz times isunderlinedby Velkov (Byzantinobulgarica7, Sofia 1981 137-60).Odessos (Varna). Beshevlyev connects the ancient name'Watery Place' with the pile-dwellings on Vama Lagoon(INMV24 (1988) 5-14). In 1985 a small-scaleexcavation onthe hill above the R baths found a rare A layer, in which wasa timber-and-post-hole welling with tracesof wattle-and-daubwalls; associated material ncludedfragmentsof a lotus bowl,a Chiot omphalos-bowl and Attic bf sherds. This may havebeen an outlying partof the polis, or partof a nearbyThraciansettlement in contact with it (M. Lazarov, Vani V 1987,summary). Gocheva has studied the priesthoods held atOdessos andDionysopolis, modem Balchik(Klio 62 (1980) 1.49-53). Glassware from Odessos and other cities on this Wcoast, which is now held in the VarnaMuseum,is published nthe museum's journal (A. Minchev, INMV 16 (1980), 20(1984), 24 (1988), 25 (1989). Minchev discusses also the EChperiod in Odessos and its territory Xenia 16 (1985) 51-74).The coins of the small kinglets of Scythia Minor - Kanites,Tanusa, Akrosas, Sarias, Kharaspes,Aelis - are studied by J.Youroukova(ThrakiaIV 1977, 105ff). They are said to havebeen struck in the W Pontic cities north of the HaimosMountains, .e. at Odessos, Tomoi, Kallatis and Dionysopolis.Dionysopolis (Balchik). Knowledge of the ancient toponymsof places near this small city has been considerablyincreasedin detail by the find in 1982 of an inscriptionof the 2nd Ct BC.King Kotys is mentioned,also a Philippos, son of Aristides, aThracian called Dintastes and Sadala, seemingly a regionalstrategos. A numberof local place-namesaregiven - Aphrodi-sias, Akra,Neapolis, Kerbaitis,Skerizis (Banyev andDmitrov,TP HI,34-8; VIIIInt. Congress of Greekand LatinEpigraphy.Athens).

FIG. 6

Bizone (Kavarna). Two Thracian ombsof the 2nd-lst Cts BCwere found near Kavarna(INMV25 (1989) 9-12). The largenumberof Sinopianamphorastamps in the KavarnaMuseumhave been published(Banyev,Lazov andSalkin,TP II, 29-33).Salkin argues that Bizone dates as a colony from a muchearlierperiodthan has formerlybeen believed (TPIII, 251-5).This is basedon the finds thereof a little E Greek bandedwarewhich is dated to the late 7th Ct BC. But the bulkof thepotteryfrom the plateaucomprisedHerakleiot,RhodianandSinopianamphorasof the late 5th to the 3rd Cts BC.Tirizis (Kaliakra). Underwater xcavationsby the cape and toits N have found almost 100 stone anchors(Lazarov,Vani VI1990, in press) more than anywhere else off the Bulgariancoast. The dedicationinscription,found in 1981 off the cape,has now been publishedby LazarovandPopov (TP1, 156-63;Lazarov,VDI(1985) 3, 47-50). It is a votive madeby Antigon-os, son of Herakleitos, a Macedonian of Stybera to theDioskouroiSotereson behalfof the local rulerSariakes,and isdatedby the authors o c 175-150 BC.

THRACE AND THE THRACIANSTwo large-scaleart-bookshave appeared,which well illustratethe elite elements in Thracian culture: Gold of the ThracianHorsemen TreasuresromBulgaria, Les editions de l'homme,Montreal1987; Traci- Arte e Cultura nelle Terredi Bulgariadalle origini alla TardaRomanita,Art WorldMedia, Venice1989. An accountof slavery amongthe Thracians s given byV. Velkov (Studiazur AltenGeschichte, SiegfriedLaufferzum70 Geburtstag,Rome 1986, 1023-30) and the tribalgeographyis surveyed by A. Fol, T. Spiridonaand M. Oppermann Foland Spiridona,IstoricheskaGeographia na TrakiiskatePlem-nm dlo III vyeka pr. n.e. I & II, Sofia 1983; Opperman,Thrakerzwischen Karpatenbogenund der Agdis, 1984). Thegenealogy of the last Odrysian kings of Thrace,c. 100 BCtoAD45, is studiedby Tacheva(GodishnikSofiiskogo Universit-Let KlimentOkhridsky-Istoricheskyakultet77 (1985) 412-17).Exceptional finds of recent times are the monmental tombfound in 1982 at Sveshtary in NE Bulgaria, which hadimpressivearchitectural ndpainteddecorationdatingit to the4th-3rd Cts BC. Among the most distinctive features werecaryatids on the internal walls (M. Chichikova, Iskusstvo 4(1983) 18-27;Archeologia 190, Dijon, 1984, 17ff;J. Best (ed.)Thracians and Mycenaeans IV Int. Congress of Thracology,Rotterdam,Leiden, N.Y. 1989, 205-17; M. Chichikovaet al.7Te ThracianTombnear the Villageof Sveshtary,Sofia 1986,123pp).A great find of silver plate was made at Rogozen in NWBulgaria between the summer of 1985 and January1986; itconsisted of 108phialai and 54 jugs (Fig. 6). Some itemsmaybe Getic in origin, others influenced by the metalwork ofOlynthos.However,a sizeable numberhadobviously served asa kind of tribute-gift o the Odrysianprincesfrom cities in thecornerof Thrace nlandof the Sea of MarmaraIskusstvo1986,6, 1-63; Arkheologia 29.3 (1987) 26-66; I. Marazov, TheRogozen Treasure,Sofia 1988; B.F. Cook (ed.) The RogozenTreasure,Papers deliveredat a Conferenceheld 13th March,1987, B.M. London 1989). It is suggested that the collectionwas assembled c. 383/2 BC,looted by Philip and lost to theTriballoi,ultimately to be hidden from the Celtic invadersc.280 BC(Tacheva,Arkheologia 29.4 (1987) 1-11). New localvariantsof the Thracianridergod/hero continue to be found,the epithet Aularkenos in the Odessos region (Karambliyeva

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88 J.G.F.HINDTHE GREEK CITIES OF THE DOBRUDZHA (ROUMANIA)

FIG. 7

and Ivanov, INMV 23 1987, 74-83) and an Ares Zyragetesfroma shrine of c. 300-250 BC V.Naidenova,VaniV). A newsynthesis of Thrace in this period will be given by Z. Archi-bald (CAHVI2in press). Before leaving Bulgaria,the surveyof underwater rchaeologyalong itscoast should be mentioned(M. Lazarov, VI Congresso Internacional de ArquelogiaSubmarina, Cartagena 1985, 135-8) as well as the sameauthor'sreporton studiesof the importof Greekamphoras ntothe coastal partof PonticThrace(BCHSuppl.XIII 1986, 401-5) which also includes Kallatis,Tomis and Istria in Rumania,to which we now turn.

RUMANIAThe southernmostcity on the Rumanian coast was Kallatis(Fig. 7). As this lies under the modern town Mangalia,attention has been paid mainly to the necropoleis, whichproduceburialsfrom the 4th Ct BConwards. The two ancient

harbour-moles,now underwater,have been studied, with theconclusion that they made use of a small naturalbay (M.Lazarov, Potynolata Flotilia, Varna 1975, 136-8; Bounegru,Pontica 19 (1986) 267-72; C. Preda, TP IV, 162-5). Theterritory of Kallatis, which stretched from Shabla (KaronLimen) to the S, as far as Tuzla to the N, is the subject of along article by Avram (Dacia 35 (1991) 103-37) who alsodiscusses the constitution of the city from the epigraphicevidence (Das Schwarze Meer I, in press). Roads in theenvirons of Kallatisdating to the Romanperiod are tracedbyStefan (St. Class. 22 (1984) 95-107). A survey of the tradinglinks of Kallatisduringthe H period is undertaken,using theepigraphic evidence, by Dorutsiu-Boila (SCIVA39.3 (1988)243-9). Some twenty cities, most within the Black Sea area,but some outside, were involved. Terracottas, o add to thelarge numbers already known from Kallatis, continue to befound - Eros, Nike, Aphroditeand Dionysos figurines amongthem, dating to the 4th-3rd Cts BC (Bardaleanu-Zavatin,


