Arduino UNO R3 BoardGeneral Info

Lecturer: Dr. Samuel Kosolapov

Microprocessors of Stone Age

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Intel introduced its first 4-bit microprocessor 4004 in 1971and its 8-bit microprocessor 8008 in 1972.

4004

First microcontrollers were simple (even primitive),

but a lot of external elementswere needed to be connected to use them

Programming microcontroller was not simple …

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Programming of the first microprocessors was very sophisticated:

usage of Assembler or C with low-level operations

was required+ Special device (programmer) must be used

to enter the program into ROM

Idea: Full System on Board

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Parallax Inc. BASIC StampCreated in early 1990s by hobbyists for hobbyists (and for the children).All needed (microprocessor, memory, crystal)

is soldered on the ready to use board of the small sizes of 24 pin DIP.(hence, the name: “stamp”)

board can be inserted to standard breadboard one can connect additional elements in a fast and simple way

“Children’ level” language: BASIC used to program the microcontrollerPractically, specialized BASIC interpreter (PBASIC) was burned into ROM on the board

Interpreter: short programs, but slow operation, still fast enough for many useful applications

Board Programming is simple: just connect RS232 (later USB) cablebetween the dedicated pins of the stamp and PC

Next idea: Prototyping Board

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Ready for usagePROTOTYPE BOARD(Prototype Board, BASIC Stamp) with ALL needed in a simple board (even 9V battery)

BASICstamps were (and still are) widely used in robotic projects(as kids, as mechanics engineers can easily program robots, even sophisticated ones)

“Assemble your robot and then get ready to have some fun.Learn how to make your robot navigate

using a variety of sensors,using touch,

ultrasound, visible light, and more!”

Professional Development Boards

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A number of professional multi-purpose development boards are known

EasyPIC Pro 7of mikroe.com (sic !)

A lot of buttons, led display,

touch screenUSB, Serial, Ethernet

connectors

On board programmatorand debugger

ports headersto connect

additional boards

BASIC Stamp Arduino Boardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino

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Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy.

At that time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at a cost of $100, considered expensive for students.

Massimo Banzi, one of the founders, taught at Ivrea.The name "Arduino" comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar, in turn, has been named after Arduin of Ivrea,

who was the margrave of Ivrea and king of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

The Arduino's initial core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform for electronic prototyping. Price is ~ $3

Arduino is programmed by “modified “C”. (Actually, by using kids friendly OOP libraries) Arduino program is called “sketch”

Arduino UNO R3 Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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USB port (yellow).

1. Used for uploading sketches to the board from the PC

2. Used for serial communication between the board and the PC.

3. Can be used to power the board (without PC connected).

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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X1 (pink)

External Power Supply In(9-12VDC)

Important Details later(Better use USB

until full understanding)

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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SV1 (purple)

Toggles External Power and USB Power

Our Arduino UNO R3 did not hasthose jumpers

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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S1 (dark blue)

Reset ButtonThe most important button of every electronic system.

Do not press without understandinghow YOUR hardware

will behavein this case

Think about robot that will return back when some pin is LOW !!!!

Our Arduino INO R3 has this button near USB connector

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Power and Ground Pins(power: orange, grounds: light orange)

Do not use until full understanding… https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

Our Arduino UNO R3 has more power pins

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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ICSP In-circuit Serial Programmer(blue-green)

Do not use until full understanding…

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Pin GND (light green) : Ground. Any electronic system has ground.Never forgot this.

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Pin AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Voltage is set by calling analogReference()DEFAULT: 5 volts (on 5V Arduino boards)

or 3.3 volts (on 3.3V Arduino boards)

It is a common practiceTo use this pin as

plain 5Vtogether with GND pin

We will use AREF and GNDin order to power sensors and actuatorsfrom the KIT

To be sure, check that you have 5V

And do not call analogReference !!!

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Pins 0-13. (green and dark green). Digital pins.A lot of details and small letters later

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Pins 0-1. (dark green). Digital pins.They are reserved for serial communication(hardware UART: RX and TX)

It is possible to have a number of software UART connections(by using digital pins 2-13 and relevant library)

Despite possible, it is considered as bad practice to use them for other purposes(for example as plain Digital IO pins

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Pins 2-13. (green). Digital pins. Plain and simple digital IO.A lot of details and small letters later,For example: pins are protected (pull-up resistors), but…

Examples of special usagePins 2 and 3 can be used

to trigger external interrupt.

Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10,11 can be used for PWM

Pin 13 connected to the build-in LEDWhen the pin is HIGH (5V),

the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, (0) it's off.

We will use this pin in our first sketch(Blinking LED)

Arduino Boardhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Board

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Pins 0-5. (light blue). Analog IN pins. 10 bit ADC.Additional usage is possible.

Arduino Family ideas: Open Design

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Anyone can build Arduino from basic elements. (But it is forbidden to use Arduino name without permit)https://www.arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/Arduino_Uno_Rev3-schematic.pdf

Arduino Family ideas: Standard Header for any Arduino

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There is a number of Arduino boards.They use different microprocessors.A number of companies have permit to produce ArduinoBUT: connector is (nearly) standard(at least for basic models)

Arduino Family ideas: Standard Header Shield

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An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors,

which lets users connect the Arduino boardto a variety of interchangeable add-on modules

known as shields.In most cases many shields can be stacked and used in parallel.

New shields can be easily designed and produced as “professionally looked boards”

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Free design tool Fritzinghttp://fritzing.org/home/

Use this simple utility to draw YOUR circuits withArduino UNO R3

and many other elements

Breadboard View

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Very clear drawing is immediately created

Even child can build THISby using real Arduino,

Breadboard and selected

electronic components(It is possible to “build” on the breadboard directly,

by dragging relevant electronic components)

Professional PCB design created

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Revise the layout. Edit in case of need (by moving electronic components)

When happy, send “THE FILE” to mass production…(with electronic components soldered, or without…)

Prototype Shield with Mini Breadboardhttp://www.dx.com/p/arduino-prototype-shield-with-mini-breadboard-65273#.ViUzy34rLcs

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Smart Traffic Lights (Exam 2016-02)

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Smart Traffic Lights (Exam 2016-02)

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No exam THIS semester

Yes, Arduino was designed for children,But sophisticated Real-Time systems(that used interrupts)

can be designed with Arduino