Architecture

Cathedrals

• Tall, grand stone church

• France- Gothic style (1200)

• Built in the shape of a cross

Cathedrals

• Main church of a diocese

• Bishops, nobles, and townspeople contributed money

• Often took 30 years or more to build

Romanesque

• Started around 1000

• Large stone churches

• Influence of Roman architecture (round arches, pillars..)

Stained Glass

• Highly skilled and expensive art

• Usually depicted scenes of Christ or of Saints

Innovations

• Read “Cathedrals of Light” on page 323 and answer the following question in a small paragraph

• Explain how Gothic builders were able to construct tall cathedrals that appeared light and bright inside.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra2t3S8jp8w

The Medieval Castle

• Built for protection rather than comfort

• Early castles were simple (two rooms- a lower hall and a private chamber)

• In the great hall, the king or lord received guests-food and entertainment

Not so great…

• The stone walls were thick and damp

• No windows, but narrow slits let in light

• No chimneys, so the air always had smoke in it

• Crowded

Late Middle Ages

• Castles were built with many rooms

• Because of trade increase

• Then viewed more as homes than strongholds

• More luxury was added

Innovations

• Page 311

• Read the purple box (The Medieval Castle) and answer the questions asked at the beginning of the reading

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6Fn2WtXfis

The End of Feudalism

• The Hundred Years’ War

• France- the king had greater control

• England- faced a civil war

Civil War

• Two noble families

• The House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose)

• 30 year conflict called the War of the Roses

The Tutors

• 1485, Henry VII of Lancaster defeated the king of York

• He took a York noblewoman as his wife

• Began the dynasty of the Tutors

Results

• England grew strong again

• Parliament was created

• People changed their allegiance to the king rather than their lords

• Development of nations (common government, language, culture, and set of ideas

• Military innovations: gunpowder, longbow

Discussion Questions

• What are the characteristics of a nation? How does a nation develop? Do you think the power of force is necessary in developing a nation?

• Why was the longbow such an effective weapon against knights on horseback?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oOEW-r0Ac0