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7/31/2019 Architectural Glass
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Novum Structures LLC www.novumstructures.com
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Architectural Glass
Soeren Stephan
Director of Engineering
Novum Structures LLC
Novum Structures LLC www.novumstructures.com
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Architectural Glass
Overview
un amen a ass ac s
Base Glass Types
Tempered Glass
Laminated Glass
Glass with Ceramic Frit
Body Tinted Glass
Insulated Glass
az ng ys ems
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Architectural Glass
Glass Fundamental Facts
aw ma er a ssand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, salt cake (sodium sulfate)
Chemical structureinorganic fusion product, cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing
72.5% SiO2 13.4% Na2O 8.9% CaO 3.2% MgO 2% other
Thermal expansion coefficient 0.01 mm/m*K (steel 0.013)
Thermal conductivity 0.81 W/m*K (insulation 0.04, steel 50)
Modulus of elasticity 70 000 N/mm (steel 205 000)
Glass density 2500 kg/m (steel 7850)
Natural tensile strength 30 N/mm
Light transmission range 350 nm .. 2800 nm
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Architectural Glass
Base Glass
Base Glass Types
Float Glass Ornamental Glass
Cast Slum ed or Rolled Glass
Float Glass Production
Cast Glass Production
Max. glass dimensions
de end on float bed width
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Architectural Glass
Float Glass Facts
Breaking strength 45 N/mm
Standard thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm
T ical maximum dimensions 6.0 x 3.2 m
Typical breaking pattern
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Architectural Glass
Glass Fracture Mechanics Why is Glass breaking ?
Natural surface crack
Glass as a brittle material
cannot yield at surface
crack tips
Extreme stress
concentration at
crack tip triggers
Therefore crack is growing
Natural surface crack
crac grow
Glass
Steel as a ductile material
yields at surface crack tips
Stress concentration
at crack tip causes
growing
p as c y e
Steel
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Architectural Glass
Tempered Glass Strength Improvement
Tem ered Glass
FT Fully Toughened HS Heat Strengthened
no load
(FT)
(HS)
Tempered glass (FT & HS) has
a significant higher strength than
float lass due to the com ressionpartial load
prestress on the glass surfacewhich is closing the surface cracks
full load
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Architectural Glass
Tempered Glass Production Process
Max. glass dimensions depend
on furnace width & length
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Architectural Glass
Fully Toughened Glass FT Facts
rea ng s reng mm
Standard thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm
Typical maximum dimensions 4.0 x 2.4 m
2.5 times stronger than float glass, but
unfavourable typical breaking pattern:
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Architectural Glass
Heat Strengthened Glass HS Facts
rea ng s reng mm
Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm
Typical maximum dimensions 4.0 x 2.4 m
Only 1.5 times stronger than float glass, but
favourable typical breaking pattern:
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Architectural Glass
Laminated Glass Safety Improvement
am na e un cons s s o wo or more g ass es oa , ,
bonded by an interlayer mostly made of polyvinyl butyral orPVB
The unit failure safety is improved by the redundancy of glass lites
Standard PVB thicknesses 0.38, 0.76, 1.52 mm
Typical maximum dimensions 3.6 x 2.4 m
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Architectural Glass
Laminated Glass Production Process
Autoclave
Max. glass dimensions depend
on autoclave width & len th
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Architectural Glass
Glass with Ceramic Frit Visual & Shading Improvement
eram c r s an ename pa ern on e g ass sur ace
Standard colors RAL-system
Typical maximum dimensions 3.2 x 2.4 m
Standard print pattern (different coverage factors)
dots holes stripes
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Architectural Glass
Glass with Ceramic Frit Production Process
Max. glass dimensions depend
on screen width & length
e screen s ma e o
porous polyester fabricstretched over an
aluminium frame
Areas of the screen are
blocked off with a non-
permeable material to form
a stencil, which is a
negative of the image to
be printed; that is, the
open spaces are where
the frit pattern will appear
After the frit application,the frit gets burned-in
in a furnace
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Architectural Glass
Low Iron Glass Visual Improvement
ow ron g ass s ma e o raw ma er a s c eane o ron ox e
which is causing the greenish color of normal clear glass Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm
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Architectural Glass
Body Tinted Glass Visual & Shading Improvement
o y n e g ass s ma e o spec a raw ma er a s w c are
causing the color of the glass Typical maximum dimensions 3.2 x 2.4 m
Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm
Body tint is reducing the
transmitted solar energymainly by absorption
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Architectural Glass
Insulated Glass Thermal Insulation Improvement
nsu a e g ass un s ave a ower erma
transmittance due to the enclosed gas volume Thermal transmittance is measured by U-value
Typical U-value forair-filled and uncoated
IGU = 2.4..3.0 W/m*K
Glass Glass
Secondary Seal (Silicone)
Primary Seal (Butyl)
SpacerDessicant
Gas Volume
(Air, Argon)
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Architectural Glass
Insulated Glass Production Process
rs s ep s e spacer rame a r ca on an assem y
Then the primary seal (butyl) is applied and the glass lites connected to both sides ofthe spacer frame. Afterwards the secondary seal (silicone) is applied.
