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Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

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Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH 30 Jan 2017 Gilles Clement Ar#ficial Gravity Study Kickoff Mee#ng NASA Johnson Space Center Building 15/Room 267
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Page 1: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

Ar#ficialGravityStudiesonBoardtheDSH

30Jan2017

GillesClement

Ar#ficialGravityStudyKickoffMee#ng

NASAJohnsonSpaceCenterBuilding15/Room267

Page 2: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

Ar#ficialGravity(AG)Poten#alBenefits

•  BeHertopreventissuesratherthantoapplycountermeasuresaIerthefact.

•  AGproducesmul#-systemeffects.

•  AGisapoten#alcountermeasureforVIIP(VisualImpairmentIntracranialPressure)syndrome.

•  AGreducescountermeasurerequirementsaIerlandingonplanetarysurface.

•  Rehabilita#onstarts6monthsearlierthananon-AGmission,andiscompletewhencrewreturnstoEarth.

Page 3: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

NASAHRP–HumanRisksofSpaceflight

AlteredGravityLevel•  Visionaltera#ons•  Renalstoneforma#on•  Sensorimotoraltera#ons•  Bonefracture•  Impairedperformance•  Reducedaerobiccapacity•  Adversehost-microorganisminterac#ons

•  Urinaryreten#on•  Orthosta#cintolerance•  Backpain•  Cardiacrhythmproblems•  Effectsofmedica#on•  Intervertebraldiskdamage

GroupedbyHazards–30Risks&2Concerns

Radia#on•  Exposuretospaceradia#on

DistancefromEarth•  Limitedin-flightmedicalcapabili#es

•  Toxicmedica#ons

Isola#on•  Adversecogni#veorbehavioralcondi#ons

•  Performance&behavioralhealthdecrements

Hos#le/ClosedEnvironment–SpacecraJDesign

•  CO2exposure•  Inadequatefood/nutri#on•  Inadequatehuman-systeminterac#ondesign

•  Injuryfromdynamicloads•  InjuryduringEVA•  Celes#aldustexposure•  Alteredimmuneresponse•  Hypobarichypoxia•  Sleeploss&workoverload•  Decompressionsickness•  Toxicexposure•  Hearingloss•  Sunlightexposure

Riskspoten#allyminimizedbyar#ficialgravity

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WhyHasAGNeverBeenImplemented?

•  Lackofdefini#vedesignrequirements,especiallyacceptableAGlevelsandrota#onrates.

•  Percep#onofhighvehiclemassandperformancepenal#es.

•  Expecta#onofeffec#vecrewmicrogravitycountermeasures.

•  Spaceresearchfocusonmicrogravity,notpar#algravity.

ROCKY–Aerobicac#vityandstrengthtrainingdevelopedforOrion.

Page 5: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

HRPAr#ficialGravityProject

Goal–  DeterminethedesigntradespaceassociatedwithAGforMarsmissionsvehiclesandhabitats.

Objec#ves–  Implementanevidence-based,peer-reviewed,coordinatedR&Dprojecttoinves#gateAG.

–  Determinetheop#maldesigncharacteris#csforanAGcountermeasure.

Milestone–  CriteriafordecidingwhetherAGcanprotectcrewhealthandperformanceduringhumandeepspacemissionsareexpectedNET2022.

Page 6: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

HumanHealthandCountermeasuresElement

EM/DEM:Baumann/VillarrealES/DES:Norsk/Barr

ESC:K.George

InadequateNutri#on

S.Smith/Zwart

SensoryMotorAltera#ons

Bloomberg

PK/PDconcernVacant

ExerciseRyder/Downs

Impairedperfduetoreducedmusclemass,strengthandenduranceReducedphysicalperfcapabilityduetoreducedaerobiccapacity

BoneSibonga

EarlyonsetosteoporosisIVDconcern

ImmuneResponseCrucian/Kunz

Transla#onalResearchARC/AlwoodJSC/Wu

6

Micro-GravityInducedVisualAltera#ons/ICPStenger/Laurie

CARDIOVASCULARANDVISIONPORTFOLIO

Allcorn

EXERCISEANDPERFORMANCEPORTFOLIO

H.Paul

MULTISYSTEMPORTFOLIOPloeger

DigitalAstronautGilkey/

Lewandowski

TECHNOLOGYANDINFRASTRUCTUREPROJECTSPORTFOLIO

BaumannPSC:Taylor

PSC:K.G

eorge

PSC:S.Smith

CardiovascularStenger/S.Lee

CardiacRhythmProblemsOrthosta#cIntolerance

CROSSDISCIPLINEINTEGRATION

Explora#onExerciseHaven/Perusek

DeWiV/LewandowskiPSC:K

.Geo

rge

PSC:A

llcorn(ac#ng)

Ar#ficialGravityCountermeasure

Clement

EVAAbercromby/NorcrossDCSEVAHealth&PerformanceExpAtm

AdvancedFoodDouglas

MicroHostOubre/OV

Page 7: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

StandinginaRota#ngSpacecraI

ω

ω

StandingonEarth

1 G

1 G

1 G

r

For1g(±3%):r>60mω<4rpm

(rota#onrate)