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FIG. 8Pontica 18 (1985) 85-95). Considerable activity has beendirected owards hestudyof amphora-stampsrom Kallatis(byBuzoianu andPoenaru-Bordea,Pontica 16 (1983) 149-88; 17(1984) 51-60; 18 (1985) 55-74; 19 (1986) 61-74; 20 (1987) 53-78; BCH Suppl. XIII 335-51, 407-15). These include specialstudies of Thasian, Herakleiotand Rhodianimports.The siteat Albeti inland of Kallatis has also produced numerousamphora tamps(RadulescuandBarbulescu,Pontica 19(1986)33-60; 20 (1987) 53-78). In Kallatis recently a temenos areawas discovered by chance (excavated by Radulescu) whereremains of temples and altars were found (M. Coja, in J.Descoedres (ed.) Greek Colonists and Native Populations,Canberra/Oxford 990, 164). The above-mentionedsettlementat Albeti was defended successively by 4th Ct BC and Hwalls. The prolific amount of imported and native potteryreflects its importance n theregion (Radulescuet al. 'Santierularheologie Albesti 1978', Materiali Si CercetariArheologice,Oradea1979, 169-74). Of some 14 settlementson the coast andinlandof Kallatis,none has producedmaterialearlierthanthisfrom Albesti. This observation,perhapsmorethan the fact thatthe earliest find from Kallatis itself is a bg bolsal of the lateSth/-early4th Ct BC(SCIV 15.4, 545-9) makes it likely thatKallatis'origins lay in the time of Amyntas, fatherof Philip,rather handuringthe reign of the earlierAmyntas in the late6th Ct (Ps. Scymnus, ii. 760-4). Burialsfound in Kallatisandin its hinterlandinclude one with Scythian elements in theinventory,which should be no surprise in view of what HLsources say about Scythians around the nearby city ofTomoi/Tomis(Avram,Dacia 35 (1991) 127-9).Tomoi/Tomis. The large modem city of Constanta overliesTomis. In spite of this a hut of wattle-and-daub echnique ofthe earliestperiod is now reported; t contained some E Greekpotteryof the 6th Ct BC RadulescuandPapuc, paperpreparedfor VaniVI 1990). For the early period at Tomis paperswere

delivered by P. Alexandrescuand C. Preda at the ConstantaConferencecelebrating2,500 years of the city 3-5 June 1991.Arrow money and Istriancast bronze coins have been foundduringexcavations in the CathedralPark(B. Mitrea,Dacia 20(1976) 288, No. 9; C. Scorpan,SC Num. 7 (1980) 25-34). Acorpusof the GreekandLatininscriptions rom Tomis is nowavailable (J. Stoian,InscriptionesScythiaeMinoris Graecae etLatinaeII, Bucharest,1987). Importof amphoras n the 4th CtBC and H times has come in for particularstudy (Buzoianu,Pontica 15 (1982) 137-51;BCHSuppl.XIII405-17; Pontica 17(1984) 51-60; M. Lazarov,Thrac. Congress II, 1980, 171ff).Of particular nterestfor Tomisbut also for the situation n theRumanianDobrogeagenerally in the 1st Ct AD is the studyofOvid's Tristiaand Epistulae ex Ponto (A. Podosinov, OvidsDichtungals Quellefiir die Geschichtedes Schwarzmeergebiet-es, Xenia 19, 1987). Ovid's understanding f the termsScythia,SarmataeandGetae in termsof the ethnogeographyobtainingaround Tomis had already been studied by Podosinov inDrevneishiyeGosudarstvana TerritoriiSSSR,Materialy1975,Moscow 1976. ThirdCtBC mitationsof Lysimachuscoins andfour bronzecoins of Akrosas, a local Scythianking, struckatTomis c 225-200 BCwere found in a hoardat Bulgarevo (T.Gerasimov, SC Num. 6, 25ff). The dates of other Scythianrulersissuingcoins also seem to fit here (M Price, SNGIX pl.IX). Several burial groups of H and R date have been pub-lished (V. Lunguand C. Chera,Pontica 19 (1986) 89-114). Ageneral survey of the city of Tomis and the religious cultsattested on coins and inscriptions is provided by B. Isaac(GreekSettlements n Thrace... 266-8).Istria. Situatedbehind a long sandbaron Lake Sinoe, manykilometres S of the southernmostarmof the Danube (Fig. 8)Istriacontinues to be the subjectof much study andpublishedwork. Vol. VI of Histria (Al. Suceveanuet al. eds.) appearedin 1982 on the 'Roman Baths' area;Vol. VII deals with earlyremains from the temple area. Most recently a collection ofessays on various aspects of the city has been published asXenia 26 - Histria, Eine Griechenstadtan der RumdnischenSchSchwarzmeerkiiste, ds. P. Alexandrescuand W. Schuller,Konstanz 1990. This contains contributionson the A period,the city's territory,stone sculpture of all periods, Istria's Rperiod and its LR fortifications,and containsa full bibliogra-phy of works on the site down to 1988. P. Alexandrescureconsiders two Euboean LG sherds and other pottery fromIstria n the CambridgeMuseumof ClassicalArchaeology(St.Class. 28 (1988) 110-16; Melanges Leveque,DHA 1989, 1-8).In a series of articles he traces Istria's A stage (Pontica 18(1985) 41-54; 19 (1986) 19-32) relationswith the surroundingGetai (Tskhaltubo-VaniV 281-94) itsfloruit in the 5th-4thCts(VaniV 1987) and its constitutionas reportedby Aristotle(St.Class. 24 (1986) 73-70). The archaeological evidence forrelations between the Istrianoiand the Getai peoples of theDobrogea s summarisedby M. Coja(in Descoedresed., GreekColonistsand Native Populations, 1990, 157-68). The import-ance of copperandirondeposits located within 30km of Istriais stressed by Poenaru-Bordeaand Oberlander-Timoveanu(ActesduII Congres ThracologieI (1978) 141). Istriaharbouris shown to have been closed by the sandbankonly in the 6thCt AD(St. Class. 26 (1988) 67-79). A corpusof inscriptionsofthecity andsurrounding egionhas been published(D. Pippidiet al. Inscriptiones ScythiaeMinoris Graecae et Latinae. Vol.I. Histria, Bucharest, 1983). To this should be added that ofDioskorides, son of Strouthion,of H date (St. Class. 21 (1983)23-6) andotherspublishedby Moretti(St. Class. 24 (1986) 21-6). Pippidialso publishes fragmentary ecrees,anddedications

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90 J.G.F. HIND

FIG. 9

to Apollo Pholeuterios,Phorkysandthe Nymphs(SCIVA 3.1,182, 35-46). The well-known family of Hippolokhos, son ofTheodotos, priests of Apollo Ietros in the late 5th Ct BC,isprovided with a revised genealogy by Alexandrescu-Vianu(SCIVA 39.3, 1988). The organization of the city's ruralterritory n H times is consideredby Stefan (SCIVA33.2 199-208).Avram returns to the theme of relationswith the Getai inthe A period, suggesting that certain subsidiary settlementsserved as emporia (A. Avram, St. Class. 27 (1991) 19-30).Importationof A faience vessels is studied by Domaneantu(Dacia 32 (1988) 21-5). The arrow-moneynoted in the areasof Apollonia and Tomis appears around Istria too (Poenaru-Bordea, Internat. Num. Congress (1986) 89-90). Some 700pieces were found in a hoard at Visina about 10km W ofOrgame - Cape Dolojman (Manucu-Adamesteanu,SCN 8(1984) 17-24; C. Preda,Klio 73 (1991) 20-7). Orgamewas asub-colony of Istriaor a mixed settlementof Greeks andGetai,whose exact status is unclear. Excavations of the 1980s arediscussedby M. CojaandManucu-Adamesteanu, ktendes XIIInternat.Congr.Arch. Class. Praktika,Athens 1985, 169-75).At least twelve settlements are known to have existed on thesea-coast andon the estuariesof the E Dobrogea by the 6th CtBC. Orgame , where E Greek pottery of the 7th-6th Ct BC hasbeen foundis supposedto have had a special tradingrole as anemporion. (M. Coja, in Descoedres (ed. Greek Colonists ....162-65). The coins of Istria n the BritishMuseum,London arenow publishedby M. Price (SNGIX - pl. VIII).Distributionofthe cast bronze 'wheel' coins of Istriaandof the silver within

the NW hinterlandof the Black Sea has been plottedby A.Zaginailo(Mat.ASP 8 (1976) 72, 79ff); to which addPapasima(Pontica 16 (1983) 283-4). Olbiancoins also found theirwayinto the Lower Danube area (C. Preda,SC Num. 7, 1980). B.Mitrea sees in the wheel on the cast bronze both a Thraciansun-symboland a reference o Apollo Ietros(Pontica 15 (1982)89-97).The Istrian silver coin-type with the two youthful heads,presentedalmost full face tete-beche(Fig. 9) is interpreted yZaginailo as Helios rising and setting (PamyatnikiDrevnyegoIskusstvaSevero-Zapadnogo richernomorya,Kiev 1986,93-6)and as the heads of Getic slaves, trade-itemsof Istria, ike thesilphium seeds of Kyrene and amphorason coins of Thasos(Hind, TP V, 1991, resume 18). Tradebulks large in Istrianstudies. It is suggestedthatTariverde was an emporion or thetrans-DanubianGetai (C. Preda, Pontica 5 (1972) 77-88).Excavations were resumed there by Avramin 1985, who hasalso excavated at Cugeleac in 1984-5 and 1987-8. Fora reporton the recentexcavations at Histria Pod, see K. Zimmerman,A. Avram,Klio 69 (1987) 6-27. Greek importsinto the plainof Braila areplottedand discussedby Sirbu(Pontica 15 (1982)99-124) andmorewidely into Rumania Pontica 16 (1983) 43-67; TPI (1985) 243-71). Thepatternof goods importedby theGetai andTyragetai nto the LowerDanubearea,is the subjectof a study by I. Nikulitze (TP IV (1991) 197-204) includingthree maps). Amphorasfrom various Greek centres found atIstria tself are discussed by M. Coja(BCHSuppl.XIII(1985)417-50). Thasian amphoras have been given a preliminarysurvey and a full study by Avram(Klio 70 (1988) 404-11;ThracianAmphoraStamps rom Histria, unpublished,a list of967 stampsfrom Istriaand its environs). A reinterpretationfone amphorastampleads Avram to identify the long-disputedamphora-type Solokha I' (Fig. 10) as from Kos (Dacia 33(1989) 247-52). A revision of the Sinopianamphorasof groupIV by Conovici puts them c. 280-260 BC(SCIVA 0, 1 (1989)29-44). Among individual finds at Istria are several architec-turalpieces, which have receiveddetailedtreatment, piece ofA cornice (Dacia 35 (1991) 93-101) pieces of Ionic columncapitals (Histria,Xenia 25, 103-54) and decorative terracotta