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Architectural Glass
Insulated Glass with Low-E Coatings
e erma ransm ance o nsu a e g ass un s can e ur er
reduced using low-emittance (low-E) surface coatings Low-E coatings consist of microscopically thin, virtually invisible,
me a or me a c ox e ayers
Low-E coatings act like a one-way mirror
to the interior side reflecting a significantamoun o ra an ea , u ransm ng
the radiant heat from the exterior side
Typical U-value forairfilled IGU with
ow- coa ng = . .. . m Typical U-value forargon filled IGU with
low-E coating = 1.1 .. 1.4 W/m*K
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Architectural Glass
Glass The Solar Heat Trap
e g ransm ss on range o g ass s
350 nm .. 2800 nm wavelength Visible light range 350 nm .. 760 nm
Glass is transmitting only shortwave infrared light
(radiant heat) < 2800 nm, longwave infrared light
is totally reflected Incoming shortwave infrared light from the
sun is reflected by interior surfaces as
longwave infrared light
This longwave radiant heat is now trappedand the interior space is heating up
Greenhouse Effect
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Architectural Glass
Insulated Glass with Solar Control Low-E Coatings
e green ouse e ec o nsu a e g ass un s
can be reduced using special solar controllow-E surface coatings
o ar con ro ow- coa ngs ac e one-way
mirrors for the infrared light 760 nm.. 2800 nm
to the exterior side in addition to their normal
The solar heat gain is measured by g-factor
For airconditioning system design shading
coe c en s use = g . Typical g-value for IGU with solar control
low-E coating g = 0.3 .. 0.45
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Architectural Glass
Glazing Systems
Glazing Support
Point Contact Linear Contact
Point Support System
PSG ECG CCG ASG LSG
Edge Clamp System Corner Clamp System Aluminum Support System Linear Support System
both
4 side support 2 side support
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Architectural Glass
Point Support System PSG
Lagerung einer
Fassadenscheibe
Schnitt durch
Punktlager
Schnitt durch
Punktlager
Schnitt durch
PunktlagerPoint Support Scheme Vertical Sections through Point Supports
unc ona sc eme o
notw.
Freiheits-
grad
notw.
Freiheits-grade
notw.
Freiheits-grade
Lager-
reaktion
Lager-
reaktion
Lager-
reaktion
Lager-
reaktion
SupportReaction
Support
Reaction
Support
Reaction
Support
Reaction
RequiredSupport
Movement
Support
Movement
Eigengewicht
Eigengewicht
Temperatur-
einwirkung,
Bautoleranz
Windlast
notw.
Freiheits-
rade
notw.
Freiheits-
rade
Required
Support
Dead Load
Dead Load Dead LoadTemperatureEffects,Tolerances
notw.
Freiheits-
grade
notw.
Freiheits-
grad
notw.
Freiheits-
grad
Lager-
reaktion
Required
Support
Movement
Support
Reaction
Movement
Required
Support
Movement
Required
Support
Movement
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Architectural Glass
Point Support System PSG
yp ca sp er yp ca ro u e
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Architectural Glass
Point Support System PSG
o u e o e r ng n oa g ass
(tempering to be done afterwards) Rotule hole
o erances
Offset:
Thickness:
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Architectural Glass
Edge Clamp System ECG
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Architectural Glass
Corner Clamp System CCG
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Architectural Glass
Aluminum Support System
ASG
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Architectural Glass
Linear Support System LSG
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Novum Structures LLC www.novumstructures.com