65
1 GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2"C"
| Date post: | 31-Mar-2015 |
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1GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
INTEL DUAL CORE18-30 GHz32 -64 bit291 million transistors45nm process800 MHz FSB10-65w TDP143 mmrsquo2dye sizeSocket LGA 775
2GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Intelreg Dual-Core Processing Runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus
Intelreg Wide Dynamic Improves execution speed and efficiency delivering more instructions per clock cycle Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneouslyExecution
3GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
4GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Two cores sharing one bus interface5GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
CacheCache is a relatively small block of very fast
memoryThe data and instructions stored in cache are
those that are most recently or most frequently used
Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions
Level 1 is fastest followed by Level 2
6GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
INTEL DUAL CORE18-30 GHz32 -64 bit291 million transistors45nm process800 MHz FSB10-65w TDP143 mmrsquo2dye sizeSocket LGA 775
2GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Intelreg Dual-Core Processing Runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus
Intelreg Wide Dynamic Improves execution speed and efficiency delivering more instructions per clock cycle Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneouslyExecution
3GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
4GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Two cores sharing one bus interface5GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
CacheCache is a relatively small block of very fast
memoryThe data and instructions stored in cache are
those that are most recently or most frequently used
Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions
Level 1 is fastest followed by Level 2
6GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Intelreg Dual-Core Processing Runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus
Intelreg Wide Dynamic Improves execution speed and efficiency delivering more instructions per clock cycle Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneouslyExecution
3GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
4GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Two cores sharing one bus interface5GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
CacheCache is a relatively small block of very fast
memoryThe data and instructions stored in cache are
those that are most recently or most frequently used
Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions
Level 1 is fastest followed by Level 2
6GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
4GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Two cores sharing one bus interface5GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
CacheCache is a relatively small block of very fast
memoryThe data and instructions stored in cache are
those that are most recently or most frequently used
Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions
Level 1 is fastest followed by Level 2
6GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Two cores sharing one bus interface5GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
CacheCache is a relatively small block of very fast
memoryThe data and instructions stored in cache are
those that are most recently or most frequently used
Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions
Level 1 is fastest followed by Level 2
6GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
CacheCache is a relatively small block of very fast
memoryThe data and instructions stored in cache are
those that are most recently or most frequently used
Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions
Level 1 is fastest followed by Level 2
6GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
What is L1 and L2Level-1 and Level-2 cachesThe cache memories in a computerMuch faster than RAML1 is built on the microprocessor chip itselfL2 is a seperate chipL2 cache is much larger than L1 cacheALWAYS THE SIZE OF L1 CACHE IS
SMALLER DUE TO MISMATCH OF SPEED BETWEEN L1 AND L2 CACHE
7GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ArchitectureThe component of CPU include
CU Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations(+ - x gtlt =)
FPU Floating Point Unit Performs division and large decimal operations
Cache Memory Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs
IO Unit Input Output unit The gateway for the processor
Register Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function
8GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
ControlUnit
ALU
Cache
IO Unit
Register
FPU
CPU Bus
Internal Buses
9GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processing
Input Processing Output
SecondaryStorage
10GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The CPUThe CPU interacts(affects)
closely with memory (primary storage) CPU
MemoryMemory Memory however is not however is not part of the CPUpart of the CPU
11GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Parts of the CPUThe CPU consists of a variety of parts
including
Control Unit ALU
Registers
bull Control unitControl unit
bull Arithmeticlogic Arithmeticlogic unit (ALU)unit (ALU)
bull RegistersRegisters
12GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Control UnithellipDirects the other parts of the computer
system to execute(perform) stored program instructions
The control unit The control unit communicates with the communicates with the ALU and memoryALU and memory
Control Unit
13GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU)hellipperforms mathematical operations as well as
logical operations
ALU
14GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Mathematical OperationsThe ALU can perform four kinds of
mathematical calculations
bull additionadditionbull subtractionsubtractionbull multiplicationmultiplicationbull divisiondivision
15GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Logical OperationsThe ALU can perform logical operationsLogical operations can test for these
conditions(position)Equal-to (=)Less-than (lt)Greater-than (gt)
16GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Equal-to ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal
If =
Then =17GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Less-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is less than another
If =
Then lt18GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Greater-than ConditionIn a test for this condition the ALU compares
values to determine if one value is greater than another
If =
Then gt19GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Registershellipare temporary
storage areas for data or instructions
Registers
Data held Data held temporarily in temporarily in registers can be registers can be accessed at accessed at greater speeds greater speeds than data stored than data stored in memoryin memory
20GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program Instructions
Before the CPU can execute a program program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device
Input Processing
SecondaryStorage
21GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsOnce the necessary data and instructions are
in memory the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction
CPU
Memory
bull FetchingFetchingbull DecodingDecodingbull ExecutingExecutingbull StoringStoring
22GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Fetching InstructionsThe control unit
fetches (gets) the instruction from memory
Memory
23GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Decoding(solve) InstructionsThe control unit
decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
24GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing ArithmeticLogic Operations
The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
25GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storing ResultsThe ALU stores
the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
26GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Executing Program InstructionsEventually the control
unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage
Output
SecondaryStorage
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
27GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Instruction TimeThe time it takes to fetch an instruction and
decode it is called instruction time
Memory
Control Unit
+Memory
Control Unit ALU
28GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Execution TimeThe time it takes to execute an ALU operation and
then store the result is called execution(perform) time
+ALU
Memory
ALU
Registers
29GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Control Unit
Memory Locations and AddressesThe control unit can
find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address
Memory
30GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address
MemoryEach location has Each location has a unique addressa unique address
31GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Symbolic AddressesThe choice of the
location in memory is arbitrary (determination)
Memory
17
364
Pat
$
Addresses can Addresses can only hold oneonly hold one number number oror word word
32GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Data RepresentationThe system in which all computer data is
represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system
33GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Binary SystemThe binary system has only The binary system has only two two digits digits to represent all valuesto represent all values
This corresponds to the This corresponds to the two states two states of a computerrsquos electrical system mdashof a computerrsquos electrical system mdashon and offon and off
34GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
OffOn SwitchesThe computer can represent data by
constructing combinations of off or on switches
off onor
35GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Zero or OneThe binary system can also be represented by
the digits zero and one
0 1or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary systemthe two digits in the binary system
36GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The BitEach 0 or 1 in
the binary system is called a bit
one bit
two bits
three bits
37GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The ByteA group of 8 bits is called a byte
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
38GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
One Character of DataEach byte represents one character of data (a
letter digit or special character)
0 0 0 0 01 1 1
J=
39GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
FSB bottleneck
other IO links
IOChipset
IOChipset
Intel DUAL-Core ProcessorIntel DUAL-Core Processor
Shared L2 Cache
IntelCore 1
IntelCore 2
Die 1 Die 2
WORKING DUAL-CORE
40GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Hyper threading A technology developed by Intel that
enables multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once
41GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
corecore 1 1 corecore 2 2
2 MB 2 MB ((CacheCache))
1MB L21MB L2 1MB L21MB L2
datadata
corecore 1 1 Core Core 22
42GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard built 945955 core logic If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard the system simply wont bootmdashneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged It simply wont work
43GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Why multicore New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies
Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU
4444GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Difficult to make single-coreclock frequencies even higherbull Deeply pipelined circuits(term)ndash heat problemsbull Many new applications are multithreadedbull General(common) trend in computer
architecture
45GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Editing a photo while recording a TV showthrough a digital video recorderbull Downloading software while running ananti-virus programbull ldquoAnything that can be threaded today willmap efficiently to multi-corerdquo
46GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
bull Multi-core chips animportant new trend incomputer architecturebull Several new multi-corechips in design phaseslikely to gain importance
47GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Microprocessor SpeedsMicroprocessor speeds can be measured in a
variety of waysMegahertzMIPSMegaflopsFsb
48GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MegahertzOne measure of microprocessor speed is
megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second
gigahertz(billions of cycles per second)
49GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
MIPSAnother measure of microprocessor
speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second
50GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Megaflops
Megaflops or one million floating-point operations per second is still another measure of microprocessor speed
51GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Front Side Bus (FSB( Measured in megahertz (MHz) the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory The faster this is the better the performance will be
1048708 The Front Side Bus operates at a speedwhich is a percentage of the CPU clock
speed1048708 The faster the speed at which the Front Side
Bus allows data transfer the better theperformance of the CPU
FSBFSB
52GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus LinesA bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths
A bus is like a mode of transportation for dataBus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the
bus over which data can travel+--
53GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Bus Width(wide)The amount of data that can be carried at one
time is bus width (wider = more data)
54GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor ManufacturersIntel (Integrated Electronics)AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)VIACyrix
55GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Processor TypesTwo types 1 Socket type2 Slot type Pin arrangement in the Socket type
processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC)
56GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Types of Processors
SECC
PGA
57GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
58GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
59GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
60GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IN LGA 775 YOU CAN INSERT DUAL CORE CORE 2 DUOCORE 2 QUADEACH PROCESSOR HAS THEIR OWN SOCKET
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
61GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
VIA IS GENERALLY FAMUS FOR HIS CHIPSET THE CHIPSET YOU CAN FIND IN ASUS MOTERBOARD(SOUTH BRIDGE)
IN HCL LAPTOPS (NORTH BRIDGE)
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUADIT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1)IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
62GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
SocketKnown as the LGA 1366 or Socket BContact points
63GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C 64
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
Thank for your time and patience
65GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA BCA-2C