FIG. 10


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FIG. 11

tiles and simas (Xenia ... 155-77). The mainperiodsof Istria'sdefensive walls are determinedas follows (1) c. 575-500 BC;(2) c 450-350/325 BC; 3) c 300 BC-lst Ct AD;(4) 2nd Ct AD-mid 3rd CtAD (Xenia 25, 270). Defended settlements ofvarious kinds, and the defence of territory,are discussed byAvramand Nistor (SCIVA33, 4 (1982) 365-75). Isaac (GreekSettlements .. 268-78) gives a brief account of Istria down tothe mid 1980s from the point of view of the ancient historian.

FORMER USSR, UKRAINEThe tributaryrivers of the Danube and the W boundaries ofScythia, as conceived by Herodotus,are treatedat some lengthby A. Vulpe(TPIV, 177-96). The island of Leuke, lying 45kmNE of the Danubedelta out in the Black Sea is that sea's onlynon-off-shore sland.Uniqueon thatscore, it attracted mporoifrom the 6th Ct onwards, and became the centre of a cult ofAchilles Pontarkes. Sensitive in modem times on securitygrounds, only since 1989-90 has it been the object of renewedarchaeologicalattentionby theOdessaArchaeologicalMuseumand the Institute of Archaeology at Kiev. Some sherds ofFikellurapottery with crescents and lotus-and-buddecoration,and an Attic bf kylix, are reported. Chiot amphoras of the'swollen-neck' type and H forms of amphoras were foundunderwater,along with one stone anchor-stockand four leadones. In 1988 some fragmentsof a stone relief, on which wascarved the wing of a griffin, were found (OstroverkhovandOkhotnikov, IRBS V, Rostov 1990, 8-9; Vani VI (1990) inpress). In 1989 a replica of an anc. Greek vessel, built atOdessa, was sailed via Leuke island throughthe Black Sea toGreece. The evidence for the god Achilles was studiedby H.

Hommel (Der GottAchilleus, Sitzungsberichteder Heidelber-ger Akademieder Wissenschaften,1980). It is now argued hatLeuke is the notional location of the legendary scene on thePortland Vase in the British Museum (Fig. 11) on whichAchilles, Helen and Aphrodite are depicted, Helen beingidentified by the reed-torch(helene) which she holds, and theclue to the scene being in the tree, which is a white poplar,leuke (Hind, VDI (1994); JHS (1995) in press). From thisisland site as far as the city of Gorgippia (Asiatic side ofBosporos) there is a good survey of archaeological activitydown to the early 1980s in G. Koshelenko (ed). AntichnyeGoroda SevernogoPrichernomorya,Moscow, 1984 (= AGSP)and a historian's account by J.G. Vinogradov, n AntichnayaGretsia, I, Moscow 1983. The collection,ArkheologiaUkrains-koi SSR, II, Kiev 1986, also contains sections on the N BlackSea cities, as does briefly the History of Europe (Istoria Eur-opy I, Moscow 1988, at 212-16, 373-8, 512-33 and 818-29).Tyras Belgorod Dniestrovsky) andNikonion (Roxolanskoye)(Fig. 12) lie on either side of the Dniester Liman. The exist-ence of more than one township on the estuary may explainwhy Herodotus (IV.51) mentions Tyritai there, not a singleTyraspolis. Ps-Scymnus gives an indication of the motivationof at least some of the Greeks there by describing them asemporoi,drawnby the good fishing (11.796-800). Soviet workat these two sites up to the early 1980s is summarisedby V.Pruglo(in G. Koshelenko,AGSP(1984) 26-30). Dolgorukov na recent accountof Soviet archaeologyon the Black Sea couldonly be very sketchy on Tyras (Antiquity 67 (1993) 154).Recent books on Tyras are by P. Karyshkovsky and L.Kleiman (Drevny Gorod Tyras, Odessa 1985). and by T.L.Samoilova (Tyrav VI-Ivyekakhdo n.e., Kiev 1988). The silvercoins of Tyrasof the mid-4th Ct BCare the first signs of a cityat Belgorod (M. Price, SNG IX (1993) pl. XII). Kleimansurveys the earliest material from the site-some E Greekkylix-sherds, lamps and a skyphos of the 6th-5th Cts BC VaniVI,in press). The E partof the cape at Belgorod was cutoff bya defensive wall in the 4th Ct BC.,which was thenreplacedbya more extensive one, adding an area to the S. This includeda round tower and stretches of curtainwall and dated to the3rd-2ndCts BC.In this wall was found the base for a bronzestatueof one Autokles of the 4th Ct BC.He was a Tyritan, onof Oiniades,who had been honoured or undertaking missionto Istria;he may have negotiatedsome resettlementatTyrasofsettlers from Nikonion. In the E partof the cape houses of Hdate andof the 2nd Ct AD were found.A fragmentof a marblerelief bearinga warriorholdingan oval shield is given separatepublication (AO (1983) 283; L. Kleiman, Novye Issledovaniapo ArkheologiiSevernogo Prichernomorya,Kiev 1987, 46-52).For the R period, stamped tiles of legio V Macedonica, XIClaudia, and I Italica, and a marble plaque, dedicated toAsklepios andHygieiaby Romanmedici,are the most distinc-tive finds. A one-mina weight and a piece of a measuringvessel bore the names of agoranomoi. Preliminaryreportsarein AO (1983) 282-3; 1984, 242-3; 1985, 337-8; 1986, 282-3.Nikonion, some 4km N of Tyrasacross the estuary,seems tohave flourished n the late 6th-5thCts, in the4th-early3rdCts,and again in the first two Cts AD. Agbunov discusses itslocation across the Liman,arguing hat it was originallyon theleft bank of the N branchof a two-armeddelta, where a seriesof small subsidiarysettlementsexisted(Arkheologia39 (1979)13-19; KSIA191 (1987) 3-6). Sekerskayapublishes A potteryfrom there(MASP8 (1976) 89-94) and discusses the relations

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92 J.G.F. HINDbetween Nikonion andthe native Tyragetai VaniVI, 1990, inpress). It never issued its own coinage, and no inscriptionsother than graffiti have been found there. It was, however,furnishedwith a defensive wall, uncovered in the NW partofthe upperterrace,which had a thickness of just over im, andof which the construction is dated to c. 475-50 BC. Six pit-shelters (zemlyanki)of this period were found. Houses of thelate 4th-early3rd Cts BC ollowed. Importsof amphoras n the5th-early4th Cts BCwere largely fromChios, Thasos, Lesbos,Athens, Samos, Mende and Herakleia. Later the import wasmainly from Sinope and Chersonesos. Some 20 burials of theperiodwere excavatedE of this area;three had skulls crushed,perhapsviolently in warfare.Veryinterestingare the coins ofthe Scythian king Skyles found in three denominations atNikonion -the legend XK, XKY, ZKYA is found, to therightof an owl on the two largercoin-types. Some were foundin a recess in the basementof a dwelling c. 450-425 BC(P.O.Karyshkovsky,Kimmeriitsy Skiphy,Kirovograd1987, 66-8;V. Anokhin,MonetyAntichnykhGorodovSevernogoPrichern-omorya, Kiev 1989, 75-9; Sekerskaya, Vani VI, in press,resume). Skyles probablyhad some kind of protectorateoverNikonion, which so far is the only place where these coinshave been found. The wheel-motif on the other side of thecoins links them with the well-known cast coins of Istria.Theeconomy of Nikonion may well have been geared to at leastsome export of grain; the 200 grain-storagepits found areestimatedto have cateredfor much more thanlocal needs (Z.Yanushevich,KulturnyeRasteniyaSevernogoPrichernomorya,Kishinev 1986, 37-8). An early cult-centre has been found,where there was a platformpaved with mudbricks,displayingtracesof fire (Sekerskaya,NovyeIssledovania .. 27-38). Nativesettlements in the lower DniesterRiver region are the subjectof a numberof articles and a monographby S.B. Okhotnikov