(radius)

Page 8: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

Rota#onofpartofthevehiclee.g.Nau#lus-Xr=6mω=12rpm

Onboardcentrifugee.g.AGREEr=1.6mω=42rpm(1gatheart)

Rota#onofthewholevehiclee.g.MarsNTRr=56mω=4rpm

Page 9: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

•  AG=(ωveh)2r

•  Lineartransla#on(v)ofthewholebodyorbodypartsalonganaxisthatisnotparalleltothespinaxiswillcreateaCoriolisforce: -2m(ωve

hv)

•  Angularmovements(ωbody)oftheheadthatisnotparalleltothespinaxiswillcreatecross-coupledaccelera#ons: ωbody ωvehcos(A)

AG

Lackner&Dizio(2000)

PhysicsofCentrifuga#on

9

Page 10: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

CoriolisForce–Principle

ω

v

-2m (ωv)

10

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RWStone(1973)AnOverviewofAr#ficialGravity.NASASP-314

CoriolisForceduringLocomo#on

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Ves#bularOrgans

Lackner&DiZio(2005)

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Cross-CoupledAngularAccelera#ons

•  Theyawsemicircularcanals arebroughtoutoftheplane ofrota#on,andreceivean angularvelocityimpulse.

•  Thepitchsemicircularcanalsares#mulatedbyheadpitch.

•  Therollver#calsemicircularcanalsarebroughtintotheplaneofrota#on,andreceiveanangularvelocityimpulse.

Whenasubject#ltshisheadforwardduringpassiveyawconstant-velocityrota#on:

•  Theotolithorgansares#mulatedbyradial(centripetal)andtangen#al(Coriolis)linearaccelera#ons,andsignalareorienta#onoftheheadinrela#ontothegravito-iner#alver#cal.

Page 14: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

Cross-CoupledAngularAccelera#ons

14

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1 g

ω

0.16 g 2.3 g

GravityGradient

15

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0.16 g

1 g

2.3 g

Short-RadiusCentrifuga#oninSpaceStandingonEarth

1 g

1 g

1 g

16

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GravityGradient

0.16g

ω=33RPM

2.3g1g

0.95g

ω=11RPM

1.2g1g

Gravitygradient=(2.3-0.16)/2.3=93.4%

Gravitygradient=(1.2-0.95)/1.2=20.1%

r=1.9m

r=8.8m

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Page 18: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

1 g

ω

0.16 g 2.3 g

Short-RadiusCentrifuga#oninSpace

1 g

1 g

ω

0.16 g 2.3 g

1 g1 g

Short-RadiusCentrifuga#ononEarth

18

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Short-RadiusCentrifuga#ononEarth

1 g1 g

1 g

-6ºHead-DownBedRest

SRCentrifuga#oninSpace

1 g

1 g

ω

0.16 g2.3 g

1 g1 g

0.16 g

1 g

2.3 g

19

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•  Rota#onstudies(Graybiel1960-1965)–  Slowrota#ngroom(SRR)–2.3-mradius–  SRRacceleratedfromrestto1,1.71,2,

2.21,3.82,5.44,7.5&10rpm(single-step)–  Below3.82rpmadapta#ontookplaceinminutes.–  At3.82rpmadapta#ontookplaceinhours.–  At5.44and7.5rpmallsubjectswerepar#ally

incapacitatedbymo#onsickness,disrup#onofmovementcontrol,andfa#gue.Consequently,theygreatlyreducedtheirmovementandspentmuch#mesleeping.

–  At10rpmallsubjectswereseverelyincapacitatedbymo#onsicknessandfa#gue,andneverwereabletomakenormalheadandbodymovements.

•  OnthebasisofthesestudiesitisoIenclaimedthatrota#onrateforAGshouldbe4rpmorbelow.

Adapta#ontoRota#ngEnvironments

20

Page 21: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

•  SRRstudiesinthe1960s:–  Werepreliminaryandinvolvedatotalofonly30subjects–  DidnotaHempttoiden#fyop#mumexposureand

trainingstrategiestoadaptpeopletorota#ngenvironments

•  Sincethen,itwasfoundthat:–  Nomo#onsicknessisexperiencedwhenrota#onrateis

achievedincrementally,e.g.in1-rpmstepsormore(Graybiel&Knepton1978;Youngetal.2001)

–  Mo#onsicknessdecreasesaIerrepeatedexposuretocross-coupledaccelera#ons(Clémentetal.2001)

–  Adapta#onofarm,leg,andheadmovementcontroltorota#onratesof10rpmandhigher(Lackner&Dizio2000)

Adapta#ontoRota#ngEnvironments(cont’d)

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•  Concern#1:WhethertheresponsestoCoriolisandcross-coupledaccelera#onsandtheabilitytoachieveadapta#onwillbethesamein0gasin1g–  SkylabM-131foundthatheadmovementsmadeduring

rota#onfailedtoinducedmo#onsicknessonorbit–  Inparabolicflight,sideeffectsaremoresevereat2gand

lessintenseat0gthanin1g.–  Inparabolicflight,devia#onofmovementpathsimilarat

0g,1g,and2g.

