HC III Exam 3, Chondro - cartilage Conio - dust Phon - voice, sound Spiro - breath

ARDS = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Paranasal cavities are all connectedSinusitis causes: viral bacterial environmental tooth extraction

Respiratory System Primary = 02/CO2 exchange O2 from air > lungs > body tissues CO2 from tissue > lungs out Nasal Cavities warm + moisten inhaled air Secondary = Cough Sneeze Talk Sing NOT required for O2 /CO2 exchange

Upper Respiratory Diseases : Common Cold Sinusitis OSA – Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hay Fever Tonsillitis Laryngitis Influenza (Flu) Nasal Polyps

Nasal Polyps – pockets / interference - typically not CA Common Cold - many strains = no immunity 200+ viruses

Sinusitis - sinus cavities connected w paranasal OSA – ObstructiveSleep Apnea (no breath) interruption / hesitation of normal breathing cycle during sleep= low O2

4-5 episodes per hr. middle age men nasal blockage heavy loud long snoring + snorting Hay Fever – MOST prevalent chronic condition < 18 yrs Tonsillitis – adenoids usually removed with tonsils tonsils 1st defense lymphoid tissue = Immunocompetent against inhaled / injested toxins + allergens Laryngitis – voice box itis, Aphonia = no voice (Flu) Influenza - annual shots strains change symptoms: muscle aches + pains GI disorders weakness extreme exhaustion sore throat runny nose, fever, cough

Lower Respiratory Diseases: COPD - Bronchitis Bronchial Asthma Emphysema CF Cystic Fibrosis Pneumonia TB - Tuberculosis

COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease “ ineffective gas exchange diseases” UMBRELLA TERM for: Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Asthma Emphysema CF - Cystic Fibrosis

Bronchitis - Chronic +/or Acute Coughing itis Mucus – lining itis Sputum

Bronchial Asthma – “breathlessness panting” Status Asthmaticus = Severe Asthma-tracheotomy? Acute +/or Chronic Exhalation/Expiration difficult Muscle Spasm of smooth muscle Wheezing CO2 accumulates (stale air trapped) effects Whole Lung mucus sits- not expelled many triggers

Types: bronchial (narrow passageway) nocturnal exercise induces occupational seasonal

15 people per day die of Asthma Emphysema – tissue destruction Alveolar walls break down Adjacent aveoli fuse NO or less elasticity Intense Pain Suffocating Feeling Pneumothorax – aveolar rupture from thin walls Atelectasis – lung collapse for intrapleural pressure SMOKING + heredity Tx: Teach Abdominal breathing

COPD cont.

CF Cysitc Fibrosis – Hereditary MOST severe is Respiratory – trachea + bronchi secrete thick viscous mucus blocks tubes + ducts air passageways Sequela lung collapse Deaths in young adults Sequela from lacking Pancreatic Enzyme lack Wheezing Persistent Cough Bronchiectasis sequel complication chronic itis + congestion

LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASES Continued: NOT COPD

Pneumonia – Acute inflammatory fluid in lungs bacterial fungal microorganisms cause (variety of) seasonal + cyclic Dyspnea – painful breath Productive coughTypes: Lobar – bacterial, lobe part / all Bronchopneumonia small bronchi infection from vomit Primary Atypical Pneumonia “Walking Pneumonia”

pathogens, flu like symptoms Secondary Pneumonia–MOST serious flu complication + other issues weakening body Legionnaire’s Lethal potential Legionella panumophilia bacteria HVAC humidifier systems carry bacteria flu like symptoms

TB Pulmonary Tuberculosis – necrosis of lung tissue Cough up lung tissue Mycobacterium Tuberculosis M.tuverculosis Consumption – Wasting Away Disease Hemoptysis – bloody cough Mantoux Skin Test – antigen injected under skin PPD purified protein derivative test read looking for swelling Chest X-ray to diagnose Tx: 18 mo’s of Abx antibiotics

Endocrine slide 78

ORGANS: Hypothalamus Pineal gland = Master Gland Pituitary Parathyroid gland – 4 Thymus Thyroid gland Adrenal glands – 2 Pancreas Ovaries - 2 Testes - 2

Ca – Calcium CA - Cancer hypercalcemia – high Calcium (Ca) in blood hyperkalemia- high Potassium (Ka) in blood hyperglycemia – high Glucose in blood hypernatremia – high Sodium (Na) in blood

2 types endocrine glands: Exocrine – hormone into ducts then out of body (excrete) exp: sweat glands Endocrine – hormone into blood stream + into body (into body) ductless glands exp: thyroid gland