(Issledovania po Antichnoi Arkheologii Yugo-ZapadaUSSR,Kiev 1980, 89-94; Materialy po Arkheologii SevernogoPrichernomorya,Kiev 1983, 101-19;NizhnyeyePodnyestrovyev VI-Vvyekakhdo n.e., Kiev, 1990.The influenceof Istria this farupthe coast is now generallyrecognized, with not only her coins found here (sv Zaginailo,under Istria) but also because of the coastal site, namedIstrianon Limen (A. Avram,St. Class. 27 (1991) 23). On thiscoast towardsBorysthenes/Olbia ay Ordessos, perhapson therightbank of the Tiligul estuary,at Kosharskoye excavationsof E. Levina, Odessa Arch. Mus.). This had an areaof somefourhectares,anddated fromthe early4th- to the mid-3rdCtsBC. There was some regular street-planning. Importedamphoras were from Chios, Herakleia, Thasos, Sinope.Alongside much hand-madeScythianpotterythere was founda fine rf 'Kerch-Style' krater with an Amazonomachyand aterracotta igurineof a drunkenHerakles,datingto c. 400-350BC.Some 40 burialswereuncovered, ncludingcremations,pit-burials and burials undertumuli. A marble stele and a lime-stone altararereported. t is suggestedthatthis site may be anoutlying townshipof the Olbianpolis. Perhaps hey were someof the KallipidailHellenoskythai,known to Herodotus, andmentioned as Mixhellenes in the Protogenesinscription.Berezan Island/Borysthenes lies something over 2km acrossshallow waterfrom the mainland.The map published n Arch.Reps. 1983-84 (fig. 9). was in some respects inaccurate,especially in its location of the excavations of Gorbunova1962-66, which should be on the coast E of the main section'A' (Von Stem) andin showingthenecropolisas extendingtoofar up the NW coast of the island (Fig. 13). Since 1962 theexcavations have been led by J. Domansky of the Hermitagein Leningradandworkhas also been carriedout by S. Mazar-

FIG.12


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ARCHAEOLOGY AROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92ati and V. Nazarov of the Institute of Archaeology at Kiev.Excavation n thenecropolis s summarisedby J.G.Vinogradov(Domansky,Vinogradov,S.L. Solovyev, Drevniye PamyatnikiKultury na Territorii SSSR, Leningrad 1986, 25-32; ItogiArkheologicheskikh xpeditsiiGosudarstvyennogoHermitagea,Leningrad 1989, 38-60). Brief reports on the main activitiesand finds on Berezanappeared n AO (1982) 257; (1983) 272;(1984) 205; (1985) 328; (1986) 275. A recent summaryinFrenchis given by Vinogradov,Domansky,Marchenko n LePont Euxin vupar les Grecs ... 123-8). The A necropolis in theNW of the island seems now to have been fully excavated,with some 213 burialsexcavated in 1976-80, and another 150in 1982-90, over and above the 600 or so unearthed bySkadovsky in 1900-1. Several of the dead found in 1987 hadbeen killed by arrows(in all about5%had been killed in thisway). Roughly two-thirds to three-quartersor more of theburials were in the extended position, one quarteror fewerwere crouched. Generally no weapons were included in theinventory,whichconsisted of small importedvases, Chian ugs,Ionian gutti, Corinthian aryballoi etc., knives, needles andwhetstones, silver rings, ear-rings,and 'dolphin-shaped' oins.The absence of burialsof the 7th-early6th Ct BC s explainedby the calculation that the W coast of that part of the islandhas been eroded away by some 26m in the last 90 years, andthat the land/behind the earlier coastline held the earliestgraves. In the settlement n the NE partof the island as manyas 55 more pit-shelterdwellings have been found. One of theearliest contained ate 7th Ct potteryandwas overlaidby laterstructures;one had a mud-brickwall sub-division, proving itsfunction as a dwelling. One with an area of 27 sq.m also hadelements of stone-wall orthostatconstruction.The laterphaseof stone socles and mud-brickwalls in the latterhalf of the 6thCt BC s well representedby a block of nine houses, c. 40m N-S and 60m E-W. One house had an areaof 250 sq.m., a pavedcourt and five rooms; it was fitted out with an altar of lime-stone slabs, a well and a domestic pit. A paved street ranwithinthe block, andothers were on eitherside. The buildingsof this phase seemed to last to c. 470-460 BC,and the exca-vators connect this with the decline of the Olbian kh6ra-settlements n general.Some finds of R date, thoughrelativelyfew, (Xenophontova,TGH24 (1984) 136-46) and some of medtimes, were also made (AO (1986) 265). The types of dwellingfound on Berezan are dealt with by S.D. Kryzhitsky,ZhilyeDomaAntichnykhGorodovSevernogoPrichernomoryaVIVyekdo n.e. - IV vyekn.e., Kiev 1982, 26-31). The.very rich findsof A importedpottery are surveyed by L. Kopeikina (Soob.GOS. Hermitagea (1979) 7-25; Khudozhestvyennye zdyeliaAntichnykhMasterov,Leningrad1982,6-35; ArkheologicheskiySbornikGos. Hermitagea 27 (1986) 27-47). A marbleherm ispublishedby N. LagachovaandI. Snytko, PamyatnikiDrevny-ego IskusstvaSevero-ZapadnogoPrichernomorya,Kiev 1986.A terracottavase in the form of a fish (AO (1982) 257) and astatuette of a reclining figure with a rhyton in his left hand(AO (1983) 273) are among the outstandingsmall finds. V.Krapivina studies the A weights from Berezan and Olbia(Olbia i yeyo Okruga (1986) 105-11) and Skrzhinskayathejewellery (ibid 113) including that which was found with thesmall hoard of Ionian electrum coins mentioned in the lastreport.The coins themselves are published in V.A. Anokhin(Monety AntichnykhGorodov Severo-ZapadnogoPricherno-morya, Kiev 1989, pl. I; also P.O. Karyshkovsky,MonetyOlbii, Kiev 1988, pl. 11, 1-4). A hoard of 31 bronze dolphincoins is mentionedby Domansky(AO (1983) 272). A graffitoon fragmentsof an Ionian kylix mentioned hetkai (1/6) andhemihektai (1/12 staters) (VDI (1971) 1, 64-67)., and the

FIG. 13

widespreaduse of arrowhead oins on Berezanand in Olbia isreflected in a graffito on an Attic bg skyphos found at Olbia(Grakov, Istoria, Arkheologia i Ethnographia Srednei Azii,Moscow 1968, 101-15; VDI (1971) 3, 125-7). Arrow-coinsfrom the area are studied by Anokhin (Olbia i yeyo Okruga,68-89). In 1984 a bronze object was found, on which was arepresentationof an arrow-coin (AO (1984) 265). Bronzemirrors from Berezan and Olbia belonging to the A periodhave been treatedby Skrzinskaya AntichnayaKulturaSevern-ogo Prichernomorya,Kiev 1984, 105-29. Faience scarabs arepublishedby Bolshakov and Ilyina VDI(1988) 3, 51-67). Anunusualfind, belonging to the latest phase of the main settle-ment, is a white ground lekythos with a representationofwarriors n combat (AO (1986) 275); more commonly found,however, were bf fragments and Ionian askoi. Inscriptions,graffiti on pot andbone, continue to exercise the ingenuity ofscholars,includingone on an A E Greek ug, namingit and itsowner (Tokhtasyov,TP II (1985) 283-96). What seems to beanoracular esponseon abone plaqueis translated s follows:-'seven: the wolf is weak'; 'seventy: the lion is terrible'; sevenhundred: he archer s friendly:the gift of the healer's power';'seven thousand:the dolphin is wise, peace to Olbia city; Ibless it there; I am rememberedof Leto'. (A.S. Rusyayeva,VDI (1986) 2, 25, W. Burker, VDI (1990) 2, 155-60). TheGreek is in letters of c. 550-500 BC.This is supposed to beeither a propheticstatement,or an ex post facto statement,ofstages in the development of Borysthenes/Olbiafrom beingfirst a weak settlement on Berezan to the later increments n

93


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94 J.G.F. HIND

--n(?-, , ,

FIG. 4A 6FIG. 14

population and prosperity.Seven is taken to be the sacrednumberof Apollo; it was partof a generalprinciple n dividingup the known world (ps-Hippokrates,On Sevens, ed. Litre(1958) Vol. 8, 639; 9.438). Anotherinscriptionon a rolled-uplead plaque(15x4cm) is said to have been found in 1982 (AO,290). The role played by non-Greeks of Getic and Scythianorigin on Berezan is treatedby K.K. Marchenko(Varvaryvsostavye Naselenia Berezani i Olvii, Leningrad1988). March-enko arguesthatnot only slaves of Thracian-Geticorigin, butalso a Getic immigrantpopulationmaybe represented here,asat another settlement, KutsurubI, on the mainland (Arkh.SbornikGos. Herm. 27 (1986) 48 ff.; TP IV (1990) 209-12).Olbia/Olbiopolis (Parutino). As in the 1970s this site was inthe early 1980s subjected to much study (Koshelenko et al.AGSP(1984) 34-40; Kacharava ndKvirkvelia,GPPAE, 1991,187-201 and very briefly, Dolgorukov, Antiquity67 (1993)151). There are also a numberof books andmonographs;'J.G.Vinogradov, Politicheskaya Istoria Olviiskogo Polisa VII-Ivyekakhdo n.e., Moscow 1989;E.I. Levi, Olvia-GorodEpokhiEllinizma,Leningrad1985;J.G.VinogradovandS.D. Kryzhit-sky, Olbia-AltgriechischerStadt in NordwestlichenSchwarz-meerraum, Brill, Leiden, in press. A collection of articles(Olvia i yeyo Khora,Kiev 1986, 3-68) deals with the develop-ment of the city, in particular he areaof privatehousing SWof the agora, and with a number of settlements within thekhora, such as ShirokayaBalka and LuparevoII. Aspects ofthe history of Olbia in the H period were treated in papersgiven at Tskhaltubo II 1985-one generally on the city byLeipunskaya 220-32), one by Domansky(233-42) on relationswith the Scythians, and one by Marchenko on slave anddependentelements in the Olbian population(242-55).