Adapta#ontoRota#ngEnvironments(cont’d)

22

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GraybielA,MillerEF,HomickJL(1977)ExperimentM131.Humanves#bularfunc#on.In:JohnstonRS,DietleinLF(eds)BiomedicalResultsfromSkylab.NASA:WashingtonDC,NASASP-377,pp74-103

SkylabExperimentM131

23

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•  Concern#2:Whetheradapta#ontoSRRonEarth,whereAGisalmostparalleltorota#onaxis,willtransfertorota#onofaspacevehicle,whereAGwillbeorthogonaltothespinaxis:–  Bodymovementsmadefromastar#ngpostureparallelvs.

orthogonaltothespinaxisgeneratedifferentCoriolisandcross-coupledaccelera#ons

–  Mo#onsicknessadapta#ontransferredbetweenbodyorienta#ons,butwalkingdidnot(Graybieletal.1968)

Adapta#ontoRota#ngEnvironments(cont’d)

24

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Model–somevalida#onrequired

Stone&Letko(1965) 25

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•  Ar#ficialgravitywasfirsttestedonhumansinspacein1966duringtheGemini-11flight

–  ThespacecraIwastetheredtoanAgenatargetvehiclebyalongDacronline,causingthetwovehiclestospinslowlyaroundeachother(r=200m,ω<1rpm,AG<0.001g)

–  AccordingtotheGeminicommander,aTVcamerafell“down”inthedirec#onofthecentrifugalforce,butthecrewdidnotperceiveanychanges

AGwithHumans–WhatDoWeKnow?

26

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WhatDoWeKnow?(cont’d)•  Ves#bularinves#ga#onson

boardSTS-42(IML-1,1992)–  NASASpacelabRotator–PI:MReschke(NASA)

–  Axisofrota#onalignedwithsubject’scenterofmass.Headandfeetwereoff-centerbyabout0.6m

–  Rota#onat20rpmforoneminutegeneratedacentripetalaccelera#onof0.22g

–  +Gzatthefeet–  –Gzatthehead

NASASpacelabRotator

27

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WhatDoWeKnow?(cont’d)•  Ves#bularinves#ga#onson

boardSTS-90(Neurolab,1998)–  ESAOff-AxisRotator–PI:GClément(CNRS)

–  Gycentrifuga#on–Subjectoff-centerby0.5m

–  Gzcentrifuga#on–Axisofrota#onalignedwithsubject’scenterofmass(r=0.65m)

–  Rota#onat42rpmfor7mingenerated+1.0Gy(body)

–  Rota#onat37rpmfor7mingenerated+1.0Gzatfeetand–1.0Gzathead

28ESAOff-AxisRotator

Page 29: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

•  “Gdose-physiologicalresponse”curve–  Acutestudies–rats(suspension)&humans(parabolicflight,unloading)–  Chronicstudies–mice(JAXAISScentrifuge)

•  Dura#onofAGexposure–  Con#nuous–rats(ground-basedcentrifuge)–  Con#nuous–mice(JAXAISScentrifuge)–  IntermiHent–humans(bedrest)

•  HealthconsequencesofAG–  Cross-coupledandCoriolisaccelera#ons(SRR)–  Gravitygradient(large-radiuscentrifuge)–  Combina#onwithexercise

•  Valida#onofAGprescrip#oninorbit– Models–  Comparisonbetweengroundandon-orbitAGprescrip#on–mice–  FlightAGdemonstra#onwithhumans–HTV-X–  FlightAGvalida#onwithhumans–DSH

AGResearchApproach

29

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HRPAGResearchPlan(Jan2017)

30

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HRPAGResearchPlan(Jan2017)

31

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SupportStructureAssembly

MotorAssembly

ISSAGREEProject(2011)

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1.4gat30rpm

0.8gat30rpm

0.3gat30rpm

0.1gat30rpm

0.2gat30rpm

ISSAGREEGravityGradient

33

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HTV-XHumanCentrifugeProject

Pressurizedmodule

Unpressurizedmodule

ISS

HTV-X

?

34

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HTV-XHumanCentrifugeObjec#ves•  Subjec#veAssessment–  Crewcomfort–nominalandmaxRPM–  Safetyissues–  Crew#me–  Crewoverallacceptance

•  EngineeringAssessment–  Loadsatinterfaceswithmodule/node–  Vibra#ons,gjiHers,noise–  Heatload–  Airflow

•  PhysiologicalAssessment–AGasacountermeasure–  CompareCEVISandcentrifuge–  E.g.,CEVISduringfirsthalfofExpedi#on,centrifugeduringsecondhalfofExpedi#on(vice-versawith2ndsubject)

CEVIS

Page 36: Ar#ficial Gravity Studies on Board the DSH

SpinningTrack

•  Radius:3.3m•  Rota#onrate:6.5rpm- 0.15gatfeet

Skylab2(1973)•  Radius:5m•  Trackrota#onrate:6rpm•  Subjectrota#onrate:9rpm- 1gatcenterofmass- 1.3gatfeet


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