80%80%80%80%
7%7%7%7%
5%5%5%5%5%5%5%5% 3%3%3%3%
MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MAIN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
IN 2011.IN 2011.IN 2011.IN 2011.
0000
20202020
40404040
60606060
80808080
100100100100
120120120120
140140140140
160160160160
1996199619961996 1998199819981998 2000200020002000 2002200220022002 2004200420042004 2006200620062006 2008200820082008 2010201020102010
SOYA; 73,3
CORN; 46,8
COTTON; 21
RAPESEED; 7
MillionHectares
HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY HECTARES CULTIVATED WITH MAIN GENETICALLY
MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION.MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION.MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION.MODIFIED CROPS. EVOLUTION.
49%49%49%49%
31%31%31%31%
14%14%14%14%
5%5%5%5% 1%1%1%1%
MAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPSMAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPSMAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPSMAIN GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
ININININ 2011201120112011....
SOYASOYASOYASOYA CORNCORNCORNCORN COTTONCOTTONCOTTONCOTTON RAPESEEDRAPESEEDRAPESEEDRAPESEED BEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERSBEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERSBEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERSBEET ROOT, LUCERNE, PAPAYA AND OTHERS
WHAT AREWHAT AREWHAT AREWHAT ARE
GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODSFOODSFOODSFOODS????
Genetically Modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms modified through genetic engineering.
In other words, GM foods have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering in order to produce foods with a specific characteristic.
HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION HOW HAS THE PRODUCTION
INCREASEDINCREASEDINCREASEDINCREASED????China was the first country to grow a commercial genetically modified crop-transgenic tobacco in 1992. In 1994, the transgenic Flavr Savr tomato
was grown genetically engineered for human consumption. In 1995, 200,000 hectares of genetically modified food were grown. In
1996, the number increased to 1,7 millions hectares. Since then, it has not stopped increasing.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
MillionHectares
PRODUCTION INCREASEPRODUCTION INCREASEPRODUCTION INCREASEPRODUCTION INCREASE
THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE
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24,12%24,12%24,12%24,12%
1,48%1,48%1,48%1,48%
11,04%11,04%11,04%11,04%
0,26%0,26%0,26%0,26%
BOLIVIABOLIVIABOLIVIABOLIVIA
AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA
PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINESPHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES
MYANMAR MYANMAR MYANMAR MYANMAR …………
% % % % GM CROPPED BY COUNTRYGM CROPPED BY COUNTRYGM CROPPED BY COUNTRYGM CROPPED BY COUNTRY
80%80%80%80%
MonsantoMonsantoMonsantoMonsanto AventisAventisAventisAventis SyngentaSyngentaSyngentaSyngenta BASFBASFBASFBASF DuPontDuPontDuPontDuPont
ARE ARE ARE ARE GENETICALLY GENETICALLY GENETICALLY GENETICALLY
MODIFIED FOODS MODIFIED FOODS MODIFIED FOODS MODIFIED FOODS HELPFULHELPFULHELPFULHELPFUL????
DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OF GM FOODSOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODS
MILLIONS HECTARES GROWN IMILLIONS HECTARES GROWN IMILLIONS HECTARES GROWN IMILLIONS HECTARES GROWN IN 2011.N 2011.N 2011.N 2011.
THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE THEY DON'T SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF PROBLEM OF PROBLEM OF PROBLEM OF
HUNGRY IN THE WORLDHUNGRY IN THE WORLDHUNGRY IN THE WORLDHUNGRY IN THE WORLD
According to Greenpeace, it is a matter of unfairness both in thedistribution and in the acces tothe foods. It is also a matter of
culture and human rights.
Some of the foodexporting and importingcountries are those with
a significant rate of extreme poverty and
hunger.For instance: Argentina
Second producing and exportingcountry of soybean in the world.
1/2 of its populationlive in poverty.
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42,40%42,40%42,40%42,40%
49,67%49,67%49,67%49,67%
76,45%76,45%76,45%76,45%
6,71%6,71%6,71%6,71%
23,05%23,05%23,05%23,05%
3,50%3,50%3,50%3,50%
71,79%71,79%71,79%71,79%
12,74%12,74%12,74%12,74%
16,05%16,05%16,05%16,05%
69,14%69,14%69,14%69,14%
24,12%24,12%24,12%24,12%
USAUSAUSAUSA
BRAZILBRAZILBRAZILBRAZIL
ARGENTINAARGENTINAARGENTINAARGENTINA
INDIAINDIAINDIAINDIA
CANADACANADACANADACANADA
CHINACHINACHINACHINA
PARAGUAYPARAGUAYPARAGUAYPARAGUAY
PAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTAN
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
URUGUAYURUGUAYURUGUAYURUGUAY
BOLIVIABOLIVIABOLIVIABOLIVIA
COUNTRIES WHERE COUNTRIES WHERE COUNTRIES WHERE COUNTRIES WHERE GM FOODS ARE GM FOODS ARE GM FOODS ARE GM FOODS ARE
BANNEDBANNEDBANNEDBANNED::::� Ten countries in the EU have
banned the planting of GM foods: France, Germany, Austria, Greece,Luxembourg, Ireland, Poland, Hungary, Italy and Bulgaria.
� Spain is the only European country where the planting of GM foods is allowed.
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGESADVANTAGESADVANTAGESOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODS
�Nutrition improvement�Greater crops productivity�Fresher foods�Herbicide resistant crops�Increase in the crops productivity�Reduction in agricultural cost�Preserving natural biodiversity�Droght and stress tolerant crops
OF GM FOODSOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODSOF GM FOODS� New toxins and allergens in food-potential risk of
allergy.� Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes- reduced
effectiveness of certain medicines.� Dissemination of diseases across the species barriers.� Herbicide-resistance weeds which have been
genetically engineered could invade the fields, thus substituting the less competitive traditional plants.
� Biodiversity loss-Biological Balance Disruption.� Increase in the use of chemical products on plants-
increase in the levels of water and foods pollution.� Transfer to the future generations of artificially
induced characteristics with inevitable imperfections.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONIt is a fact that GM crops are more productive and costIt is a fact that GM crops are more productive and costIt is a fact that GM crops are more productive and costIt is a fact that GM crops are more productive and cost----effective. effective. effective. effective. However, they are not the solution to the world hungry.However, they are not the solution to the world hungry.However, they are not the solution to the world hungry.However, they are not the solution to the world hungry.From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing From an economic point of view, it is the manufacturing industries the ones that benefit from these crops.industries the ones that benefit from these crops.industries the ones that benefit from these crops.industries the ones that benefit from these crops.It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to It can be claimed that the production of GM crops will continue to increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic increase in the next few years, which will enlarge the economic and social differences and social differences and social differences and social differences among people among people among people among people as the world is ruled by as the world is ruled by as the world is ruled by as the world is ruled by capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality.capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality.capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality.capitalism and not by the concepts of justice and equality.
SOURCES: SOURCES: SOURCES: SOURCES: Clive James; ISAAA; Greenpeace; Semillas y Salud (Seeds and health); datos.bancomundial.org; PALT(Platform Andalusia free of GM foods); ecoportal.net; www.transgenicos.cl
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