The architecturecharacteristicof the various periods atOlbia (Fig. 14) is the subjectof a monographby S.D. Kryzh-itsky (Olvia-IstoriographicheskoyessledovaniyeArkhitekturno-StroitelnykhKomplexov,Kiev 1985, 190 pp). Kryzhitskyalsosummarises he evidence for the colonisationof theLowerBugarea (VaniVI in press). Coinage, from the cast bronze coinsand the EMINAKO silver of the 5th-4th Cts BCto the bronzeof the 3rd Ct AD is presentedin P.O. Karyshkovsky'snumis-matic monograph (Monety Olvii, Kiev 1988) and in V.A.Anokhin's book (MonetyAntichnykhGorodovSevero-Zapadn-ogo Prichernomorya,Kiev 1989, 5-74) which also covers themints at Tyras,Nikonion and Kerkinitis.The Olbian coins inthe BritishMuseum,London are now presentedaccessibly andon clearplates (M. Price, SNGIX (1993) pl. XIII-XXVII).TheEMINAKO coins are discussed by Karyshkovsky (RannyZheleznyVyekSevero-ZapadnogoPrichernomorya,Kiev 1984,78-89). Curiously,the Skyles-coins mentioned above have sofar been found only at Nikonion. Olbian coinage in the longperiod down to its sack by the Getai in the mid-ist Ct BCisdiscussed by Karyshkovsky PDISZ,Kiev 1986, 96-125). Thegrave-goods from the A Greek necropolis, excavated in thedays of Pharmakovsky and long held in the Hermitage,Leningrad,are now published by V.M. Skudnova(Arkhaich-esky NekropolOlvii, Leningrad1988). Terracottas rom Olbiaare a large partof the monographby A.S. Rusyayeva(Antich-nyeTerrakotty evero-Zapadnogo richernomorya,Kiev 1982).Recent excavationshave been conducted n the LowerCity,the UpperCity near thedikasterion, he secondtemenos,the Sacropolis, the W Gates, the W 'suburb' of the 5th Ct BC,thenecropolisand the settlementsof the khora,of which there arebrief summaries in ArkheologicheskiyeOtkrytia(AO (1982)246, 293; (1983) 269, 291; (1984) 233, 258; (1985) 327, 402;(1986) 259). In the S partof the Lower Town buildingsof the4th-3rd Cts were found, covered by a land-slip.The areaN ofthis yielded buildings of the 5th Ct BC to the 1st Ct AD. Thearea of the supposed theatrealso suffered a land-slip. No Alayers were found in the Lower Town,a fact which has led tothe suggestion thatit was occupied later thantheUpperTown.The street-networkwas on two differentalignments,showingthat there was no uniform Hippodamian system. The Ndefensive wall of the Lower Town was dedicated by aninscriptionof the 2nd Ct BC o the deities Demeter,Kore,Plutoandthe Demos (N.A. Leipunskaya,Arkheologia,Kiev 1990,3,117-22). In the S part of the Upper Town, the so-called'Roman citadel', excavations continued throughout1982-90.The main buildings on the terracedslope were of the lst-3rdCts AD. Remains of a Doric portico were perhaps from atemple of the first two Cts AD. Two destruction-layers,concentrated in the 3rd Ct AD, are probably the traces ofGothic attacks.Relatively slight remains of the late 3rd-early4th Cts AD were found in this area,but this was the first timethatthey have appeared n any quantity.At theearlyendof thechronological range some pit-shelters and refuse-pits of thesecond half of the 6th-first half of the 5th Cts BC wereexcavated with accompanyingpottery.Outside the NW sectorof the walls excavation of the necropolis (lst-2nd Ct AD)andof the 'pit-shelter' suburbwas directedby J. Kozub, Klio 63(1981) 215-31; K.K. Marchenko,VDI(1982) 3.126-52; (1983)1). The discovery of a second, Western temenos, separatedfrom the firstby a 'SacredWay' in the UpperCity,is probablythe most interesting developmenton the site at Olbia in the1980s (A.S. Rusyeyeva, FromScythia to Siberia - Journal ofAncient CivilizationsVol.I, Leiden 1993, in press).The secondtemenos is earlier han the first,datingfrom c 575-550 BC.Theshrines were of Apollo Ietros, Meter,Hermes and Aphrodite;


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ARCHAEOLOGY AROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92numerous graffiti mentioning the Dioskouroi indicate eitheranotherunlocatedshrine,or thatthey were associatedwith oneof the above. Some architecturalerracottas f splendidqualitywere found (Rusyayeva, ADSP (1988) 33-51). Apart fromnumerousgraffitimentioningApollo, therewas also a pedestal-base, bearingthe unique inscription, To Apollo Ietros, ord ofthe Ister'. (Rusyayeva,ADSP (1988) 166-74). Many altarsofvaried form and sacred pit-bothroi were also found, andsomewhere in the vicinity a bronze-foundrywas located.Thequestionof therelationshipof the nameBorysthenes oOlbiahas been discussedby Skrzhinskaya VDI(1981) 3, 142-6). A bone plaquewith a graffitodatingto c. 550 BCsuggeststhat at that date the city was called Borysthenes (VDI (1986)396). KryzhitskyandOtreshko ketch the earlydevelopmentofthe polis (Olvia i yeyo Khora (1986) 3-17). Kryzhitskysuggests that the first small settlementssynoecised at Olbia inthe thirdquarterof the 6th Ct BC(VaniVI in press). Vinogra-dov and Karyshkovsky oin two fragmentsof the decree forKallinikos, son of Euxenos, who is seen to have been granteda statue and i,000 gold coins for, so it is suggested, havingsaved Olbia from the siege by Zopyrion,Alexander's general(VDI (1982) 4, 26-46; (1983) 1.21-38). Denisova publishes averse epitaph (4th Ct BC) of a seven-year old girl, Parthenis(SA (1988) 1.251-6) and thereare four new dedication-inscrip-tions to Zeus Eleutherios,Zeus Olympios, Apollo Delphinios

,o3s ,, sI,x^ i ^ ^ S

E 11III

:[--" V

FIG. 15

and to 'All the Gods' (Rusyayeva and Krapivina PACSimf,269-70). Vinogradovsurveys the early grave-inscriptionsromOlbia (AA1991). The situationat Olbiain the latterhalf of the3rd Ct BC s discussed by Vinogradov n connection with thehonorary decree for Anthesterios. The Magistracy of 'TheSeven', the Sitometria,and the mixed populationsaround thepolis known variously as Mixhellenes and Migades Hellenesare considered(VDI (1984) 1.51-80). The articlesby March-enko on the Kallipidai,also called Hellenoskythaiby Herodo-tus, should be mentioned in this connection (SA (1983) 1;Tskhaltubo II (1985) 242-56). Yailenko gives an up-to-dateoverall accountof Olbia in the H period(G. Koshelenko et al.(ed.) Ellinism-Ekonomika,Politika, Kultura, Moscow 1990,249-83). Of individual inds, thearchitectural etails,fragmentsof Doric frieze and capitals, and of an Ionic base, requiremention(A. Buiskikh,ADSP (1988) 51-71). A marblecolumnwas found by the W Gates (Arkheologia(1992) 3. 143-7). Arf kylix of the early 4th Ct (N. Sazonova,ADSP 183-8) and ararepainted amphoraof the 3rd Ct BC with scenes of Hermes,Charon and the deceased (a young girl) have received specialattention (K. Zaitseva, SA (1989) 1, 178-89). The importedglass, cowrie and miniature bone-amulets are studied byOstroverkhov PACSimf. (1988) 261-2).Eight phases of Olbia's history are distinguished byVinogradovdown to the 'Roman' period: (1) Second half ofthe 7th Ct; foundationof Berezanto foundationof Olbia; (2)First half of 6th Ct; settlementof the khoraopposite BerezanandaroundYagorlyk; dictatorshipof the oikistes'; (3) Secondhalf of 6th Ct-firstquarterof 5th; expansion of the polis andKhora;(4) c. 475-430 BC;Rule of tyrantat OlbiaandScythianprotectorate;5) c 430-330 BC;Period of 'democracy'atOlbia;(6) c. 330-250 bc; Furtherdevelopment of the city's democ-racy; siege by Zopyrionandreconstructionof thepolis; (7) c.250-150 BC; Crisis period; Rule by elite within the city;Sarmatian omadprotectorate;8) c. 150-50 BCOlbia underH-type superstates-Scythian Skilouros;Mithridates.Sack by theGetai (J.G.Vinogradov,PoliticheskayaIstoria ... 24). Some ofthese notions, such as that of a 'dictatorship'of the oikistJs'under(2) and 'the periodof the Olbian tyrant'under(4) maybe rather anciful, but the general lines of periodisationseemto be fair. (Fig. 15 Olbia, UpperCity)Roman involvement at Olbia is thought first to haveinvolved advice andengineeringexpertise(c. AD44-49 and 59-60 undergovernors,A. Didius and T. PlautiusSilvanus)whichwas followed by more directinterventionat the end of the 1st-beginning of the 2nd Cts AD,and by a firmly based garrisondrawn from legiones I, V and XI in the time of AntoninusPius. PerhapsOlbia had then the status of civitasfoederata.The city was still undereffective Romanprotection n AD 248,and maybe still laterin the time of Diocletian, when a soldierdedicatedan altar to JupiterOlbianusat Tropaeum Traiani inthe Dobrogea (Buiskikh,IRBSV, Rostov 1990, 25-27).The Khora of Olbia. Excavation has been carriedout at aconsiderablenumberof settlements n the Bug-DnieperLimancoast-line and hinterland-at Shirokaya Balka (by Rusyayevaand Mazarati) at Kozyrka (by Buiskikh and Otreshko) atChertovatoye (by Buiskikh, Otfeshko and Ruban) and atBeykush (by Buiskikh). An unusual (in that it was fortified)settlementof H date has been excavated on the rightbank ofthe Dnieperat Glubokaya Pristan (Buiskikh).In the A periodsettlements were composed mainly of single-chamber pit-shelters, accompanied by domestic pits. The transition tosurfacestone-socle and mud-brickwall construction s said tobe commonly observableduringthe 5th-early4th Cts BC.Thissituation seems to obtain also at Kutsurub, SW of Olbia