Pineal called MASTER gland controlled by Hypothalamus

Hormones can act Systemic in blood or Target Organs released via Negative Feedback secretes what’s needed

Overactive = hyper - secrete too much (excessive) cause: hypertrophied – enlarged gland glandular tumor Underactive = hypo - secrete too little (inadequate) cause: tumor radiation trauma surgery

HypOthyroidism - ^ women – hormone deficiency mild – severe: weight gain Tx: HRT hormone hair loss replacement mental status change therapy swelling cold hands + feet menstrual irregularities muscle aches almost all body functions

HypErthyroidism – hypermetabolic activity aka Thyrotoxicosis Graves’ disease – autoimmune ^ women pregnancy possible during pituitary tumors excess TSH excessive thyroid meds mild – severe weight loss Tx: meds stop hormone nervousness radioactive iodine heat intolerance surgery fatigue control HR + BP weakness muscle cramps sweat increase

DM - Diabetes Mellitus endocrine disease = impaired glucose regulation hyperglycemia high blood sugar

all contribute: genetics environment lifestyle

Type 1 DM Type 2 DM-insulin deficiency at/ near 0 -variable insulin resistance-autoimmune destruction of -later in life pancreas beta cells -obesity-10 – 14 yr s old -defect in pancreas insulin “juvenile diabetes” secretion-continuous insulin needed -Tx: diet, weight mgmt-no capacity to control insulin insulin -oral, injection-Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKA = coma / death fat metabolized for energy = “ketones”-polyuria - much urination-polydipsia – much thirst-polyphagia – much hunger-weight loss

Complications: Diabetic Retinopathy = blindness #1 adults 20 -74 Nephropathy = kidney disease #1 ESRD cause Neuropathy = nerve damage, amputations Coronary Vascular disease CVD Peripheral Vascular disease PVD Stroke

Gestational Diabetes -acute during pregnancy -resolved after birth -increased insulin need -risk for later life DM

TerminologyCA - cancer Ca - calciumSurfactant – oily moisture in lungs to keep alveoli separated, reduce surface tensionHemoptysis – bloody cough usually CA (cancer)Pnea – breathConi = dust Pneumoconiosis = Dust COPD Pneumonia = fluid in lungs is NOT COPDLobectomy – removal portion of lungHypoxia – low O2 levelPulmon/o – pertaining to lungsSpir/o – breathing Spirometer – breath measurement devicePneum/o – lungs, air, condition of lungPleur/o – pleura membrane liningPleurodynia – pleura painAptosis – cell self-destructionAphonia – laryngitis – no voice, voice box it isAtelectasis – lung collapse (emphysema + cystic fibrosis)Bronchiectasis - chronic itis + congestion (CF sequel)Sequela – sequel/complication to a diseaseHypertrophied – enlarged gland

AGE RELATED ^ = more / increase < = less / decrease > = greater than

Aptosis –orderly programmed cell death / suicide, cell only divides a preprogrammed # of timesAgism – discrimination based on age

Aging > 65 yrs ^ Chronic illness Deaths than Acute illness

Question on Exam (counter intuitive)**** F = Increased Incontinence w Increased Age? 60% NOT in Nursing Homes 85% NOT living independently Digestive Issues: ^ Ulcers ^ Diverticulitis ^ Gastritis < peristalsis ^ constipation Urinary Issues: ^ H2O needed to excrete same amount of urine < nephrons in kidneys < in # + size ½ gone by 80 yrs ^ prostate size in men < pelvic floor muscle damage women from childbearingEndocrine Issues: ^ DM Type 2 - < insulin secretion < muscle < bone tissue < sex hormones Tx: (HRT) Hormone Replacement = women menopause only endocrine failure tx Nervous System Issues: < hemostasis – less ability to regulate temperature < brain size + weight < synapse + neurotransmitters < speed system response slows < movements of person slower < memory recent events / short term memory < blood flowIntegumentary Issues: < fat + collagen < dermis thinner “parchment skin” translucent < elasticity < melatonin – pigment changes skin + hair < hair not replace rapidly < sebum dry hair + skin < sweat gland # < perspiration < ability to withstand heat fingernail flake, rigdged, brittle toenails thicken, discolorSkeletal Issues: < calcium salts < protein formed by bone tissue < exercise = < bone tissue < thin intervertebral discs = < height 1-2” < costal cartilage calcifies < flexibleRespiratory Issues: < lung capacity ^ lung CA incidence

^ emphysema age 50-70

Aptosis: Skin:

Muscle = Resistance exercises can ^ strength