95


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96 J.G.F. HIND

FIG. 16

(Marchenkoand Solovyev, KSIA 194 (1988) 49-54). A largerand more impressive structure n the khora is published byMarchenko and Domansky (KSIA 172 (1982) 58-65). Thepatternof settlementin the Lower Bug region, with maps andsite-plans, and selections of finds, can be found briefly in G.Koshelenko et al. ed. AGSP (1984) 40-44 and more fully in acollection of materialcompiled by a Kiev team of archaeol-ogists. (S.D. Kryzhitsky,S.B. Buiskikh, A.V. Burakov,V.M.Otreshko,Selskaya OkrugaOlvii, Kiev, 1989). There are 107known sites belonging to the 6th-early5th Cts BC,and 157 ofthe late 5th-mid 1st Ct BC.A sharpfalling-away in numbersofsettlements in the area is noted during the period c. 475-425BC, and again from the mid-2nd Ct BC to the turn of theChristianera.In the NW Crimea and just beyond, Kutaisov locatesTamyrake and Dandake by the Dzharylgach Spit north ofKarkinitskyGulf and the Bakal Spit to its S. He suggests thattheremay have been early Ioniansettlements at one or both ofthese (Vani VI (1993) in press). In the period c. 400 BC afortified settlement at Panskoye I, NE of Kalos Limen wasseemingly dependent on Olbia; a graffito on bg mentionsOlbiopolitai (Fig. 16) (A.N. Scheglov, ProblemyIssledovaniaOlvii, 1985;DHA 13 (1987) 245; Rogov, KSIA 182 (1985) 45ff.; Monakhov and Rogov, AMIA8 (1990) 122-51). Excava-tions have been resumed since 1988 at Kalos Limen by V.A.Kutaisov(Inst.of Arch.,Kiev). The site is trapezoidal, lightlyless than 2.5 hectares.Two mainperiods aredistinguished: 1)4th Ct-mid 2nd Ct BC,when it was part of the Chersonesitestate and had a small citadel in the SE partof the site; (2) c.150 BC-firsthalf of 1st Ct AD,when it was a Scythian townuntil abandoned, perhaps in the face of Sarmatian threat.Between 1981 and 1987 a fortified tower (Bolshoy Kastel) ofthe 4th-3rdCts BCwas excavated-it appears o have been partof the expansion process enjoyed by Chersonesos at the timein the NW Crimea. A shrine of the 2nd Ct BCwas uncoveredat Dzhangoul (A. Scheglov, PAC Simf., 273-4; 235-39).Considerable excavation has taken place at Kerkinitis (mod.Eupatoria) since 1980, conducted from the Institute ofArchaeology, Kiev. Therehas also been a minorexplosion ofpublicationof old and new material(AO (1984) 259; (1985)359, 363; V.S. Drachuk,et al. Kerkinitida-Gozlev-Yevpatoria,Simferopol 1977; Drachukand V.A. Kutaisov,VDI(1985) 82-7; Kutaisov, Nekropol' Antichnoi Kerkinitidy:Istoria i ItogiIzuchenia,Kiev 1989;AntichnyGorodKerkinitida,Kiev 1990).Olbiandolphincoins, found in layersof c. 475-300 BC n 1980and 1982, point to an early link with Olbia, perhaps as aMilesian polis (Hdt. 4.55; 99). The legends on the coins (KA

later KEPKI) may suggest first an Ionian, then a Doriancomplexion to the city. The coinage is studied by Anokhin(V.A. Anokhin, ADSP, Kiev 1988, 133-48; Anokhin,MonetyAntichnykhGorodovSevero-ZapadnogoPrichernomorya,Kiev1989, 80-5). Kutaisov will discuss the coins of Kerkinitis inFrom Scythia to Siberia - Journal of Ancient CivilisationsII,Leiden, Brill, in press. The implications of Olbian influencereaching this far into the NW Crimea in the 5th Ct BCarediscussed by M. Zolotaryov (VDI (1986) 2, 88-93) andKutaisov (ibid. 94-7). Successive building phases are noted atKerkinitis: 1) c. 470-400 BC; 2) c. 400-350 BC; 3) c. 350-c.125 BC. After this it was captured by the Scythians and re-taken by Mithridates' troops, though by then it was in aruinous state. Several pit-shelters are thought to pre-datethefirst organizedtown, which had an area of some 3.3 hectareson the cape, defended by walls about 1.25-1.5m in thickness.By c. 350 BC a stone wall, 1.5-1.8m thick, protecteda largerarea. Streets were on a SW-NE axis and continuedon the sameorientation hroughseveralre-buildings.Theywere about3.4mwide. The excavatorscalculate that within the walls there were17 or 18 blocks, of on average 16 houses, giving a roughestimate of the population at approx. 2,000-2,400 people. Ahouse, dating to c. 350-325 BC, s published by Kutaisov (SA(1985) 3, 178-190) and an HI. house by the same writer(SA(1987) 1, 169-82). Terracottastatuettes from Kerkinitisarediscussed by Anokhin (PAC-Simf.232-3). An ostrakonon anamphorasherd seems to be a letter from one Apatourios o aNoumenios,mentioningthe need to find out what level of tri-

100 ... . _._____I KM 6

FIG.17


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ARCHAEOLOGYAROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92

FIG.18

bute was due to the Scythians (E.I. Solomonik, VDI (1987) 3,114-31). After the late 2nd Ct BC Kerkinitis hardly existedother than as ruins taken overby the Scythians(Kutaisov,PACSimf. 250-5). Vysotskaya attemptsto identify the three Scy-thian forts in the Crimea, which were mentioned by Strabo(7.4.7). She locates Palakion at the Ust Alma township,Khabon atKermen-Kyr, ndNeapolis atKermenchyk/Simfer-opol.Theextentof theexploitationby Chersonesosof thepedionof the W Crimeain the 4th-2nd Cts BCis the subject of anhistorical study based on many years of excavation by A.N.Scheglov (Ellinism-Ekonomika,Politika, Kultura, Moscow1990, 310-71). Excavations have been continued at Belyaus(Dashevskaya, AO 1982-86) and alongside Yevpatoria (AO(1985) 442). A gravestele of the late 4th Ct BC romKulchuk,a large fortified settlement n the NW Crimea,bears the nameParthenios, son of Syriskos, and shows that this area wasalreadypartof the state of Chersonesosc. 300 BC A. Golents-ov, and O.D. Dashevskaya, VDI (1981) 2, 109-114).Chersonesos (Strabo'sOldChersonesos).The siteprotectedbytwo parallel walls across the isthmus of MayachnyPeninsulahas been subjectedto renewedinvestigation(E.N. Zherebtsov,KSIA 183 (1985) 38-45). The town is some 9km SW ofChersonesospolis, and a road has been detected, leading to it,which preceded the marking out of allotments on the largerHerakleiskyPeninsula.The areaenclosed by theparallelwallsis 18 hectares. Six towers punctuated he walls (Fig. 17). Thearea withinseems to have been occupiedfrom c 375 to the end

of the 4th Ct BC. Fragments of Herakleiot, Sinopian, andChersonesiteamphoraswere foundinside, as was a coin of thetype with the kneeling Parthenosandgriffin, datingto c 325-300 BC (AO (1985) 330; A. Zedgenidze, Vani VI, 1990, inpress). Somewhere on this cape a tutelaryshrineof Parthenosstood; the fortified area cut off the peninsula, on which weresome 80-100 small allotments of 4.5 hectareseach. The mostrecent discussion of the nature and purpose of this 'OldChersonesos' (Strabo 7.4.2) is by A.N. Scheglov (Ellinism...316-18). The settlersmay have felt the need and the abilitytoprotect heearliest allotmentson MayachnyPeninsulaata timewhen they were not yet strong enough to convert the wholeHerakleiskyPeninsula into a networkof allotments.A fierce dispute has recently erupted aroundthe date offoundationof Chersonesos (W. of QuarantineBay) (Fig. 18).The date proposed by Tyumenev (422-1 BC) for a jointfoundation by Herakleiots and Ionians from Delos, is nowquestionedbecause of finds of the earlypartof the 5th Ct BC,made mainly in the NE part of the city. A discussion of themeaning of the term Khersonesos Trekhee, stresses its rel-evance to the name of the city (Hind, Vani V, 1990, 133-4).Thehistoryandarchaeologyof Che'sonesos haverecentlybeenthe subject of a monograph by Saprykin (S.Y. Saprykin,Gerakleya Pontiiskaya i Khersones Tavrichesky, Moscow1986). A revised guide to the site (Khersones, Simferopol1985, eds. N. Antonova, A. Zedgenidze et al.) has beenpublished n Russian,and a photo-album n Ukrainian,Russian,French and English (Antonova and Zedgenidze, KhersonesTavriisky,Kiev, 1989). Saprykinand Zedgenidze hold to the

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98 J.G.F. HINDtraditional view that Chersonesos was founded in the lastquarterof the 5th Ct BC, though a small settlement of theTauroi in contact with Greeks may have existed earlier.Excavations in the NE partof the city (in quarters II, V andVII in 1983-5 and 1988) have for the first time disclosed anoccupation layer of the 5th Ct BC, which included almost adozen pits and some possible pit-shelters.Characteristic indswere Attic bf lekythoi, ring vases, an Olbian cast coin ofgorgoneion-type,and terracottasof the first half of the 5th CtBC (AO (1983) 277; (1984) 235; (1985) 330). Protomai ofApollo and Herakleiot amphora-stamps, and several claymodels of breadwere also found(M. Zolotaryov,Arkheologia,Kiev 1990, 68-76; J.G. Vinogradov and M. Zolotaryov, LePont-Euxin vu Par Les Grecs ... = VANI V, 85-119). One find,in particulara Boeotian lekanis, is said to date to c. 525-500BC,and is thought to be an heirloom broughtby one of thefirstsettlersfromHerakleia,which was itself ajoint foundationof Megariansand Boeotians. One might go furtherand notethat in the period of the PersianWars,andjust afterwards, heshrineof Delion in the territoryof Tanagrawas looted by thePersian fleet and then taken over by Thebes. Its statue ofApollo was for a time held by the islanders of Delos, thusproving a not too friendly link at this time between the twosanctuaries(Hdt. 6.199). Perhaps Ps-Skymnos or his sourcemisunderstood he real historical combinationof Herakleiotsand Delians of the Tanagraarea (which had jointly foundedHerakleia) who were the founders of Chersonesos, and hadtaken the latter to be the much better known Delioi of theIonian island (11.826-31,with 1016-19). The date of the jointcolonisation venture might have been in the 470s or 460s,which would agree with the latest excavatedmaterial,or laterin the 5th Ct when Delion was the bone of contentionbetweenThebes andAthens, rather hanin the too precisely determinedyears 422-1 BC.A recent suggestion is that the earliest periodatChersonesoswas apre-polisemporion,existing forsome 80-90 years as an outpost of Herakleia(V. Katz,AMIA 7 (1990)97-110). Certainlysome trade,even if limited,must have takenplace with Olbia and Kerkinitis as well as with the closerTauroi.Summariesof the archaeologicalresults of many years ofwork at Chersonesos are to be found in G. Koshelenko ed.AGSP (1984) 45-56; D. Kacharavaand G. Kvirkvelia,GPPAE(1991) 304-325. An interesting house of the 4th-3rd Ct BC,found also in the NE part of the city, was published by S.Ryzhov (SA (1985) 3, 155-62). Zolotaryov discusses a shrineof Hl. date (TskhaltuboIII, 266-76). Other areas recentlyexcavated at Chersonesos were the theatre,where the skeneand left parodoswere uncoveredby O. Dombrovsky; n the in-fill were found roofing-tiles, architectural lements, a hermofDionysos, and a piece of a limestone frieze with relief sculp-ture of Achilles and an Amazon. Beneath the theatre was alayer containing remains of metal-working activity. In theharbourarea S. Sorochan has excavated a row of 'barrack-buildings' of the 4th-3rd Cts BC,and overlying HL and LRstructures.A notablefind was a bronzering, which had a lionholding a spearin its jaws engravedon the bezel, following aChersonesitecoin-type of c. 325-300 BC. V. Zubov excavatedin the necropolis by the W defensive walls; the burials weremainly of the 1st Ct AD. Child-burialsare said to have beenparticularly ommonin thatarea(AO (1982) 263; (1983) 278;(1984) 236; (1985) 332). An article concerning the possiblereconstructionof the temenos (sacred area) at Chersonesos isto be includedin Vol. II of the new journalpublishedby Brill(Journalof Ancient CivilisationII, in press).Roman and Byz layers in the port area were excavated

mainly by Kadeyev (AO (1982) 263; (1983) 279; (1984) 239)and Romanchuk (AO (1982) 323; (1983) 348; (1985) 400;(1986) 331). The R period at Chersonesos is treated in amonograph (V.I. Kadeyev, Khersones v Pyervykh Vyekakhnashei Ery, Kharkov1981). A head of Mithras,found by theshore in 1986, is thought to have been left behind by avexillatio of legio V Macedonica (Y. Saprykin,From Scythiato Siberia - Journalof AncientCivilisationsI, Leiden,Brill, inpress). The coinage of Chersonesos is now well illustrated nthe Sylloge NummorumGraecorum(M. Price, SNGIX (1993)pl. XXVII-XXXII).The earliestcoins of the city have recentlybeen dated to c 390-380 BC(Grandmezon,KSIA 197 (1990)57-8). These have a head of Parthenos1. on the obverse, anda tunnyfish and club on thereverse. Grandmezon lso re-datesthe coins with the head of Athene to the late 3rd Ct BC KSIA191 (1987) 38-40). A gold medallion found in 1982 bears aFortuna with oar, and a representationof the magic snakeGlykon on the reverse side (V. Zubar and M. Treister,FromScythia ... Vol. I, in press). Amphoras of the 5th-4th Cts BC,found in the necropolis, were published some time ago in avolume not available to me at the time of the earlierreport K.Grinyovich, storia i KulturaAntichnogoMira,Moscow 1977,17-23). Of recently found inscriptions,prideof place must goto the fragmentof a decree of the 3rd Ct BC n whichpoliticalexiles, male and female are mentioned, and their proposedreturn,perhaps rom Herakleia Solomonnik,VDI(1984) 3, 72-81). Another concerns kleroi and the preparationof land forcultivation (E.I. Solomonnik and G.K. Nikolayenko, VDI(1990) 2, 95-99).Excavations in the immediately surrounding kh6ra ofChersonesos, heHerakleiskyPeninsula,continued hestudyofallotmentsandtowers,addingviticultureand otherbranchesofhusbandry Nikolayenko,TskhaltuboII, 277-85). Earlierworkis summarised n Western anguagejournals (L. Pecirka,Ric.St. ed. Econ. in Mem. di C. Barbagallo I, Napoli 1970, 459-77); M. Dufkova and L. Pecirka,Eirene 8, Prague 1970, 123-74; A. Wasowicz,Dacia 13 (1969) 87-9; Melanges de l'EcoleFrancaise de Rome 84 (1972) 1, 209-11). More recently V.I.Kuzishin has excavated in kleros No. 132-a five-roomedbuildingthatunderwent hreeperiodsfrom the early3rd to 1stCt BC.The associatedtower and cellar containedeight pithoiof the 4th-3rd Cts BC. On the E edge of the peninsula bySapun Ridge another tower was excavated by O. Savelya,which had been constructed n the early 3rd Ct BCand thendestroyed by fire and dismantled c. 200 BC.Kleros 46 in thecentral areaof the peninsulawas examinedby E. Turovsky; twas destroyed in the late 4th Ct BCand the stone dismantledperhapsfor use in the city in the early partof the 3rd Ct BC.Measurementof the field-systems is treatedby Nikolayenko(KSIA 182 (1985)) and viticulture and varied branches ofagriculture t a numberof sites, includingPanskoye,VetrenayaBay, Tarpanchi,ChaikaandKerkinitis, n the NW Crimea,arediscussed by Yatsenko,Yanushevichet al. (KSIA174 (1983);RA (1985) 1, 115-22). At these sites in the 4th-2nd Cts BCwheat, barley,millet, chick peas, peas and vines were grown.Scheglov describes the use of aerialphotography n studyingthe Chersonesite and-allotmentsystem (DHA (1980) 59-72).The area of the kh6ra is estimatedat c. 100 sq.kms at first,laterexpandedten-fold. A total of some 2,400 allotmentsarebelieved to have existed, with 150 ruralbuildings known, ofwhich about 20 have been excavated. General accounts ofChersonesite occupation of the Herakleisky peninsula andexploitationof the W Crimea are to be found in G. Koshelen-ko, ed. AGSP(1984) 53-6; also by A.N. Scheglov (Ellinism...310-71; AntichnayaGorodskayaObschina,Leningrad1986).


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ARCHAEOLOGY AROUND THE BLACK SEA 1982-92Saprykinreconsiders the significance of the legend of Gykiaand the links of Chersonesos with Bosporos in the time ofAsander(SA (1987) 1,48-57). KadeyevandSorochanstudythepatternof tradebetween the Danube area and Chersonesos inthe R period (Arkheologia,Kiev 1989, 4, 91-101). A. Avdievsuggests that a vexillatio of legio V Macedonica may havebeen stationed at Chersonesos between c. AD 115 and 167(PAC-Simf.,230-1).The Tauroi ived in the foothills andvalleys of the CrimeanMontains, as well as originally occupying the HerakleiskyPeninsula. Recent surveys of their forts, settlements, burialplaces, potteryandtools etc. are to be found in: E.I. Solomon-nik, Arkheologia 20, Kiev 1976; A.M. Leskov, Antike Welt(1980) 4; K. Kris, Kizil Kobinskaya Kultura i Tavry,SvodArkheologicheskikh stochnikovD 1-7, Moscow 1981; A.N.Scheglov, Tskhaltubo VANI V (1988) 53-81; V.A. Kolotyu-khin,SA(1985) 2, 34-46. Therehas been disputeas to whetherthe Tauroi were pre-Iranian,or part of a generally Iranian-speakingN Black Sea population.Theycertainlywere separatefrom the Scythians of steppeland Crimea, and from theSatarkhai of the NW corer, and the incoming Sarmatians(Grantovsky,and Rayevsky, Ethnogenez Naro dov Balkan iSevernogo Prichernomorya,Moscow 1984). At Gurzuf Passin the mountainsa shrinedatingfrom the 3rd Ct BC-2ndCt ADwas found. It was most frequented n the 1st Ct BC-AD.Twelvesilver and bronze statuettes of Graeco-Roman deities werediscovered (N. Novichenkova, AO (1983) 327-8; R. Rolle etal., edd. Gold der Steppe- Archdologieder Ukraine,Neumtin-ster 1991, Nos. 172-3). Among the deities was a bronzeArtemis(Fig. 19). The coins included a gold staterof Cherson-esos, and one of Dynamis, queen of Bosporos. A Ch basilicaexisted on the same site in the 7th Ct AD.The ScythiansThe capital of the Late Scythian state in the CrimeaNeapolis(Kermenchik nearSimferopol)continued o be excavated(AO(1982) 298; (1983) 315; (1984) 270-1; (1986) 309-10). Burialsfrom Neapolis (1983-5) arepublishedby Puzdrovsky(Ross.A.(1992) 2, 181-99). Vysotskaya summarises the results ofresearch in the 1970s (T.N. Vysotskaya, Neapol', StolitsaGosudarstva Pozdnikh Skiphov, Kiev 1979). The site ischaracterisedby finds of Rhodian, Knidian and Herakleiotamphoras,datingto the later3rd Ct BC.A proteikhisma, oundnear the main gates and the 'mausoleum', dates to the 2nd CtBC. In the SE partof the town there was a greatconflagrationtowards the end of the 2nd Ct BC,thought to be the work ofMithridates' roops. No less than four papersdelivered at theSimferopol CrimeaConference in 1988, were concernedwithaspects of the archaeologyof ScythianNeapolis (Zaitsev,PACSimf., 289-90; Puzdrovsky, bid. 303-4; Khrapunov bid. 283-4). The chronology of Scythian culture in a wider sense isattempted by J.G. Vinogradovand K.K. Marchenko Klio 71(1989) 2, 539-49). The periodsdistinguishedare(1) c. 650-475BC; (2) c. 475-400 BC; (3) c. 400-300 BC; (4) c. 300-250 BC,afterwhichoccurred hedisintegration f Scythianoverlordshipof the steppes. The chronology of Scythian burials is workedout by typology of their contents (G. Mansfeld, Tskhaltubol-VANI V 35-52; Ross.A. (1992) 3, 108-12). The early periodofthe developmentof Scythia is treatedby V.Y.Murzin(Skiphsk-aya Arkhaika Severnogo Prichernormorya, Kiev 1984).Scythiansarefirst detectedpenetratingN Urartu n the time ofSargonII of Assyriac. 750 BCandmoving on into Asia c. 640BC(Medvedskaya,Ross.A. (1992) 3, 86-107). A full survey ofthe Eurasian teppelandcultures s to be found inA.I. Melyuk-

FIG. 19

ova Stepi Evropeiskoi Chasti SSSR v Shipho-SarmatskoyeVremya,Moscow 1989. A large work of synthesis on thevariousbranchesof the Scythiansand theirregionallydifferen-tiatedsub-cultures,withfull illustrationof the materialremainsis by V.A. Ilyinskaya and A.I. Terenozhkin,Skiphia VII-IVvyekakh do n.e., Kiev 1983). Rayevsky discusses Scythianculture with interpretationof the principles of Scythian art(D.S. Rayevsky, Model' Mira Skiphskoi Kultury, Moscow1985). A well-illustratedgeneral book on the Scythians withemphasis on the great royal or noble burials of S Russia andSiberia is now available in English(R. Rolle, The Worldof theScythians, London 1989). A recent article by Mozolevskypoints to the three areas where the richest Scythiantombs areconcentrated: 1) The Kamenka-Nikopolarea;(2) the Visyun-tsy-Nikolayev area;(3) the Crimean oothills, N of Byelogorsk(Arkheologia,Kiev 1990, 1, 122-38). Melyukovasurveyedthesituation of the peoples N of the Black Sea on the eve of andduringthe Greekcolonisation period (Tskhaltubo-VANIV, 8-27) andVinogradovandDomanskytook the storydown to the4th Ct BC (ibid. 28-34). Scythian art is now excellentlypresented in the fine volume, published by Aurora Press,Leningrad (L. Galanina and N. Grach, Scythian Art - TheLegacy of the Scythian World; Mid-Seventh to the ThirdCenturyBC, 1986). Thecurled cat-likepredators discussedbyPerevodchikova (KSIA 186 (1986) 8-14). More Hellenic-looking importsinto Scythia are gold pendantsandrings-theso-called 'Ring of Skyles' on which is a Dionysiac scene,thought o havebeen fashioned n Ionia(Kuznetsova,KSIA186(1986) 3-8) and the pendantof the early 3rdCt BC,on whichis stampedthe figure of a woman on a flying swan, perhapsAphrodite Urania (M. Vakhtina, KSIA 194 (1988) 92-5).Among the pottery imported into Scythian lands is anotherLate wg style amphora (early 6th Ct BC)found in burial 12,tumulus No. 1 at Shandrovka n the Oryol-Samara iverregion

99


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100 J.G.F. HIND

FIG.20(AO (1983) 285-6) (Fig. 20).The direction taken by the staples of tradebetween Olbiaand Scythia, and Chersonesos and Scythia, is treated byDomansky (Tskhaltubo III, 233-42) and by Zedgenidze,Zolotaryov and Turovsky (Tskhaltubo II,m 256-66; IRBS V(1990) 17, 18). Chersonesite amphoras, in particular, oundtheirway up to the bend of the Dnieper,perhapsvia Byelozer-skoye, and to Elizavetovskoye in the delta of the Don in theearly HL period. Scheglov argues that the grain, which wasexported back to the metropoleis in Greece, was the produceof the khorai of the colonies and not from the wider steppe-lands of the Scyths (Le Pont-Euxinvupar les Grecs ... 141-59,= VANIV). This leaves open the sources of Scythian wealth,though tributeand protection-money gifts', and the proceedsof the sales of slaves and animal-hidesmay all have played apart.The geographyof Scythia continues to be the subject ofdebate,particularly oncerningthe rivers andtribesof Scythia,where some great inconsistencies appearto have been left byHerodotus and the Hellenistic writers. The rivers Pantikapes,HypakirisandGerrhos,andthe tribesKallipidai,Alizones andSkythaiAroteresareall the objects of dispute (B.A. Rybakov,Gerodotova Skiphia, Moscow 1979; A.I. Dovatur, et al.,Narody Nashei Stranyv Istorii Gerodota,Moscow 1982; V.P.Yailenko, Sovietskaya Ethnographia (1983) 1, 54-65; I.V.Kuklina,Ethno-GeographiaSkiphiipo Antichnym stochnikam,Leningrad1985; J. Hind, VANIV, 127-36).Theodosia. The ancient site is on KarantinnayaGorka byFeodosia (Koshelenko,ed. AGSP(1984) 63). A buildingof the5th Ct BC,overlaidby one of the 4th-2ndCts, is discussedbyPeters (Problemy Antichnoi Istorii i Kultury-XIVEireneCongress,Yerevan1979, 399-403). Amphora tamps, ncludingThasian, are publishedby Avdeyev and Peteers (SA (1987) 3,214-8). The name of Theodosia is once more disussed, usingthe variantsfound on the coins (Petrova,PACSimf.213-4). A

Theodosian silver coin of c 400 BC was found in 1983 (A

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Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples Around the Black Sea

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